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COUNTRY EXPLANATION

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia still in freedom of expression rights, association an assembly campaign. Dissidents' opinions in Arab citizens are judicially condemned by the Specialized Criminal Court. Among the arbitrary detentions, prosecutions or sentenced citizens, were generally human rights defenders, government critics and some others political activists. Even, courts have determined death penalty, in that sense, many people were executed for a wide range of crimes.

On the other hand, migrant workers are still vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. Tens of thousands of them were, arbitrarily, detained, and consequently, deported. The prison authorities have violated the right to health of these people that defend human rights, after unfair trials. The European Parliamentary Assembly highly condemned the continuous use of death penalty in case of human right defenders and asked for their immediate release. This institution has also expressed concertation about freedom of expression in Saudi Arabia.

In Febreaury of 2021, Loujain al-Hathloul, activist in favour of human rights in Saudi Arabia, was released. A similar event ocurred in june of that same year, when Nassima al-Sada and Samar Badawi were also released. However, among January and July, five opponents were sentenced ranging from six to twenty years. In june 15, authorities executed Mustafa al-Darwish, a young man, who was convicted of charges linked to participation in anti-government manifestations, that were product of violence.

A founding member of the Union of Human Rights, an independent human right organization, Mohammad al-Otaibi was sentenced to fourteen years in jail. His accusation was based on his human rights work, like forming the mentioned organization. This unfair situation is equal to the condemn of Abdulrahman al-Sadhan, who works at the Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society: twenty years in jail.

CONCLUSION (GENERAL):

§  Government institutions are taking wrong decisions regarding the human rights defense

In 2021, five opponents were sentenced ranging from six to twenty years in Saudi Arabia. Around june, authorities executed Mustafa al-Darwish, a young man, who was convicted of charges linked to participation in anti-government manifestations, that were product of violence. Those are clear situations where arbitrary sentences are applied to opponents' governments or whatever institutions/movement/organization, citizens.

In the case of Israel, law prohibits torture, physical nor psychological pain and pressure by a public authority, and citizens isolation is applied in extreme opportunities. Nevertheless, remarkable human rights violations cases reports are still coming. Those involve arbitrary killings, even arrest, Palestinian restrictions over the national territory, interference with freedom of association, etc. It is worth mentioning that The Israeli Military have found members forced to committed in abuses.

The panorama over the West Bank is similar, as Israeli forces seventy-five killed Palestinians and injured 14,679 of them. Even, some arrests were applied to Palestinian citizen during protests or in their own homes.  In total, there were one hundred and eighteen settler attacks on Palestinians in 2021, while in 2020, just 84 attacks had occurred. Those settlers had thrown stones at six Palestinian boys that were having a Picinic in Jenin City. After that event, they rammed their car into a 15 year old guy, who was tied to the car bonnet. The legal measures were not taken.

Even though, United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, argue that Israel has no interest in achieving peace. As is visible, mostly of the peace in Palestine, depends on Israel, unfortunately. The situation in the three countries analyzed are really similar. In that sense, the measures taken by the state institutions are not efficient or enough to defend human rights in their nations.

Comparison between my region and Peru (General):

Wrongful condemns or arbitrary arrests against the opposition members have been mentioned a lot in this project. The situation in Peru is pretty similar.

In 2016, in our country, the citizen Milagros Rumiche was attacked by a group of men, in the department of Piura. For the mention crime, Milagros filed a complaint in Tumbes to the police station. They did not take measures, so that the aggressors of women are arrested. The aggressor disappeared, while Milagros's health situation was critical. The legal medicine team only determined that they were minor injuries when Milagros had been tortured and massacred. She even had an arrest warrant. This event not only merited the fair application of the criminal code for the aggressor, but also generated irreversible psychological and emotional consequences in Milagros. A police officer was accused of manipulating the complaint. However, there is no justification for it to be determined under any criteria. Justice does not exist, as in the countries investigated in this work project, in Southwest Asia, where the civil opposition members are even killed just for complaining with the government ideals, or with some countries conflicts, such as Israel and Palestine one.

SOURCES:

Amnesty International (N/D) SAUDI ARABIA. Amnesty International. Recovered from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia/report-saudi-arabia/#:~:text=Migrant%20workers%20continued%20to%20be,imprisoned%20after%20grossly%20unfair%20trials.

Utero (August 17, 2016) 5 CASOS RECIENTES QUE MUESTRAN CÓMO EL SISTEMA DE JUSTICIA SE DESINTEGRA EN NUESTRO PAÍS. Útero. Recovered from: http://iqt.utero.pe/2016/08/17/5-casos-recientes-que-muestran-como-el-sistema-de-justicia-se-desintegra-en-nuestro-pais/

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COUNTRY EXPLANATION

In the State of Israel, according to the US Department of State Report on Israel, freedom of speech is provided in law, including the press membership and the government generally. Rights to political participation and for free exercise of religion is also allowed in Israel. Under the authority of the prime minister, the Israeli Security Agency is charged in order to fight against terrorism, immigration and espionage in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Ministry of Public Security role’s is also involved in these circumstances. In the other hand, the civilian's authorities kept effective control over this mentioned security agencies (USDS, 2021).

The most remarkable human rights violations cases report is the following. First of all, unlawful or arbitrary killings, even arrest, Palestinian restrictions over the national territory, interference with freedom of association, etc. In some opportunities, The Israeli Military have found members forced to committed in abuses (USDS, 2021).

In Israel, law prohibits torture, physical nor psychological pain and pressure by a public authority. Israel Security Authority just kept some people in isolation only in extreme cases and when there was no alternative option. Consequently, this institution did not use this measure in order to force confession or even punishing. However, torture is not well specified under the criminal code in Israel, despite government statements does (USDS, 2021).

According to the HaMoked reports, in 2018 ten thousand Palestinian citizens used to live in Israel, some of them got a temporary stay permission. Israel law specifies that with no legal provision, nobody is allowed to continue living in the country (USDS, 2021). Unfortunatly, pursuant to the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Israel's continued policies and practices had resulted in flagrant human rights violations and abuses, including brutalisation of children, torture, forcible transfers, and colonisation of land (UN, 2022).

The mentioned United Nations office argued that the State of Israel has not any interest in achieving peace, as they still committing crimes against humanity. Matching with what is mentioned in some texts (UN, 2022).

CONCLUSION (GENERAL):

§  Government institutions are taking wrong decisions regarding the human rights defense

In 2021, five opponents were sentenced ranging from six to twenty years in Saudi Arabia. Around june, authorities executed Mustafa al-Darwish, a young man, who was convicted of charges linked to participation in anti-government manifestations, that were product of violence. Those are clear situations where arbitrary sentences are applied to opponents' governments or whatever institutions/movement/organization, citizens.

In the case of Israel, law prohibits torture, physical nor psychological pain and pressure by a public authority, and citizens isolation is applied in extreme opportunities. Nevertheless, remarkable human rights violations cases reports are still coming. Those involve arbitrary killings, even arrest, Palestinian restrictions over the national territory, interference with freedom of association, etc. It is worth mentioning that The Israeli Military have found members forced to committed in abuses.

The panorama over the West Bank is similar, as Israeli forces seventy-five killed Palestinians and injured 14,679 of them. Even, some arrests were applied to Palestinian citizen during protests or in their own homes.  In total, there were one hundred and eighteen settler attacks on Palestinians in 2021, while in 2020, just 84 attacks had occurred. Those settlers had thrown stones at six Palestinian boys that were having a Picinic in Jenin City. After that event, they rammed their car into a 15 year old guy, who was tied to the car bonnet. The legal measures were not taken.

Even though, United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, argue that Israel has no interest in achieving peace. As is visible, mostly of the peace in Palestine, depends on Israel, unfortunately. The situation in the three countries analyzed are really similar. In that sense, the measures taken by the state institutions are not efficient or enough to defend human rights in their nations.

Comparison between my region and Peru (General):

Wrongful condemns or arbitrary arrests against the opposition members have been mentioned a lot in this project. The situation in Peru is pretty similar.

In 2016, in our country, the citizen Milagros Rumiche was attacked by a group of men, in the department of Piura. For the mention crime, Milagros filed a complaint in Tumbes to the police station. They did not take measures, so that the aggressors of women are arrested. The aggressor disappeared, while Milagros's health situation was critical. The legal medicine team only determined that they were minor injuries when Milagros had been tortured and massacred. She even had an arrest warrant. This event not only merited the fair application of the criminal code for the aggressor, but also generated irreversible psychological and emotional consequences in Milagros. A police officer was accused of manipulating the complaint. However, there is no justification for it to be determined under any criteria. Justice does not exist, as in the countries investigated in this work project, in Southwest Asia, where the civil opposition members are even killed just for complaining with the government ideals, or with some countries conflicts, such as Israel and Palestine one.

SOURCES:

United Nations Human Rights Office of the Higher Commissioner (March 25, 2022) Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Israel has imposed upon Palestine an apartheid reality in a post-apartheid world.United Nations Human Rights Office of the Higher Commissioner. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/03/special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-occupied-palestinian-territories#:~:text=Israel's%20continued%20policies%20and%20practices,transfers%2C%20and%20colonisation%20of%20land.

US Department of State (2021) Israel 2021 Human Rights Report. US Department of State. Recovered from: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/313615_ISRAEL-2021-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf

Utero (August 17, 2016) 5 CASOS RECIENTES QUE MUESTRAN CÓMO EL SISTEMA DE JUSTICIA SE DESINTEGRA EN NUESTRO PAÍS. Útero. Recovered from: http://iqt.utero.pe/2016/08/17/5-casos-recientes-que-muestran-como-el-sistema-de-justicia-se-desintegra-en-nuestro-pais/

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COUNTRY EXPLANATION:

Palestine government system is a unitary semi-presidential republic. In 2021, Palestine and Israel hosted a new armed conflict event. It was the fifth Israel-Gaza conflict in fifteen years. On May 23, 2021, parliamentary elections were celebrated in Israel. After twelve years in office, and marred by corruption, former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu was defeated by a new political coalition which brought to power Jewish supremacist, centrist and left-wing parties in alliance with an Islamist party. In Israeli territory where both, Jewish and Palestinian citizens live, inter-ethnic violence led to killings, clashes and damage to property. However, the murder rate involved was over 25 times higher Palestinians than Israel citizens. According to the NGO Aman, criminals killed 110 Palestinians citizens of Israel, last year. That is the highest amount in decades (Amnesty, N/D).

Over the West Bank, Israeli forces killed 75 Palestinians and injured 14,679 of them. Even, some arrests were applied to Palestinian citizen during protests or in their own homes.  In total, there were one hundred eighteen settler attacks on Palestinians in 2021, while in 2020, just 84 attacks had occurred. Those settlers had thrown stones at six Palestinian boys that were having a Picinic in Jenin City. After that event, they rammed their car into a 15 year old guy, who was tied to the car bonnet. No arrest was made in those two cases (Amnesty, N/D)

The ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda began an investigation about this situation in Palestine, including events from 2014. In the other side, Israel stated that the ICC had no authority for carrying out this judicial process. So, the UN Human Rights Council established an international committee in order to solve human rights violations in the OPT and Israel. However, the Israel State Federation announced that they will not cooperate with this commission (Amnesty, N/D).

CONCLUSION (GENERAL):
§  Government institutions are taking wrong decisions regarding the human rights defense

In 2021, five opponents were sentenced ranging from six to twenty years in Saudi Arabia. Around june, authorities executed Mustafa al-Darwish, a young man, who was convicted of charges linked to participation in anti-government manifestations, that were product of violence. Those are clear situations where arbitrary sentences are applied to opponents' governments or whatever institutions/movement/organization, citizens.

In the case of Israel, law prohibits torture, physical nor psychological pain and pressure by a public authority, and citizens isolation is applied in extreme opportunities. Nevertheless, remarkable human rights violations cases reports are still coming. Those involve arbitrary killings, even arrest, Palestinian restrictions over the national territory, interference with freedom of association, etc. It is worth mentioning that The Israeli Military have found members forced to committed in abuses.

The panorama over the West Bank is similar, as Israeli forces seventy-five killed Palestinians and injured 14,679 of them. Even, some arrests were applied to Palestinian citizen during protests or in their own homes.  In total, there were one hundred and eighteen settler attacks on Palestinians in 2021, while in 2020, just 84 attacks had occurred. Those settlers had thrown stones at six Palestinian boys that were having a Picinic in Jenin City. After that event, they rammed their car into a 15 year old guy, who was tied to the car bonnet. The legal measures were not taken.

Even though, United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, argue that Israel has no interest in achieving peace. As is visible, mostly of the peace in Palestine, depends on Israel, unfortunately. The situation in the three countries analyzed are really similar. In that sense, the measures taken by the state institutions are not efficient or enough to defend human rights in their nations.

Comparison between my region and Peru (General)

Wrongful condemns or arbitrary arrests against the opposition members have been mentioned a lot in this project. The situation in Peru is pretty similar.

In 2016, in our country, the citizen Milagros Rumiche was attacked by a group of men, in the department of Piura. For the mention crime, Milagros filed a complaint in Tumbes to the police station. They did not take measures, so that the aggressors of women are arrested. The aggressor disappeared, while Milagros's health situation was critical. The legal medicine team only determined that they were minor injuries when Milagros had been tortured and massacred. She even had an arrest warrant. This event not only merited the fair application of the criminal code for the aggressor, but also generated irreversible psychological and emotional consequences in Milagros. A police officer was accused of manipulating the complaint. However, there is no justification for it to be determined under any criteria. Justice does not exist, as in the countries investigated in this work project, in Southwest Asia, where the civil opposition members are even killed just for complaining with the government ideals, or with some countries conflicts, such as Israel and Palestine one.

§  Viable solution (PALESTINE): Government union

Palestine is facing a daily human rights attempt. Some remarkable ones come from Israeli, conflict which is hosted many years ago. For example, Israeli forces seventy-five killed Palestinians and injured 14,679 of them during the conflict in 2021. Consequently, my viable solution is the following:

-          MIDDLE EAST AND WEST EUROPE GOVERNMENT UNION (MEWEGU)

The commission would work, together with the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, in analyzing and proposing solutions to human rights violations issues. The major congress would the Israel-Palestine conflict. As Israel is not agreeable to achieve peace with the UN through this, maybe it will work trying with other nations. This commission would be formed by the prime ministers or foreign ministers and diplomats prepared, and by voting in the allied countries, as Palestinians could be attacked again by Israel.

Actions:

I.         Citizen survey on human rights abuses in Palestine and their position.

II.            Diplomatic settlement attempt: Intervention of the diplomats of the countries that would eventually form the commission, to try to reach an agreement with the Israeli president and the Palestinian authorities.

III.            Creation of the commission by popular vote in the allied countries.

IV.            Formal invitation to the UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner

Agents involved:

ü  Palestinian Citizens

ü  Diplomatic corps

ü  Israel Government (This step defines everything)

ü  Allies countries authorities

ü  UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner

SOURCES:

Amnesty (N/D) Israel and occupied Palestinian. Amnesty. Recovered from: territorieshttps://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/report-israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/

Utero (August 17, 2016) 5 CASOS RECIENTES QUE MUESTRAN CÓMO EL SISTEMA DE JUSTICIA SE DESINTEGRA EN NUESTRO PAÍS. Útero. Recovered from: http://iqt.utero.pe/2016/08/17/5-casos-recientes-que-muestran-como-el-sistema-de-justicia-se-desintegra-en-nuestro-pais/

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The government of Vietnam nowadays consists of The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which is an authoritarian state ruled by a single party, the Communist Party of Vietnam. The Ministry of Public Security, one of its related institutions, is responsible for internal security and controls the national police, a special national security investigative agency and other internal security units, and the Vietnam People’s Army aids civilian authorities to provide relief in times of natural disaster. However, the country´s government is not fulfilling its job accurately, which is bringing severe consequences to their population. This is because significant human rights violations cases were presented in the country, which include unlawful or arbitrary killings by the government, torture by government agents, arbitrary arrests and detentions by the government, political prisoners, significant problems with the independence of the judiciary, arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, serious restrictions on free expression, and many other else. In addition, the government occasionally took corrective action, including prosecutions against officials who violated the law, but police officers and state officials frequently acted with impunity. (US Department of state, 2020).

Vietnam´s government continues to restrict all basic civil and political rights, including freedom of expression, association, assembly, and the rights to freely practice beliefs and religion. Activists and bloggers face frequent physical assaults by officials and are often arrested for their posts on internet, which is demonstrated with the 2019 case in which 14 people were sentenced to between five and nine years in prison. In July of the same year, a group of rights activists was attacked in the province of Nghe An while traveling to a local prison to show support for political prisoners there on hunger strike protesting mistreatment. In the other hand, people from religious groups, including Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Christian, and Buddhist groups, face constant surveillance, harassment, and intimidation. Any follower of independent religious group in Vietnam is subject to public criticism, forced renunciation of faith, detention, interrogation, torture, and imprisonment, which is demonstrated in two cases where two people were sentenced to 10 and 6 years of prison (HRW, 2019).

Currently, Vietnam is losing a lot of labor, since 400 Vietnamese migrant workers were allegedly trafficked to Serbia, as reported by the UN. Eight companies, including Vietnamese labor recruitment agencies and Chinese construction firms registered in Serbia, have reportedly been implicated in serious human rights abuses. This is putting at risk the life and health of all these workers, as they may have been trafficked for purposes of forced labor and have been living and working in appalling conditions. They were also disturbed by allegations that civil society groups wanting to assist the workers have not been allowed access to them.  Both governments of Serbia and Vietnam must ensure that businesses based in their territory respect all the worker´s human rights (UN, 2022).

Vietnam has been facing a big number of environmental problems in these last decades. Some examples of these are deforestation, decrease of agricultural land resources, irrational use of water resources, over exploitation of fishery resources, irrational use of mineral resources, loss of genetic resources, environmental pollution, and the environmental damage due to war. These problems affect directly the population, for example, if the agricultural land resources continue to decrease, there will be less access to food and fewer job opportunities. The irrational use of water resources and pollution can also threaten people´s health. Therefore, the government must find a viable solution, so that this situation can be solved, which will improve the quality of life of the population (Matsuda, 1995).

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Thailand´s government is a constitutional monarchy with a monarch as the head of state and it has had 17 constitutions, the most recent one in 2007, which documents have provided for a National Assembly with a prime minister as head of government (Britannica, s/f). However, soldiers were responsible for most of the causalities during the 2010 political confrontations, in which 99 people died and more than 2000 were injured. Despite all of this no military personnel or officials from the government of then Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva have been charged. The government has also failed to pursue criminal investigations of extrajudicial killings related to anti-drug operations. More than 2800 people were killed during then-Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra´s “war on drugs” in 2003, which threatened the right to life and health of people. (HRW, 2021)

In Thailand, torture and enforced disappearance have long been problems, which most of them have not been resolved and hardly punished. Human Rights Watch has documented numerous cases related to counterinsurgency operations in Thailand´s southern border provinces in which police and military personnel tortured ethnic Malay Muslims in custody. During the five years of military rule after the 2014 coup, many people disapproved military and reported them. This led all these people to be tortured or otherwise ill-treated while being detained and interrogated by soldiers. This was intensified in November 2020, when the Prime Minister Prayut ordered the authorities to use “all laws and all articles” against democracy protesters, which contributed to a higher disapproval in the monarchy. All this means that freedom of expression has been lacking a lot in these last years (HRW, 2021).

The government of Thailand also actively retaliates against workers and allows the worst forms of rights violations, exploitations and abuse, including forced labor, to proliferate throughout its economy. Numerous reports documents have found that a high quantity of forced labor is in the fishing sector, but extreme worker rights violations are especially presented throughout the Thai economy with both Thai and migrant workers facing repression and abuse. In addition, Thai government targets independent labor leaders and activists, as seven leaders of the State Railway Union of Thailand (SRUT) were fined with $760 000 for protesting unsafe conditions. Mitsubishi Electric´s workers have been also affected, as the ones who tried to form a union, were sent to military reeducation camps, forcing them to issue personal public apologies to the company and eventually locking them out. Finally, companies can even bring criminal defamation claims against workers and advocates who publicize abuses, a case presented when migrant workers who reported severe abuses at the Thammakaset chicken farm have been repeatedly sued by the company (Watters, 2019).

Thailand´s natural resources have played a significant role in supporting local livelihoods. However, the unsustainable exploitation of these natural resources has often occurred over the past several decades, which has caused an increase of environmental degradation. An example of this is the major form of forest degradation that occurred between 1975 and 1993, when the area of mangrove forests was almost halved, which is really worrying because the mangrove forests are a crucial component of coastal ecosystems in this country. The primary reason for this was the large-scale encroachment of aquaculture ponds for intensive shrimp production into forested areas, and as this country is still one of the largest aquaculture producers in the world, these areas of mangroves should be extremely protected to prevent further impacts. Forests in general are very important for people´s living conditions by cleaning the air and regulating the climate, so their protection will ensure the fulfilling of the rights to live and to health of the country´s population (Open Development Thailand, 2017).

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Myanmar´s government as defined by the Constitution of 2008, functions as a parliamentary republic, which is divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. However, the report of the UN in March of 2022 warns about serious rights abuses uncovered in Myanmar which may amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity. It indicates that their military and security forces bombarded populated areas with airstrikes and heavy weapons, and deliberately targeted civilians.  The report released for the 49th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council upheld that Myanmar's military and security forces have shown “a flagrant disregard for human life”. This explained that many people have been shot in the head, burned to death, arbitrarily arrested, tortured, or used as human shields. Due to this situation, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, called on the international community to resolve the crisis and hold perpetrators of gross violations of international human rights law accountable.

Covering the period since the February 1st military takeover, the report is based on interviews with more than 155 victims, witnesses, and advocates, whose accounts were corroborated using satellite imagery, verified multimedia files, and credible open-source information. Besides the killings and mass detentions, at least 440,000 people have been displaced, with 14 million in need of urgent humanitarian assistance, the delivery of which has largely been blocked by military forces. In July, soldiers in the Sagaing Region killed 40 individuals in a series of raids. In December, soldiers in the Kayah State burned the bodies of up to 40 men, women and children, who apparently were trying to escape, before they were burnt alive. To all this, Bachelet said that a meaningful action by the international community was urgently needed to stop yet more individuals from being stripped of their rights, their lives and their livelihoods. (UN, 2022)

Myanmar's military coup has also crippled the country's economy, leaving people trapped in a cycle of poverty, displacement, rights violations, and abuses. Millions of people lost their jobs and sources of income, and the value of the national currency has plummeted, and prices of essential goods have surged. The military has also violated international humanitarian law by burning entire villages, residences and schools and destroyed food stocks and other basic supplies. This has become an important cost that the government needs to cover as soon as possible for the population´s good. However, since 1 February 2021, more than 13,500 people have reportedly been arrested for opposing the Burmese military once again seized power (UN, 2022).

Some people in Myanmar are more exposed than others to human rights violations because of their location. According to the latest update from DMH, monsoon flooding has hit the lower part of Myanmar following heavy rainfall since the third week of July 2021. The flood has been affecting thousands of households in Shan (East of the country), Kayin, Mon, Rakhine, Mandalay and Tanintharyi. The floods have also damaged crops, and according to initial assessments, at least 2,000 acres of paddy fields in Kyainseikgyi Township in Kayin State have been impacted, with farmers facing difficulties with seeds and expenses to cover replanting of the paddy. In conclusion, these people are more exposed to human rights violations because these floods and landscapes violate their right to a household (Reliefweb, 2021).