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Gonorrhea

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Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These infections start by the bacteria attaching to the epithelial cells. The bacteria penetrates the cell and multiplies. It infects and grows in the mucous membranes. The bacteria is spread through sexual contact. This can include vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

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Gonorrhea most often attacks the urethra, rectum, or throat and can attack the cervix in females

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Symptoms

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Symptoms of Gonorrhea in women can show up as increased vaginal discharge, painful urination, vaginal bleeding, and abdominal and/or pelvic pain. Vaginal discharge may be watery or thin and might be green or yellow. The discharge might have an odor to it as well. Bleeding during intercourse or in between periods is also a symptom. Urination might also be frequent and painful.

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Symptoms of Gonorrhea in men can include painful urination, pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis, or pain and swelling in the testicles. Urination is more frequent with gonorrhea. The discharge from the tip of the penis could be yellow, white, beige, or green. The opening of the penis could be red and swollen. Another symptom is pain when having bowel movements.

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Gonorrhea can also show up in other sites other than the genital tract. Rectum symptoms can include anal itching, discharge from the anus, and bleeding and straining bowel movements.

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Other symptoms of Gonorrhea can include rashes. Also it can effect your eyes by causing pain, sensitivity to light, and discharge can come from the eyes. It can cause a throat infection which feels like a sore throat. Joints might also become infected and can cause pain especially during movement.

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Long Term Effects

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Long term effects of Gonorrhea in women include many things. One of the long term effects is infertility. Infertility can be cause when Gonorrhea spreads into the uterus and fallopian tubes. This can cause Pelvic Inflammatory disease which can scar the fallopian tubes. Pelvic Inflammatory disease increases risks for pregnancy complications. This can include ectopic pregnancy.

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Infertility from Gonorrhea can also affect men. It can create a small coiled tube in the rear portion of the testicles where the sperm are located. This portion of the penis is called the epididymis or sperm ducts. This can cause the sperm ducts to become inflamed which is called epididymitis. If it goes untreated, it can cause infertility.

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Infection can also spread to the joints. Neisseria gonorrhoeae spreads into the bloodstream to infect other parts of the body including the joints. This can cause disseminated gonococcal infection which is usually characterized by arthritis. Having gonorrhea can increase the risk of HIV/AIDS. People who have HIV/AIDS and gonorrhea can spread the disease more rapidly.

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How it effects newborns

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Gonorrhea can be passes down from mother to child if the mother has an active infection. Symptoms usually appear in the first 2 weeks after being born. Some of these symptoms include blindness, joint infection, or blood infections. It most commonly effects the eyes after birth. The eyes are red and swollen and have discharge that can be seen as pus-like.

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Treatments

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Adults with gonorrhea are treated with antibiotics. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that uncomplicated gonorrhea be treated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone (given as an injection) with oral azithromycin (Zithromax). The antibiotics are usually instructed to be taken from 7-14 days. If symptoms continue, attention from a health care provider should be priority. This is for cases of gonorrhea that have not spread or cause any serious damage.

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Prevention and Testing

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Prevention of Gonorrhea is very achievable. One of the easiest ways to prevent any STI is by using condoms during intercourse. Also limiting the number of sex partners can lower the risk. Getting tested for infections before and after intercourse can reduce the risk of having it or spreading it. If someone appears to having a burning sensation while urinating or a genital rash or sore, avoid having sexual contact.

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Gonorrhea can be tested for men by having a swab test of the opening of the urethra. Men and women can have a swab test of the area of infection, such as the mouth or anus. Urine tests can also be used to test gonorrhea. A swab can test women in the vagina or cervix. In some cases, the urethra might be tested as well.