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To avoid causing harm to others and to prevent making animals worse off aligns with the well being principle in the general ethical matrix (Aspinall, 2016). This concept originates from the Hippocratic Oath, which states, “First, do no harm.” The ethical principle of non-maleficence refers to the duty to avoid inflicting harm on others. It is a core value across many professions—particularly in medicine—where practitioners are obligated to prevent physical, psychological, or emotional harm to patients and to ensure that the potential risks of any action are not disproportionate to its anticipated benefits. Such as euthanasia, is the animals quality of life e.g pain & suffering, worth considering euthanasia, or other options?

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Individuals who adhere to the ethic of justice prioritize impartiality, objectivity, and the fair treatment of all individuals based on universal principles and legislated human rights.

In context of medical ethics- is the principle that when weighing up if something is ethical or not, we have to think about whether it’s compatible with the law, the patients rights and if it’s fair and balanced. It also means we must ensure no one is u fairly disadvantaged when it comes to access to healthcare.

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In a medical practice it means giving the patients a choice if they want treatment or not.

The right of adults with capacity to make informed decisions about their own medical care.

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Beneficence Is an umbrella term for the act of doing good, which involves actively working for the benefit of others. For example donating to charities.

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Fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons

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Examples in a veterinary practice include:

Avoiding giving the wrong medication or dosage.

Preventing unnecessary procedures that cause pain or distress.

Weighing up risks before performing surgery.

Euthanasia decisions.

Handling animals or patients gently to prevent injury or fear.

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Linked to concepts of fairness and equality which is and should be applied to all different fields of work or education etc.

Including the fair treatment of individuals regardless of backgrounds or certain circumstances.

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Example: workers being able to set their own work schedule or have a say in deadlines

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Autonomy

State of being self governed and independent and freedom to act and make decisions with no external control. It applies to individuals or political bodies and signifies self determination and ability to govern themselves.

Examples are:

Career choices, financial management, daily life, pursuing a hobby or professionally in terms of remote work, employee input and workplace flexibility

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The ability to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else.

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Non- maleficence is an ethical principle that means a duty to not inflict harm on others. It’s a core principle in many professions, especially medical where it requires professional to avoid causing physical, psychological or emotional harm to a patient and ensure the risks of any action are not disproportionate to the potential benefits.

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Is the ability to make your own decisions in your life and example is to plan how you will manage your work

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Example: having your own money but choosing to do budgeting

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Beneficence means the act of doing good which includes kindness, mercy and charity

It is the ethical principle of acting to benefit others and promote their well-being

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Health professionals such as veterinary nurses must avoid actions that could cause unnecessary suffering, injury, or death.

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'Ensuring animals are treated equitably and protected from discrimination. This includes reforming institutions to meet moral obligations to animals and considering their needs when making laws and policies.'

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A duty to not inflict harm - known as "furst, do no harm"

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To not inflict harm on others

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principle of treating individuals fairly, equitably and impartially

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doing good and working with the aim to benefit others, prevent harm and promoting good welfare.

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self-governance or the ability to make your own decisions based on your own values and interests

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having the freedom to make your own choices and decisions without being coerced or controlled by others

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Defined as - to avoid causing harm.

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Respect for other people’s decisions, allowing them to make an informed and reasoned decision

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Non-maleficence is a core principle of medical ethics stating that a physician has a duty to ‘do no harm’ to a patient. It directs a medical professional to consider the benefits of all procedures and weigh them against the potential risks and burdens on the patient.

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Ethical principle that means a duty to not inflict harm on others.

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Acting in a way to secure the well-being of others and prevent harm

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The right to self-determination. Respects the individual's rights to make informed decisions.

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Is a duty to not inflict harm on others - emotional, physical, psychological.

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The ability to make your own decisions based on your own values and interests, rather than being controlled by someone or something else

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The right to self determination and to make a voluntary choice about your own life without acting under the influence of others.

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Justice is the ethical, philosophical idea that people are to be treated impartially, fairly, properly, and reasonably by the law

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a principle of ethical action that involves actively working for the benefit of others. In medical ethics, it refers to the duty of a healthcare provider to act in the best interests of their patient, which includes preventing harm, removing harmful conditions, and promoting their welfare.