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Women and largely immigrants and even children made up most of the working class in the Progressive Era. They were largely from Southern and Eastern Europe, having immigrated in search of a good life but ending up in dangerous low-wage jobs. African Americans and rural Americans also went into the labor force, notably in the North.

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They worked long hours (10–14 hours/day), six days a week, at repetitive, backbreaking jobs in factories, mines, textile mills, railroads, and steel mills.
Wages were extremely low, and working conditions were nonexistent or poor. Injuries were common.

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Mainly in developing industrial urban centers like New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Detroit. The majority lived in crowded tenement buildings with poor sanitation and little fresh air.

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Roughly 1870s to 1920s, during America’s rapid industrial growth and massive immigration waves.

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America was turning into an industrial powerhouse, and factory owners needed cheap labor to gain maximum returns. Immigrants would take lower pay since they had fewer options and needed to feed families.

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Unfavorable circumstances led to tensions among labor, protests, and the formation of unions. Employees started to call for shorter working days, improved wages, and safer workplaces. Events like the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire shocked the public and forced legislators into passing workplace safety laws.
The working class was the focal point of the labor movement; their fight formed the foundation for workers' rights that we have today

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Edwardian Society - Working class in 1900