# data[].attributes.body
Lincoln was elected as the 16th president in 1860 and later inaugurated in 1861. Lincoln was originally a member of the Whig party that eventually collapsed and split into the Republican and Democratic parties after the 1852 presidential election. Lincoln served as a Republican president and believed that slavery should not expand west but didn't interfere with states where it already existed. Seven southern states decided to secede from Union and create the Confederate States of America after Lincoln's inauguration. These seven states consisted of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. A constitution that protected slavery was drafted and said Jefferson Davis would be their president. Abraham Lincoln was most memorable for the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which ultimately declared the freedom of any slaves in the Confederate States. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated (just a few days after the Civil War ceased) by John Wilkes Booth at the Ford's Theater, in Washington, D.C. Nevertheless, Abraham Lincoln's presidency contained several obstacles which led to the fight for equality throughout the Civil War in the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
How do you think the crisis of the Southern states wanting to secede from the Union could have been solved?

# data[].attributes.body
The conflict at Fort Sumter began on April 12, 1861, in which the Confederate Army attacked the fort which was held by the Union troops. Lincoln sent supplies to Fort Sumter in which the U.S military was ordered to evacuate. Commanding officer Major Anderson refused to follow this order, in which Confederate Brigadier, Beauregard, attacked the fort. Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter to Brigadier General P.G.T Beauregard's Confederate forces, and Union forces also evacuated the fort. Sequentially, Lincoln decided to have 75,000 people volunteer for three months in order to diffuse the Confederate forces. The North and the South would ask for volunteers as they prepared for war. The surrender of the Union at Fort Sumter marked the start of the Civil War, which lasted four years.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
James Hammond who would inspire the cotton diplomacy

# data[].attributes.body
The South believed the North would recognize their secession as they relied on not only their cotton, but other agricultural resources. The South was trying to be recognized not only nationally but internationally as the Confederate states of America. William L. Yancey would travel to the United Kingdom to gain support and military aid during the Civil War, however he would receive none. On April 19, 1861 the Union created a blockade along the Southern shores to prevent the South from partaking in trade. The South would later come to create a self-embargo in which they cut ties with foreign countries this would lead to the diplomatic strategy known as the Cotton Diplomacy. James Mason and John Slidell would go to France and England and tell them that they wouldn't receive Southern goods until they gained international recognition. On this trip Mason and Slidell would be arrested by Wilkes and then released by the North. The Cotton Diplomacy didn't work as cotton supply boomed in other countries besides the south. The Cotton diplomacy instead created unemployment in Southern mills and debunked the idea that the North and other countries could only rely on the south for its production of cotton.

# data[].attributes.body
General Winfield Scott would create the Anaconda Plan that was adopted by the Union to control the rebellion of the Confederacy. The plan would try to end the rebellion by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways. The plan would stop resources to be exported to or from a port. The border states were seen as an important outcome of this war if to be lost the Union would lose their resources. Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky were important Northern states during this plan and they would remain loyal to the Union. During this Abraham Lincoln would try to suspend habeas corpus. Habeas corpus meant nobody could obtain someone illegally and hold them without charge but with its suspension this meant the military could now arrest friendly confederates even without a charge.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42768383?searchText=red+cross+clara+barton&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dred%2Bcross%2Bclara%2Bbarton&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Ab410e28b8edfc90d2918037a1091688a

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Caption: Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1862, by Alexander Gardner, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. 

# data[].attributes.body
The Confiscation Acts were a series of laws passed by the Senate. The purpose of these laws was to allow the government to confiscate property, including slaves, from those against the Union. The Confiscation Acts were considered as an effort to liberate slaves from Southern possession. The First Confiscation Act allowed the Union to capture Confederate property and stated that any slave who was working or that fought for the Confederate states would be declared free. The Second Confiscation Act was similar to an emancipation proclamation, but was only applicable to areas in which the Union seized. As the Union would confiscate the Confederate land, it highly affected the South's economy given land was crucial for cotton. The Confiscation acts played a critical role in the Union's effort to address the issue of slavery.

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, is considered one of the goriest wars in American History. The conflict took place near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and is known as the first war to take place in Union soil. The conflict occurred between General Robert E. Lee and General "Stonewall" Jackson, who led the Confederate Army to Maryland, and General George B. McLellan who led the Union Army. Both armies established boundaries along the east and west of the Antietam creek. On September 17, 1862, General McLellan attacked Lee's Army which initiated the Battle of Antietam. As the war concluded, the results of the war itself remained undetermined but General McLellan's army had an advantage as he prevented General Lee from advancing to the north. The aftermath of this battle resulted in the creation of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln.

# data[].attributes.body
Given this document, what can be inferred about the future of America and the effects it will have in upcoming decisions/events?

# data[].attributes.body
The Siege of Vicksburg, another battle within the Civil War. This battle started around May 18-July 4, 1863 and was led by the Union General Ulysses S. Grant and Confederate General John C. Pemberton. Vicksburg was located along the Mississippi River which was an important location during the Civil War for the South. The Mississippi River provided the transport of goods within the country and was crucial to the South. The Siege gave the Union Control to the Mississippi River and it revolved around the Anaconda Plan to "suffocate" the Confederate States. After General Lee's surrender at the battle of Gettysburg, General Pemberton also surrendered at Vicksburg which granted the North control to the Mississippi River. The outcome of this battle resulted in the South being divided in two.

# data[].attributes.headline
Document Analysis: The Gettysburg Address

# data[].attributes.subject
Document Analysis: The Gettysburg Address

# data[].attributes.body
The Gettysburg Address was an impactful speech delivered by President Lincoln in 1863.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper published this depiction of the Southern women participating bread riots in its May 23, 1863 edition Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.body
There would be a drought in 1862 that would lead to crop failure at the same time Union blockades were occurring along the ports which would prevent resources from being imported and exported. During 1863 there were many food shortages in Confederate cities especially in Richmond other cities included Augusta, Macon, and Columbus. These food shortages would lead to bread riots led by women its objective was to protest food shortages and inflation in the Confederate states. During the Civil War some women in the south would write to North Carolina's governor to help stop the war. On April 2nd, 1863 rioters would loot for two hours and would stop upon the Confederate's military threat to take action. Bread riots would demonstrate the need for food among starving people in these Confederate states. During this year people would raid not only the streets but people's backyard garden for food.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus During the Civil War: Abraham Lincoln and Executive Power, Pt 9

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"Rioting on Lexington Avenue in New York City" The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

# data[].attributes.headline
Document Analysis: Drafts Riots in the Civil War

# data[].attributes.subject
Document Analysis: Drafts Riots in the Civil War

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
More than 160,000 African American soldiers served in the Union Army.  Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.body
On January 1, 1863 Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The signing of this would signify enslaved African Americans would be free and could also serve in the United States military. On May 22, 1863 there would be a procedure in which they would receive African Americans into the armed forces. This order would create the Bureau of Colored Troops which recognized African American regiments as USCT. The USCT would be led by White officers and African Americans would have limited opportunities to move up in the military rankings. African American soldiers would be paid less than white soldiers and would face racism. African American men would enlist in the Union Army and would impact the Civil War, which would lead to the North's Victory. There would be more African American soldiers than Confederate forces by the end of the Civil War on April 9th 1865.

# data[].attributes.headline
African Americans roles as military soldiers 

# data[].attributes.subject
African Americans roles as military soldiers 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Heroic First Black Regiment of the Civil War | Black Patriots: Heroes of the Civil War

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
“Two Brothers in Arms.” The Library of Congress.

# data[].attributes.body
The Massachusetts 54th Regiment would be the first official recruitment of African American soldiers. Former enslaved African Americans signed up from the North and those who lived all the way in Canada. The 54th's ranks were all occupied swiftly and the next 55th Regiment for Massachusetts was being formed after the event. On July 18, 1863 the Fort Wagner Battle would disprove the perception that African Americans couldn't fight well in combat. Fifteen Black soldiers would receive the Medal of Honor for their voluntarism, service, combat contributions, and death. Sergeant William Carney would be the first African American to win a Medal of Honor for saving the regiment's colors. At the end of the war there would be 180,000 African American men who served in the Union Army, and another 19,000 in the United States Navy.

# data[].attributes.headline
William Harvey an African American soldier 

# data[].attributes.subject
William Harvey an African American soldier 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Moment in History: William Harvey Carney

# data[].attributes.body
When Reconstruction is mentioned, what comes to mind? Is it a negative or positive aspect?

# data[].attributes.headline
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction- 1863

# data[].attributes.subject
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction- 1863

# data[].attributes.body
On December 3, 1863, the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, also known as Lincoln's 10% Plan. It was created by President Lincoln in order to allow the Southern states to rejoin the Union. The conditions of the 10% Plan required the 10% of voters to take loyalty oaths and accept the emancipation in order to be readmitted to the Union. Lincoln's plans were considered a lenient approach to reunite the country. Unlike Lincoln, the Radical Republicans took a "radical" approach to readmitting the South. They believed the South deserved cruel punishment rather than being easily readmitted. All of the attempts made by the Radical Republicans eventually led to the creation of the Wade-Davis Bill.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each Reconstruction Plan?

# data[].attributes.body
The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 was a series of Civil War battles in Atlanta led by General William T. Sherman. Sherman's objective was to capture Atlanta because it was an industrial center within the Confederate states which contained a railroad hub and warehouses to store food, weapons, and other crucial supplies. The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was a battle fought during the Atlanta Campaign against the Confederate forces, which was led by General Joseph E. Johnston. The Confederate forces however, were able to defend their positions, causing the Union to be defeated. Before Sherman's March to the Sea took place (November of 1864). William T. Sherman ordered to burn Atlanta's military sources, which eventually left Atlanta devastated from the uncontrollable fire. This occurred before the Union Army made its way to Savannah, Georgia. This event was a catalyst for what was known as General Sherman's famous "March to the Sea."

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
[Savannah, Ga., vicinity. Sherman's troops removing ammunition from Fort McAllister in wheelbarrows]

# data[].attributes.body
Two months after Sherman captured Atlanta he wanted to rid it of its military infrastructure. Out of Atlanta Sherman would set across the Southern heartland to the Atlantic Ocean and then turn North to trap Robert E. Lee's army, with his troops and the troops of Grant. Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant wanted Sherman to annihilate the confederates first, but Sherman's commanding officer would then convince the president to allow Sherman to carry out his plan. On November 15 62,000 Union troops would leave Atlanta and march towards the Atlantic Ocean. Sherman cut telegraph lines to prevent reports of him reaching the enemy he also shared miniscule details about his plan to officers and troops, yet they soon realized the reason for the march. There was a common phrase shared which would express Grant was waiting for them in "Richmond" during the march. Sherman and his army had to live off the resources in Georgia and he knew there would be enough for his troops to consume as he conducted a study in 1860 about Georgia's fertile land. Confederate troops would try blocking Sherman's path however there weren't as many compared to his army. As Sherman and his troops marched they would destroy tunnels, bridges and the most notable railroad tracks which were known as Sherman's neckties as they would heat the railroad tracks til malleable and twist them. Many Confederates believed William's army was heading to Augusta and Macon, but Sherman was heading to Georgia's capital Milledgeville. Sherman soon reached his destination to Milledgeville in which the capital panicked and changed the state draft which now allowed 16 to 65 years old to help in the war and even let prisoners out to help the cause, yet some burned the prison instead of helping the Confederate army. Politicians escaped Milledgeville and Sherman's troops destroyed buildings, books, and manuscripts as they left Milledgeville. Sherman's march would soon end in Savannah where he would take Fort McAllister and re-tie it to a naval supply line. The Union captured Savannah on December 21 and Sherman presented it as Lincoln's Christmas gift.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Unions soldiers pose in front of the Appomattox Court House after Lee’s surrender in April 1865. Wikimedia.

# data[].attributes.body
After Sherman's March to the Sea he would head to South Carolina in 1865. In February 1865 the Union would capture Charleston known as the beginning of Secession. The city of Charleston is located in South Carolina and was given this title as it was the first to secede from the Union after Lincoln's election. The War would then continue to Virginia in April where Grant and General Lee would write to each other. Grant would ask for the surrender of the Confederates yet Lee and his troops would not. On April 9th Lee would request his army to retreat through a village and back across the Appomattox River. Lee would later arrange to meet with Wilmer at the Appomattox Court house. Lee would then surrender himself and the army of Northern Virginia.

# data[].attributes.body
After Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson became the 17th president of the United States. During his presidency, Johnson worked to continue Lincoln's reconstruction plan. Johnson's Reconstruction Plan was opposed by the Radical Republicans. Johnson forgave the southerners except the wealthy owners and Confederate leaders. The plan allowed the south to reclaim the land that was taken from them by the Union during the war if a loyalty oath was taken. However, even though slaves were considered "free" at this point, under the plan President Johnson created the Black Codes which restricted African Americans' freedom. Johnson's Reconstruction plan wasn't a very successful plan, considering it only focused on restoring the south but failed to protect the rights of freed slaves.

# data[].attributes.body
How can you classify future conflicts according to the Black Codes?

# data[].attributes.body
Henry McNeal Turner was an important African American pastor and politician. He was a freeborn through his parents in South Carolina. Turner later became a pastor at a church in Washington D.C, in which he would preach about the indecencies and advocated for African Americans. He later became a politician in Georgia during the Reconstruction era and continued advocating for his African Americans. While being in Georgia, he was appointed as a pastor to a local church, and was later declared the bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Around the 1870s, turner started to believe that African Americans couldn't achieve the justice they deserved in America and believed in the emigration back to Africa. Given all of this, Henry McNeal Turner made remarkable contributions to the African American community as a religious and political leader in the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"19th President of the United States" The Library of Congress

# data[].attributes.body
1877 would be the last year of Reconstruction and Rutherford B. Hayes would be candidate alongside Samuel Tilden. During the election Democratic candidate Tilden won the popular vote but the electoral votes in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida would be argued over by the two parties (Democrats and Republican). This argument over these votes would be resolved by the Compromise of 1877. The compromise would appoint Ruther B. Hayes was president as he would agree to remove the military in the South. Hayes would also allow Democratic governments in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida. The Reconstruction period would end in 1877. Hayes would only serve one term as president.

# data[].attributes.body
Sharecropping is land rented from farmers, and plantation owners that was tended by the renter typically families in exchange for a portion of the crops or profits from the farmer. The crops grown were mainly cash crops such as tobacco, and cotton. The contract for the crops would vary depending on the farmer and the person tending the crops. Tenant farmers also rented land from large plot land as well, but these tenant farmers owned their own equipment and supplies or were able to buy them. There were share-tenants and cash-tenants. Share tenants gave 1/2 or 1/3 of the crops and or profit from selling the crops to the farmer they rented from, they would also make more money than sharecroppers. Cash- tenants would pay their rent annually instead of giving half of their crops as rent like share-tenants.

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vt78S9SD2Pr6q2fjy-ZIM2yfMa-sgeTN4D6AqDok0to/edit?usp=sharing