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Some cultures credited health and illness to the moods of the gods.
Ancient Egyptians (3000 -300 BC) believed that the gods would heal disease, priests were trained as physicians who believed that the body was a system of channels (air, blood, tears, urine) that could be healed by leeches and blood-letting.

Aristotle (384 – 324 BC) was known as the father of anatomy, he began dissecting animals for study and believed that diet and hygiene were factors preventing disease.

Ancient Romans (753 BC – 410 AD) were the first to organize health care by providing treatment to soldiers. They had a system of public health and sanitation (aqueducts/sewers), and drained wetlands to reduce the spread of malaria. Life expectancy was 35 years.

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Hippocrates-Hippocrates of Kos was a Greek physician who lived from about 460 B.C. to 375 B.C. At a time when most people attributed sickness to superstition and the wrath of the gods, Hippocrates taught that all forms of illness had a natural cause. He established the first intellectual school devoted to teaching the practice of medicine. For this, he is widely known as the "father of medicine."

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During these years, reason began to replace people's beliefs in spiritual or superstitious causes for illnesses.
In the Dark Ages (400 – 800 AD) science and medicine were prohibited. Treatment of illness was prayer and divine intervention. Herbal remedies were provided by monks. Life expectancy was 20 to 30 years.

In the Middle Ages (500 – 1500 AD) major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria, and the bubonic plague (which killed 3/4 of the population in Europe and Asia.  Barbers performed surgery, amputations, and bloodletting. Regulation and licensing began to be introduced for male physicians, though most caregivers were religious orders.  Life expectancy was 20 to 35 years.

During the Middle Ages, a number of first steps in public health were made attempts to cope with the unsanitary conditions of the cities and, by means of quarantine, to limit the spread of disease; the establishment of hospitals; and the provision of medical care and social assistance.

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Rhazes is primarily remembered for his encyclopedia of medicine and for his pioneering work on differentiating between smallpox and measles.

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Gallen-He wrote many works of logic and ethics, and also addressed those and other philosophical areas especially epistemology, causation in the natural world, and philosophy of mind in his medical-scientific writings. His medical, and in some contexts his philosophical, work had enormous influence throughout the medieval period and even later, both in Europe and through Arabo-Islamic transmission beyond.

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Renaissance 14th century to the 17th century

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Renaissance 14th century to the 17th century

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The Renaissance (1300 – 1600 AD), also known as the Age of Enlightenment, saw the advancement of the scientific method, the invention of the microscope, the study of human anatomy, and the publishing of medical texts (invention of the printing press).

The Renaissance was a period of great change and innovation. The arts and culture flourished and a large number of doctors and artists took a great interest in the human body. From the likes of Leonardo da Vinci through to lesser known doctors, there is a wealth of evidence of interest, exploration, and experimentation at the time.

The renaissance also saw new technologies emerge. Look at the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci to see how revolutionary some of the ideas of the time were.

Technology impacted numerous areas of everyday life, consequently affecting health and treatments. Warfare developed, new weapons emerged, and subsequently, new treatments were required.

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Leeuwenhoek is universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology. He discovered both protists and bacteria. More than being the first to see this unimagined world of animalcules he was the first even to think of looking certainly the first with the power to see.

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Compared with the other great time periods, the industrial revolution, in particular, was known to have had one of the largest impacts on the world. Some of the largest are advancements in technology leading to breakthroughs in the field of medicine.

The industrial revolution was a turning point in history because its medical advancements improved health in the medical world, life expectancy, and the spread of disease. There are many points that be argued as the most important part of the industrial revolution and turning points in history.

Concepts such as anesthesia and antisepsis concepts that finally modernized surgical practice and led to the revolution of this field. In the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution reached its peak in Europe.

Until the occurrence such medical advancements surgery and other medical practices remained a task frequently done by barbers merely because they possessed the correct tools. The lack of any such pain killers, along with the continuing social disapproval due to such mortalities, created a continuous cycle where few people underwent surgery thus leading to limited knowledge and research done in the field.

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Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungarian gynecologist who is known as a pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics.

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Joseph Lister found a way to prevent infection in wounds during and after surgery. He was the first to apply the science of Germ Theory to surgery. Lister's Antisepsis System is the basis of modern infection control. His principles made surgery safe and continue to save countless lives.

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Edward Jenner was an English surgeon and discoverer of vaccination for smallpox.

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John Snow conducted pioneering investigations on cholera epidemics in England and particularly in London in 1854 in which he demonstrated that contaminated water was the key source of the epidemics.

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Louis Pasteur is traditionally considered the progenitor of modern immunology because of his studies in the late nineteenth century that popularized the germ theory of disease, and introduced the hope that all infectious diseases could be prevented by prophylactic vaccination, as well as also treated by therapeutic vaccination if applied soon enough after infection

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Modern healthcare has been transformed by advances in technology. The rise of a consumerization culture where people can easily shop around for suitable services also has an impact on modern healthcare. Medical practice managers need to respond to these changes by developing strategies to provide the best patient care while remaining profitable.

The Affordable Care Act was signed into law, putting in place comprehensive U.S. health insurance reforms. 2010

The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 was enacted the most significant expansion of Medicare since its enactment. It included a prescription drug benefit.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid was created, replacing the Health Care Financing Administration.HHS responds to the nation's first bioterrorism attack - delivery of anthrax through the mail.

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In 1928, at St. Mary's Hospital, London, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. This discovery led to the introduction of antibiotics that greatly reduced the number of deaths from infection.

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Dr. Ian Olver is an oncologist who has gained fame in Australia and around the world for his tireless work in the fields of cancer research and treatment. He has been one of the most vocal fundraisers for cancer research in the world.

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Most people have heard of the Heimlich Maneuver, but few people realize that this life-saving process was created by American doctor Henry Jay Heimlich. His abdominal thrust to assist a choking victim has saved people all over the world.

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https://www.encyclopedia.com

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