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Was one of the most decisive stages in the history of mankind. It is still not clear what made human beings undergo such great changes to break with the established in such a radical way as it was done from 10,000 BC. There is no doubt that the Neolithic was and is one of the most decisive stages of our long history. Not only technological but also economic and social changes.
There have been different theories to try to explain why we went from a society of nomadic hunters to one of sedentary producers:
Oasis hypothesis.
Nuclear zone theory.
Marginal zones theory.
Demographic question.
The Neolithic period brought about a social transformation that changed the fate of our species forever. A change that Vere Gordon Childe called "Revolution" to this characteristic period.
We could highlight above all the appearance of agriculture and animal domestication. From these two events arose others, the human being abandoned his lifestyle based practically on survival through hunting, fishing and gathering, for a more sedentary one and with much more ambitious perspectives than the mere fact of surviving.
Economic Transformations, Technological Transformations and Social Transformations. All these changes made humanity take a course that was unimaginable until then and that has led us to what we are today as a civilization. The Neolithic, surprisingly, has arisen spontaneously and autochthonously in different parts of the world and at different times.
-Ivys Indacochea

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(3,300 B.C - 476 A.D.)
From the invention of writing to the fall of the Westerm Roman Empire

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Reinassance was a transition between middle age and moder age. It was characterized by the retur to the classic Greco-Latin roots of the west, which mean revaluation of its myths, its speeches and its philosophy, after centurios of dogmatic religious thought.

Europe had a prosperity of economich growth due to the
population increasing alongside the production of farm and craft products.
Feudalism was developed as a social, political and economic system.

Society had three social classes: The noblity, the clergy and
the people, then a new social class came: the bourgeoisie, there were merchants
and artisans that have money here.

The two prominent ideoligies were Renaissance and
anthropocentrism, both were centered around man being the center of the
universe.

This age was filled with religious wars and formation of
national states. Some of the political thinkers in this were: Erasmus of
Rotterdam, Thomas More, Luther Calvin, Machiavelli and Hugo Grotius.

Important events include the scientific revolution and
coronation of Queen Elizabeth the First.

The needs in this time were education, mainly to study
philosophocal theories from Plato and Aristotle, and houses, it was cosidered
the social status of the people.

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The Baroque was a cultural period that was originated in the second half of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century. The Baroque contrasted with the Reinassance for expressing a pessimistic, disillusioned, and complex sensibility, since baroque literature and art present a disturbing time from a psychological, cultural and social point of view.

Baroque was a time for great scientific advances such as
William Harvey verifying the circulation of blood, Galileo Galilei perfecting
the telescope and stregthened the heliocentric theory established the previous
centure by Copernicus and Kepler and Isaac Newton formulating the theory of
universal gravitation.

The culture of the time was focused on comunication of a
popular and conservative nature to maintain the established order.

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-Renaissance

The Renaissance was a large and important cultural movement produced in Europe in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. It served as a transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age, bringing with it a profound renewal of thought, the arts, and the sciences. The Renaissance was characterized by a return to the classical Greco-Latin roots of the West, which meant a revaluation of its myths, its speeches and its philosophy, after centuries of dogmatic religious thought.

Europe experienced a period of prosperity or economic growth. This was due to the following reasons: The population increased and therefore also increased the production of farm products (food) and craft products. The Renaissance It was characterized by the production of material goods by exploited peasants between the 9th and 15th centuries, during the Middle Ages, in Western Europe feudalism developed as a social, political and economic system.

Society in the Renaissance was structured into three social classes: the nobility, the clergy and the people. When the Renaissance comes, a new social class emerges: the bourgeoisie. It is made up of merchants and artisans who have money

There are two main ideologies in the Renaissance, The Renaissance mentality responds to the doctrine of humanism, which is characterized by: The assessment of the Greco-Latin world, which seeks a new scale of values ​​based on the individual. and Anthropocentrism; man is the center of the universe, capable of dominating the world and creating his own destiny

The Renaissance is also characterized by religious wars and the formation of national states, which are possible thanks to monarchical absolutism. Trade, both national and international, is expanded, thanks to the improvement in the security of the routes provided by the existence of a national State. The political thinkers of the Renaissance are many: Erasmus of Rotterdam, Thomas More, Luther, Calvin, Machiavelli, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, David Hume, Burke, Thomas Paine, Jeremy Bentham, James Mill or Herbert Spencer

the Scientific Revolution (1543), the Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the rise of modern science. Modern science spread throughout the world with advances in modern science such as mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry.  Coronation of Queen Elizabeth the First (1558) Elizabeth the first became queen in 1558. She was the last of the Tudor dynasty.

the main needs of the people was. Education: It becomes a necessity to study the philosophical theories of Plato and Aristotle. Although these writings were translated into Latin, it was not uncommon for people from all walks of life to gather to discuss these writings.  House: Since the house was considered as a representation of the social status of the group that lived in it, the houses that were previously two or three levels became larger works

1401-1500

1600-1701

-baroque

The Baroque was a cultural period that spanned from the second half of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century. It spread throughout Europe and Latin America, as well as other regions colonized by Europeans. The Baroque contrasted with the Renaissance for expressing a pessimistic, disillusioned, critical and complex sensibility. This is because baroque literature and art represent a disturbing time from a psychological, cultural and social point of view, as well as from a political and economic point of view.

The Church was the largest artistic client of the time, and used art as a workhorse for religious propaganda, being an easily accessible and intelligible popular medium, however, the baroque era evidenced both corruption in numerous ecclesiastical strata and the need for a renewal of the Catholic message and work, as well as a greater rapprochement with the faithful, placing special emphasis on education, preaching and the dissemination of the Catholic message, which acquired a strong propagandistic stamp

the Baroque was a time of great scientific advances: William Harvey verified the circulation of the blood; Galileo Galilei perfected the telescope and strengthened the heliocentric theory established the previous century by Copernicus and Kepler; Isaac Newton formulated the theory of universal gravitation;

Baroque culture was focused on communication of a popular and conservative nature to maintain the established order. Any means of artistic expression had to be mainly didactic and seductive, it had to easily reach the public and it had to excite them, make them commune with the message it conveyed, a message put at the service of the instances of political or religious power

1685

illustration

In the history of Europe, the Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in France, England and Germany in the mid-eighteenth century. Until the 19th century, which brought with it profound changes in the culture and society of the time, the illustration is characterized by the end of centuries of barbarism, an enlightened era had begun, which would put an end to ignorance and fanaticism. The ideas of the Enlightenment began to question, fundamentally between the nobility and the bourgeoisie, the principles on which the Old Regime was based by proclaiming the existence of natural values ​​such as freedom, equality and the right to representation. politics

the illustration inspired profound cultural and social changes, and one of the most drastic was the French Revolution.

the illustration is interpreted as the paradigm of society in which the capitalist mode of production generates a political regime at the service of the bourgeoisie

The enlightened thought that the Old Regime was a system based on tradition, in which the most important thing was the position of the family. Against this, they defended a system of social and legal equality, in which social progress was open to all individuals and responded to people's abilities, not to economic or family privileges.

the Renaissance ideology and culture developed by the European bourgeoisie in its struggle with absolutism and the nobility. It can also be defined as the culmination of Renaissance rationalism, The basic convictions of the Enlightenment can be expressed in the following concepts: A blind trust in human reason. Freedom of thought and religious freedom to exercise reason, to criticize what can be criticized and to seek happiness as a fundamental objective.

Rationalism considered that the only form of knowledge was reason and that there were universal truths impossible to know through experience. Its main representatives were the Frenchman René Descartes (1596-1659), the Dutchman Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) and the German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).

Consequently, various armed uprisings of great historical impact were generated, such as the War of Independence of the United States, the French Revolution, which gave way to the Contemporary Age, and the Industrial Revolution that took place in England.

the main conflict of the illustration was between religion and science, the illustration denied any form of knowledge that did not come from rational analysis. Therefore, he considered popular beliefs and religion as mere superstitions.

1801-1900

globalization

globalization Refers to the growing integration of economies around the world, especially through trade and financial flows. In some cases, this term refers to the movement of people (labour) and the transfer of knowledge (technology) across international borders.

Economic globalization consists of a process-phenomenon of increasing integration of economies through various connecting factors of the same, fundamentally in terms of the exchange of goods, services, capital, people and technology.

production factors such as capital, work and technology flow from one country to another with great ease, thanks to the process of globalization. Globalization has made markets internationalize, this implies that any producer competes with all producers in the world. globalization developed mainly from the middle of the century until the First World War

globalization, gave the appearance of the middle class This class becomes more evident when social separation is more noticeable due to factors such as authority, abundance, money and work, which gave a different meaning of life, religion, education and culture for each part of society

The ideological support of the current stage of globalization is neoliberal thought, which promotes free trade and the hegemony of the market, as a regulator of production relations in the world.

The 19th century witnessed the arrival of globalization approaching its current form. Industrialization allowed the cheap production of common goods using economies of scale while rapid population growth created a sustained demand for raw materials. The increase in world trade from before 1850 to before the First World War ended in 1914 was an incentive for the bases of direct colonial rule of the countries of the Southern Hemisphere. Since then other European currencies became in mass circulation, the need to have resource bases was imperative.

Globalization can be described as the increasing economic integration of all the countries of the world as a consequence of liberalization and the consequent increase in the volume and variety of international trade in goods and services, the reduction of transport costs, the increasing intensity of the international penetration of capital, the immense growth of the world labor force and the accelerating global diffusion of technology

Economic globalization has caused changes in the articulation of the State with the institutions in charge of regulating social conflicts, which has made it possible to guarantee workers and their families certain social rights that seek to avoid the hardships created by the market economy. although globalization has also caused Some aspects such as the flow of people and disorderly immigration, together with non-tolerance, can cause the emergence of tensions between people who do not share the same way of thinking, have different customs, beliefs, culture and systems of life, besides that If a current of thought comes to dominate the rest in globalization, it can bring about its disappearance. This, precisely, is the opposite effect posed by social globalization

1789

modernization

Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of modernization in societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a pre-modern or traditional society to a modern one.

Economic modernization imposes great demands on the management capacity of the State and society, among others, the generation of a consensus on the guidelines for economic and social development and on the necessary investments in education, technology and business development

The types of social classes are low, middle and high. This general classification is influenced by factors such as the level of income, the type of economic activity from which that income comes, the level of academic training, access to goods and services, etc.

the modernization of the political culture (democratization) Increasing the capacity of the political system of a society (bureaucratization) Promotion of practices of capitalist accumulation (growth and self-reliance)

modernization was present in different countries for example  in England, France and the United States modernized early, in the middle of the 19th century there was a process of transferring political power from landowners, who became industrial entrepreneurs.  In Germany, Japan, and Italy, modernization began in the late nineteenth century under external pressure and was carried out through an alliance between agricultural, bureaucratic, and industrial elites to the exclusion of the politically participating masses.

A prominent representative of the sociologies of modernization in Latin America was Gino Germani. His proposals were inspired both by structural-functionalist theories about the transition from traditional societies to mass industrial ones

economic modernization tends to a better organization of the productive capacities and potentialities of a society. Labor begins to be less used, due to the mechanization of the agricultural sector, labor is replaced by machines; Urban conglomerates are created; Literacy was necessary, since operating a machine was complicated, they had to have knowledge to be able to work in the factories and to be able to use resources better. Y To bring people from the countryside to the city, all the possibilities of progress and of leading a normal life are taken away: The fencing law is dictated which forces citizens who live in the countryside to move to the city, because they do not have access to all the land of their field but to a part and in this way they could not have their crops, since that for this they needed space

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The enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in France, England and Germany in the mid 18th century until the 19th century. It was characterized by the end of centuryes of barbarism.

This age is interpreted as the paradigm of society where
capotalist mode of production generates a political regime at the service of
the bourgeoisie.

The basic convictions of the Enlightment can be expressed
with the following things: "A blinf trust in human reason":
"Freedom of thought and religious freedom to exercise reason, to criticize
what can be criticized and to seek happiness as a fundamental objective".

The main representatives were Frenchman René Descartes,
Dutchman Baruch Spinoza and German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Great historical impact was generated, and some of them were:
The wasr of independence of the US, the French revolution, that gave way yo the
contemporary Age and the industrial Revolution that happened in England.

The main conflict was between religion and science,
illustration denied any form of knowledge that didn't come from rational
analysis, considering religion as mere superstiton.

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Phase 1: The Early Voyages of Exploration & Colonization.
Phase 2: The Age of Transnational Integration.
Phase 3: The Modern Age of Globalization.

What is globalization and modernization?
Modernization theory stresses the develop-ment of a country r region while globalization theory places more emphasis on the intrrelationship among ountries of the world and the process in which these countries, to  certain degree, become “one"

What is the relationship between globalization and the contemporary world?
The Theterm globalization is widely used and names he shape of our contemporary world. It means we are now living in a deeply and icreasingly interconnected, mobile,and asty society driven by tech‑ nology. Globalization ha been the name of our contemorary world ‑socity since the early 1990s.

How modernization and globalization affects our lives?
For many developing nations, globalization has led to an improvement in standard of living through improved roads and transportation, improved health care, and improved education due to the global expansion of corporations. However, globalization has had a negative effect on individuals who live in developed nations.

Modernization is a theory used to explain the process of modernization in societies.

Economic modernization imposes demansds on management capacity of the state and society among others.

The social classes are low, middle and high, influenced by factors such as the income, the economic activities from which that income comes, and other things.

The modernization of the political culture, democratization, increases the capacity of the political sustem of a society.

A big representative of the modernization in Latin Amerca was Gino Germani.

economic modernization tends to a better organization of the productive capacities and potentialities of a society.
Literacy was necessary, since operating a machine was complicated, they had to have knowledge to be able to work in the factories and to be able to use resources better.

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Van Parijs and van der Veen questioned whether socialism was a necessary stage in the transition to communism.  They argued that the necessary conditions of communism could be addressed in capitalist societies by instituting universal and unconditional subsidy at the highest sustainable level. In this view, communism grows out of capitalism as the universal subsidy grows to meet the basic needs of all.

Van Parijs and van der Veen did not claim that a universal grant was all that would be required for communism to be achieved in capitalist societies, only that a universal grant makes it possible, and without the intermediate step of socialism.

In 2011, there can be no doubt that globally we have a achieved a state of advanced capitalism and a level of production that makes possible the elimination of absolute need for all people, while simultaneously rendering the vast majority of the world’s population not only propertyless but abjectly poor—a paradox predicted by Marx in The German Ideology (Marx 1978b: 161). The material condition of abundance has been achieved, but the condition of the working class in developed nations has become more precarious, and the dire conditions of the poor in developing nations have now, with our global communications network, become impossible for the West to ignore. We are also now unable to ignore the West’s complicity in economic and political institutions that have worsened the conditions of the global poor. Poverty can no longer be considered a problem of scarcity, but of the underlying relations of production, class structures, and political institutions generated by our capitalist economic system. A basic income could certainly improve the material conditions of the poor and the working class, but the more interesting question is whether material conditions have paved the way for a basic income instituted now to abolish the division of labor, private property, and class divisions—conditions critical to Marx’s vision of communism.