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The Mayas reach their height, forming a network of city-states in the Yucatan Peninsula.

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The Aztec people found Tenochtitlan, their capital city, and begin the process of establishing their empire.

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The Incan Empire reaches its height, as Machu Picchu is built.

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Henry the Navigator of Portugal sponsors voyages to West Africa's coast, beginning European exploration.

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A Portuguese fleet under Bartolomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa.

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Christopher Columbus discovers the New World (the Caribbean Islands) in a Spanish-sponsored expedition.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between Spain and Portugal, assigning each power a part of the world to colonize.

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Santo Domingo is established in Hispaniola as Spain colonizes much of the Caribbean, enslaving native peoples under the encomienda system.

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Hernan Cortez completes his conquest of Mexico, defeating the Aztec Empire and claiming all of Mexico for Spain.

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Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru, overthrowing the Incan Empire and colonizing much of South America.

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Under Henry VIII, England formally separates from the Catholic Church, meaning it is no longer bound to follow the Treaty of Tordesillas.

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The first centralized government is established in Colonial Brazil.

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The Spanish found Saint Augustine, serving as the foundation point and capital for Spanish Florida.

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Roanoke, the first permanent English settlement in North America, is established, though it disappears by 1587.

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The Spanish Armada is defeated, marking a weakening of their empire, as the Spanish are now overextended colonizing and fighting the Dutch Rebellion. This opens up an opportunity for England to colonize the New World.

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The French begin colonizing Canada, starting with Acadia and Nova Scotia.

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Jamestown is established by the English, marking the beginning of their North American colonial empire.