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Each topic is color categorize as follows:

White - Political Action

Red - Event

Yellow - Economics

Green - Key Figure (ambassadors, advisors, religious figures)

Blue - Painting/Object of Art

Purple - Monarch/King/Queen

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Throughout this course we will use this timeline to build out our chronological understanding of the Tudors in a Global context.

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The 16th century marks the birth of Britain's pre-industrial economy.

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August 22, 1485 Defeat of Richard III (Political Action) 

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August 22, 1485 Defeat of Richard III (Political Action) 

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Henry VII won the War of the Roses and defeated Richard III. The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century.

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1497-8 - Hans Holbien the Younger is born

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1497-8 - Hans Holbien the Younger is born

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Hans Holbien the Younger is born in Augsburg in either 1497 or 1498. He painted many portraits and other pieces over his lifetime. He is most well-known for being hired by Henry VIII to be his court painter. He was sent to paint potential brides for Henry VIII, including Anne of Cleves

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Elizabeth of York was the Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death in 1503. She was the daughter of King Edward IV, and her marriage to Henry VII followed his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses.

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1485-1509 Rule of King Henry VII (Monarch) 

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1485-1509 Rule of King Henry VII (Monarch) 

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Henry VII rule was the first king of the Tudor line. He came into power by defeating Richard III. It is important to note that his people where still suffering from the Black Death. He was also notably a strict ruler and he was cautious of nobility. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of John of Gaunt, founder of the House of Lancaster and son of King Edward III

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1485-1536 - Katherine of Aragon (Queen) 

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1485-1536 - Katherine of Aragon (Queen) 

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She was the Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until their annulment on 23 May 1533. Born in Spain, she was the daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Catherine's second wedding took place on 11 June 1509,  seven years after Prince Arthur's death.

For six months in 1513, she served as regent of England while Henry was in France. During that time the English defeated a Scottish invasion at the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about courage and patriotism.

When Henry decided to annul his marriage to Catherine in 1533.

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Columbus lands on an island, what is probably now called the Dominican Republic

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Osman Gazi (Ottomano) united lands from the Balkans to North Africa

Religion: Sunni Muslim

The Ottoman empire was one of many principalities ruling over the area born out of the instability left over from Mongol reign

The people of the Ottoman empire were multicultural by virtue of the fact that the many principalities were absorbed by the now-dominant Ottomans

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1500 - Economic Changes and Population Growth 

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1500 - Economic Changes and Population Growth 

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Marks the year the population boom starts showing negative impacts on overall society. Land prices increase forcing the poorer classes out of their agricultural land. Agricultural industry becomes more capitalistic due to rising demand of food.

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Safavid Empire, in modern day Iran, was a prominent Islamic empire. They traded with Europe, especially under the rule of Shah 'Abbas.

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This image is taken from the Great Tourament of Westchester scroll, where John is shown twice in the 60 feet of scroll.

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Royal tumpeter to Henry VII and Henry VIII for 10 years. He is not shown on any record two years after his marraige to an unkown woman. In in unkown year he petitioned the court for a pay raise and back pay and won. He played at Henry the VII funeral and at Henry VIII coronation.

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1502 - Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales (Event)

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1502 - Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales (Event)

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Henry’s brother died, Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486 –1502), and Henry VIII officially becomes next in line to the throne.

At the age of eleven, Arthur was formally betrothed to Katherine of Aragon, a daughter of the powerful Catholic Monarchs in Spain, in an effort to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France and Scotland. Soon after his marriage to Catherine in 1501, he died.

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Moctezuma II becomes tlatoani, ruler of Tenochtitlan and a vast empire in Mexico

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A charcoal drawing made Albrecht Dürer. Though he was nameless, the presence of black tudors is represented

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1509 - Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Marry (Event)

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1509 - Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Marry (Event)

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Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Marry

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Jane Seymour (born 1509?, England—died October 24, 1537, Hampton Court, London) third wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of King Edward VI. She succeeded—where Henry’s previous wives had failed—in providing a legitimate male heir to the throne.

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Thomas Wolsey was an English statesman and Catholic bishop. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's almoner. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments.

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The Sa'did Sharifs Empire - Wealthy empire who controlled much of the Gold trade route in northern Africa (Morroco).

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Price of living increase greatly while wages are decreasing.

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Catherine Parr was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until Henry's death on 28 January 1547. Catherine was the final queen consort of the House of Tudor, and outlived Henry by a year and eight months. With four husbands, she is the most-married English queen. She was the first woman to publish an original work under her own name, in English, in England.

A keen patron of the arts, Katherine was the first English queen to write and publish her own books.

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1515-1529 - Cardinal Wolsey served Henry VIII in Court in England (Key Person)

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1515-1529 - Cardinal Wolsey served Henry VIII in Court in England (Key Person)

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Cardinal Wolsey served Henry VIII in Court in England

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Anne of Cleves was Queen of England from 6 January to 12 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII. Not much is known about Anne before 1527, when she became betrothed to Francis, Duke of Bar, son and heir of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, although their marriage did not proceed.

Because Anne didn’t make a fuss about the marriage being annulled, she and the King remained on good terms. She was rewarded for her acquiescence with a generous allowance and property in Kent. Anne was even invited to Hampton Court for Christmas, where on one occasion she danced with the new queen, Catherine Howard.

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Mary was the only surviving child of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. She was declared illegitimate and barred from the line of succession following the annulment of her parents' marriage in 1533, though she would later be restored via the Third Succession Act 1543.

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1517 - Martin Luther posts 95 Theses in Germany

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1517 - Martin Luther posts 95 Theses in Germany

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Dissatisfied with the corruption of the Catholic church, Martin Luther nailed his grievances in Wittenberg, Saxony.

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1517-First Spanish expedition to explore Mexico

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1517-First Spanish expedition to explore Mexico

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1517 – May Day riot against foreigners in London

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1517 – May Day riot against foreigners in London

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Feb. 10, 1519-Cortés Leaves Cuba to conquer Mexico

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Feb. 10, 1519-Cortés Leaves Cuba to conquer Mexico

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Defying Governor Velásquez's orders, Cortés Leaves Cuba to conquer Mexico

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Nov. 8, 1519-Spaniards peacefully enter Tenochtitlan

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Nov. 8, 1519-Spaniards peacefully enter Tenochtitlan

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Painted in England in 1520 by an unknown artist, it is a portrait of the Queen Consort; Katherine of Aragon.

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May, 1520: Pedro de Alvarado and other Spaniards massacre people at Tóxcatl festival

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May, 1520: Pedro de Alvarado and other Spaniards massacre people at Tóxcatl festival

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1521 Spanish destroy the city of Tenochtitlan

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1521 Spanish destroy the city of Tenochtitlan

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The Night of Sorrows, Spaniards suffer heavy losses leaving Tenochtitlan

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Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, metalpoint on paper. Even though it was only a sketch, shows the presence of black tudors in england.

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1522 - Anne Boleyn Returns to England From France (Queen)

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1522 - Anne Boleyn Returns to England From France (Queen)

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Anne was born in about 1500 (we don’t know exactly when). Her father, Sir Thomas Boleyn, was a respected courtier. Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and of her execution by beheading for treason and other charges made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation.

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A portrait of an African man, believed to be named Christophe le More, was painted. Though his exact identity is still unknown, it shows him as one of the kings guard, again enhancing the importance of the black tudors.

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Catherine Howard, also spelt Katheryn Howard, was Queen of England from 1540 until 1541 as the fifth wife of King Henry VIII. She was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpeper, a cousin to Anne Boleyn, and the niece of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

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1525-1541 - Population of England expands rapidly (economics/social)

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1525-1541 - Population of England expands rapidly (economics/social)

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Population of England expands rapidly. Starts to steady around 1541.

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1526: Founded by Babur after defeating previous sultanate Ibrahim II

Babur died before territorial acquisitions turned into empire

Son of Babur, Humayun, with the help of the Persian military regained territory of Mughal Empire

Humayun’s son, Akbar, credited with real foundation of Mughal Empire

1556–1605 → Akbar rules over northern and central India

Attains the sultanate of Gujarat, which provided the Mughal empire with enormous wealth and access to the Arabian Sea (1573)

Allowed for trade with both the Europeans and the Ottoman Empire

Akbar commissioned illustrated manuscripts that include Persian, Indian, and European elements

Art flourished under Akbar, specifically through buildings, specifically in the new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri

1600 → East India Company is chartered, establishing an English military presence in India

1707 -> Mughal Empire begins its decline due to the death of Aurangzeb and increased presence of English in India through East India Company and colonization

1858 → British government takes control on India from the East India Company

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Hans Holbien spent two periods of his life in England. During this time, he built up his resume, leading to his appointment as the court painter in 1532.

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by Hans Holbein the Younger

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In 1527 population became able to produce things like butter and cheese much more efficiently and affordably

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1529-1536 - Reformation Parliament (Event)

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1529-1536 - Reformation Parliament (Event)

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Henry VIII's Reformation Parliament, which sat from 1529 to 1536, fundamentally changed the nature of Parliament and of English government. The King summoned it in order to settle what was called his 'great matter', his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, which the Papacy in Rome was blocking.

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Hans Holbein the Younger on his second trip to England became the Kings painter.

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1532-43 - Hans Holbien becomes Henry VIII's court painter

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1532-43 - Hans Holbien becomes Henry VIII's court painter

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As Henry VIII's painter, Holbien paints many notable works, including 'The Ambassadors', and Henry VIII's potential wives

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1533 - Henry VIIIs divorce from Kathrine of Aragon (Event)

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1533 - Henry VIIIs divorce from Kathrine of Aragon (Event)

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Henry VIIIs first divorce (from Kathrine of Aragon) and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn — signifies his breaking from the Catholic church and the rule of England becoming Protestant

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1533 - Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Marry (Event)

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1533 - Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Marry (Event)

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Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Marry

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Acts of Appeals — proclaimed Henry VIIIs new imperial status and break from Rome.

The Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532, also called the Statute in Restraint of Appeals, the Act of Appeals and the Act of Restraints in Appeals, was an Act of the Parliament of England. It was passed in the first week of April 1533.

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Elizabeth I was born, Anne Boleyn is her mother.

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Hans Holbien the Younger paints this piece showing two ambassadors in the English court. It conveys multiple messages about material wealth versus the afterlife.

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Act of Supremacy — announced that king of England was the supreme head of the Church of England

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1535 - Bible was translated into the English (Event)

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1535 - Bible was translated into the English (Event)

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Bible was translated into the English, showing signs of the move from Catholicism to the new protestant church

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1536 - Dissolution of the Monasteries (Event)

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1536 - Dissolution of the Monasteries (Event)

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From 1536 to 1541 Henry VIII closed every monastery and nunnery in England and Wales. Henry did this by passing an Act of Parliament in 1534 making him the Supreme Head of the Church, and a further two acts in 1536 and 1539 sanctioning firstly the closure of the smaller monasteries, and then the larger ones.

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The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular revolt beginning in Yorkshire in October 1536, before spreading to other parts of Northern England including Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham and north Lancashire, under the leadership of Robert Aske

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Henry VIII beheads Anne Boleyn. He accused Anne of adultery, and she was convicted and beheaded on May 19, 1536; that she had not given birth to a male heir was, however, Henry's primary motive for having her executed.

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1536 - Henry VIII and Jane Seymour Marry (Event)

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1536 - Henry VIII and Jane Seymour Marry (Event)

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Henry VIII was betrothed to Jane on 20 May 1536, the day after Anne Boleyn's execution. They were married at the Palace of Whitehall, Whitehall, London, in the Queen's closet by Bishop Gardiner on 30 May 1536.

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Edward VI was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour, Edward was the first English monarch to be raised as a Protestant.

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Originally created in 1537 by Hans Holbein the Younger, but a copy was created in 1667 by Remigius Van Leemput

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January 1540 - Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves Marry (Event)

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January 1540 - Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves Marry (Event)

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Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves marry, Henry VIII chose his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, from her portrait. He was disappointed by the real woman.

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July 1540 - Henry VIII and Catherine Howard Marry (Event)

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July 1540 - Henry VIII and Catherine Howard Marry (Event)

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Henry VIII and Catherine Howard marry, he was 49 and it is widely accepted that she was 17 at the time of her marriage to Henry VIII.

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1543 - War with Scotland and Treaty of Greenwich (Event)

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1543 - War with Scotland and Treaty of Greenwich (Event)

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Even though the Earl of Arran signed the accord on 1 July and ratified it on 25 August 1543, the Treaty of Greenwich was ultimately rejected by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 December 1543, leading to eight years of Anglo-Scottish conflict known as the Rough Wooing.

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July 1543 - Henry VIII and Catherine Parr Marry (Event)

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July 1543 - Henry VIII and Catherine Parr Marry (Event)

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Henry VIII and Catherine Parr marry. By 1543, Katherine had already been married (and widowed) twice but was in love with Thomas Seymour. She gave him up to marry the King. This was as much a sign of her pious adherence to what she saw as God’s will as – perhaps – a practical acceptance that Henry wouldn’t last forever. Katherine married Henry on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace.

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1545- Field of the Cloth of Gold was painted

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1545- Field of the Cloth of Gold was painted

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Actual event had taken place 25 years prior to the painting

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Eworth was a painter for Mary I and Elizabeth I. He had close ties with the Catholic Church causing his fall from favor when Elizabeth took power.

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January 28, 1547 - Henry VIII Died (Event)

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January 28, 1547 - Henry VIII Died (Event)

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Henry VIII died

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1547 - Edward VI Takes the Throne (Event)

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1547 - Edward VI Takes the Throne (Event)

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Edward I gains power at nine years old. Due to his age, the Privy Council made decisions with Hertford named Edward's protector.

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By Workshop associated with 'Master John'

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January 31, 1547 - Lord Hertford to be Edward’s Protector (Event)

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January 31, 1547 - Lord Hertford to be Edward’s Protector (Event)

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Regency council appointed Hertford to be Edward’s Protector according to King Henry VIII’s will. After the death of Henry VIII (Jan. 28, 1547), Hertford was named protector by the regency council that Henry had nominated to run the government for the nine-year-old king Edward. He soon became duke of Somerset (Feb. 16, 1547) and for two and a half years acted as king in all but name.

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September 1547 - Battle of Pinkie (Event)

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September 1547 - Battle of Pinkie (Event)

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Battle of Pinkie - Attempt to free Scotland from Roman Clergy

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Riots and rebellion changed power dynamic in council, plot that Jane could get power in the end

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June 1548 - Mary Queen of Scots was removed from France (Event)

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June 1548 - Mary Queen of Scots was removed from France (Event)

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6,000 troops landed in Leith and Mary Queen of Scots was removed from France.

Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne.

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January 1552 - Execution of Somerset (Event)

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January 1552 - Execution of Somerset (Event)

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Execution of Somerset - Instead, he was executed for felony (that of seeking a change of government) on 22 January 1552 after scheming to overthrow Dudley's regime.

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1553 - Marian Counter-Reformation (Event)        

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1553 - Marian Counter-Reformation (Event)        

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In July 1553, the English people revolted against an attempted coup to alter the royal succession. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sought to keep England Protestant by placing Lady Jane Gray on the throne with his son Guildford as king.

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1553 - Lady Jane Grey Becomes Queen and Beheaded (Queen)

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1553 - Lady Jane Grey Becomes Queen and Beheaded (Queen)

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Lady Jane Grey, also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage and as the "Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 to 19 July 1553.

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Edward dies

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1553- 1558 - Mary I Becomes Queen (Event)

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1553- 1558 - Mary I Becomes Queen (Event)

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Mary I, also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558.

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Mary and Philip reunited ties with Rome

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Period most notible for famine.

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The population in England suddenly collapsed, then continues to steadily fall.

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England (really Phillip) declared war with France

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Queen Mary I of England passes away

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November 17, 1558 - Elizabeth I took the throne (Events)

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November 17, 1558 - Elizabeth I took the throne (Events)

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Elizabeth I took the throne after the death of Mary I. She reigned for 44 years, until she died in 1603. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and the last of the Tudor dynasty as she died without an heir. Her reigned was characterized by religious turmoil and conflict with Spain, as well as developments within the arts.

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1559 - Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (Event)

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1559 - Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (Event)

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The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity were passed, which made Elizabeth "Supreme Governor" and made worship follow the Book of Common Prayer. Elizabeth restored England to Protestantism. The Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament and approved in 1559, revived the antipapal statutes of Henry VIII and declared the queen supreme governor of the church, while the Act of Uniformity established a slightly revised version of the second Edwardian prayer book as the official order of worship.

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1567 - William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham, and his family

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1567 - William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham, and his family

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1570-1610 - English Housing Revolution (Economic/Social)

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1570-1610 - English Housing Revolution (Economic/Social)

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First years of the English housing revolution. from 1530-1569 the average middle class home had 3 rooms. During this phase, it grew to 4 or 5 rooms.

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1570-1610 - House Value Rise (Economic/Social)

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1570-1610 - House Value Rise (Economic/Social)

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250% increase in value of household goods for the wealthy

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1572: First of Poor Laws Legislation (Event)

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1572: First of Poor Laws Legislation (Event)

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Elizabeth I enacts first of legislation to punish vagrancy and relief of the poor.

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1580s-1600s - Rise of Literature and Theater (Events)

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1580s-1600s - Rise of Literature and Theater (Events)

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Literature and theater under Elizabeth become very popular with Shakespeare and Marlowe.

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July 10 1584 - William of Orange assassination (Event)

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July 10 1584 - William of Orange assassination (Event)

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Dutch leader, William of Orange assassination. This created panic among English politicians, that this could happen to Elizabeth.

William took issue with the King's efforts to centralise government in Brussels, and objected to Philip's persecution of the Protestants. On 10 July 1584 William was assassinated in Delft by Balthasar Gerards.

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1585 - War Between England and Spain (Event)

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1585 - War Between England and Spain (Event)

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War with Spain, England was isolated.

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February 1587 - Mary Stuart Executed (Event)

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February 1587 - Mary Stuart Executed (Event)

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Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, is executed after being imprisoned for almost twenty years.

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July 1588 - Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Events)

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July 1588 - Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Events)

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The Spanish Armada arrived in England and was ultimately defeated, preventing Spanish invasion.

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1588 - Elizabeth I's Armada Portrait is painted

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1588 - Elizabeth I's Armada Portrait is painted

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A portrait of Elizabeth I is painted featuring a depiction of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in the background. Commissioned by Sir Francis Drake, the painting shows England's global empire and power.

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The Armada Portrait was made with oil on panel by an unknown English artist in 1588 to depict Elizabeth after her defeat of the Spanish Armada.