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the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

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a provision that exempts certain people from a law on the basis of previously existing circumstances— especially a clause formerly in some Southern states’ constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls.

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a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raise

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restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery

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an annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some
Southern states by anyone wishing to vote

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a militant African-American political organization
formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto

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the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People—an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality

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the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

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a form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest
discrimination, in which the protesters sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave until they are served

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desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation)

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withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest

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the separation of people on the basis of race