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The border wall that winds along the US-Mexico border was built to keep out migrants, but this imposing metal barrier also prevents wildlife from moving in their natural habitat. Alarmed by the impact on animals such as jaguars, bears and mountain lions, environmental activists join forces to try to protect this corridor of biodiversity.

On both sides of the border, in the states of Sonora and Arizona, natural reserves extend with landscapes that include deserts and mountainous forests and whose protected species come up against tons of steel and concrete.

Since the 1990s, the US government began to build various types of border barriers on its borders with Mexico.

One of the most common is a metal fence with vertical bars installed throughout urban areas, and some mountainous or desert areas, in the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

In the past three years, 16 people have also lost their lives at the California border, according to Liepert's study. And in Arizona, last April a migrant died of suffocation after being hung upside down for hours.

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The economic crisis in Venezuela, perhaps the loudest in the world, it's so much illogical as logical. It is illogical because no one would have imagined that one of the richest countries in the world, an oil country like very few, with the reserves largest oil fields in the world.

It is logical because the results that we are seeing were all predictable, given the policies introduced by Hugo
Chávez (1999-2013) and his successor, Nicolás
Maduro (2013-present). Said policies consisted of a basic formula: create an expansive state without controls together with a circumscribed private sector and with excess controls. This formula of uncontrolled state and bound companies
was not revolutionary, since it had been implemented in the past both within as outside of Venezuela, nor was it suitable,
because it was known, based on experience history, which was going inevitably.

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There are 2 types of big migrations: internal, after taking place within one's own territory, or external, after leaving the country. However, there are also other types depending on the length of stay, the age of the migrant, the chosen destination, etc. Each one is still driven by reason and has consequences both at the place of origin and at the final destination.

They refer to the motivations of migrants to leave their place of origin. These causes can be political, economic, social, cultural, ecological or due to armed conflicts, as described below.

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1. Policies: coups d'état, political violence, persecutions.

Political conflicts in a country can drive migration depending on the severity of the case. Coups, instability in the alternation of power, disrespect for the expression of the popular will, etc., generate a situation of instability that usually forces migration.

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Migrants destination from San Pedro Sula to Tijuana.

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On October 13 of 2018, thousands of immigrants arrived to the border between U.S and Mexico, traveling almost 4,000km from Central America. This phenomenon began almost 10 years ago. But the number of migrants in teh caravan had reach very high level, due to the intense increase of violence in Central America and the frightening growth of poverty in many families also, becuase of the corruption in the government in the country and the fact tha everything is expensive and people with low economy cant afford to attend even their basic needs, this are some of many reasons of why caravans are made or started

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Families in the street because of the recent floods that made them make improvised camps.

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Some opinions of immigrants:

"We ask God and the Honduran government, since we are still in Honduran territory, please accompany us to the border with Guatemala, so that they do not put up any more checkpoints,".

"We are going with practically no resources, to the Guatemalan government, if you are seeing it, please let us pass, we do not want to be in the way of any of those countries, we want to continue our journey"

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Migrants looking for routes in a map of Mexico.

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Hondurans were joined by Nicaraguans, Haitians, Venezuelans and Africans who cross different borders through blind spots, walking towards the United States in an endless migratory stream, although the vast majority fail to cross from Mexico.

People have made their opinions to journalists that they emigrated "basically due to economic necessity." We must "look for a better future, it is too difficult here, there is no good education and there is no support from the government to be able to study," they lamented. In Guatemala, the security, police and military forces, as well as personnel from the Guatemalan Migration Institute, redoubled controls in Corinto to verify that people meet the requirements to enter the country, otherwise they are prevented from transiting. The last caravan of some 7,000 people left in January 2021. It was broken up in Guatemala, when it was attacked with sticks and tear gas by hundreds of soldiers, for which the migrants had to return to Honduras. A dozen caravans have started the march since October 2018 in San Pedro Sula. Most have failed due to blockades by the US authorities. Migrants cite a lack of opportunities to have a dignified life, the violence of drug traffickers and gang members who plague them in their communities, and natural phenomena, such as floods and droughts caused by climate change.

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2. Economic: extreme poverty, hyperinflation, scarcity

The level of economic development of a country directly affects the quality of life of its inhabitants. For this reason, countries with serious economic crises tend to be a breeding ground for migratory processes, since their inhabitants must move to seek more or better income to survive.

An example is Venezuela, whose severe hyperinflationary crisis, added to food shortages and the deterioration of public services, has generated an estimated migration of some seven million people for 2020.

Another example is Haiti, a country with a serious economic crisis, which has generated the migration of 14% of its population.

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Venezuela under Chávez, at the time of the oil boom, suffered
of two classic diseases of commodity dependence:
Dutch disease and the tendency to underspend.
But it was the institutional responses of Chavismo to these two
diseases that led Venezuela to suffer from a crisis
deep economic downturn, even as oil prices continued to
being favorable.
In particular, price control in the vast majority of
markets, regulations adverse to the private sector, the nationalization of so many companies without controls over their management, etc.,
They caused what I call an UNREAL crisis. Government
he tried to establish an expansive state without controls, and a restricted private sector with too many controls. The result,
unfortunately, it was predictable. The formula of an uncontrolled State and imprisoned companies had already failed before, even in
the same Venezuela.

The problem
is that when an economy is so sick, responding with
more of the same does not necessarily bring more of the same, but rather contrary: greater deterioration. The Chavista governments; both under the mandate of Hugo Chávez as under that of Nicolás Maduro.
They are, by work and omission, responsible for the Venezuelan crisis.

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After the US-Mexico border wall was raised 30 feet high, the number of migrant falls and deaths at a Level 1 trauma center in California increased significantly,

"The bones we're seeing broken are often in multiple places, with a lot of soft tissue injuries, which is more consistent with a fall from a great height," she explains.
"But we've also seen skull fractures and traumatic brain injuries, facial fractures, pelvic fractures," he continues.

In fiscal year 2021, more than 1.7 million people were apprehended after crossing the border, originating from 160 countries. Most were migrants from Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Mexico.

“The care of these injured immigrants is not only a humanitarian problem, but also a public health crisis that further worsened the capacity of trauma center beds, the shortage of personnel and the moral damage of the professionals,” the authors said.

They suggest that future border policy decisions should include an assessment of how the increase in injuries will affect local health care systems, as well as the humanitarian consequences.

Raising the US border wall to 30 feet is associated with increased deaths, increased ISS [Injury Severity Score], and increased healthcare costs. Increased the burden of patients with complex injuries at a level 1 trauma center already dealing with a trauma and respiratory surge during the covid-19 pandemic.

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3. Cultural: study in other country.

The desire to learn about and integrate other cultures into one's own is also a cause of migration, especially among the younger population. University studies, postgraduate studies or language courses are usually the most common ways to migrate, either temporarily or permanently.

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In Haiti, the crisis is not only political, but economic. High inflation and poverty rates, food and fuel shortages and rampant unemployment are the most accurate x-ray of the situation in this small Caribbean country with about 11 million inhabitants.

This nation is considered the poorest in Latin America and the Caribbean and, incidentally, in the Western Hemisphere; although the scarcity of official information is common in its macroeconomic records.

Haiti's economic situation has deteriorated markedly over the
the last years. Political and institutional instability, the absence of
economic reforms and a budgetary framework, the increase in insecurity and the phenomenon of the "pays-lock" or paralysis of the country as a
of protest against the government are causes that have deepened problems already
existing ones, such as the public finance deficit, high inflation or the
absence of infrastructure. The impact of the pandemic has been felt
less than in other countries. In any case, the deterioration of the security situation, and particularly since mid-2020, has been a huge drag on the country's economic performance. Armed gangs control
large territories in the capital, including the main popular neighborhoods,
and also the main communication routes and access to the ports.

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4. Social: insecurity, unemployment.

Migration may be driven by difficulties in the social environment that reduce the quality of life of the migrant and their family environment. Insecurity and unemployment are common causes of migration in Latin America, which promotes mobilizations to other countries inside or outside the continent.

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As a result of rise in global oil prices, as well as the unsustainability of
the state fuel subsidy, the government of Prime Minister Henry announced in September 2022 a new and important rise in fuel prices -set by the State-, so that gasoline passed
from 250 to 570 gurds a gallon diesel from 353 to 670 gurds a gallon and the
Kerosene from 352 to 665 gurds a gallon.

However, one must bear in mind the importance of the
underground economy in the country, so the data tend to be distorted given the difficulty of controlling this type of employment. According to the ILO,
legal employment barely represents 10% of the total, so the data for 15.7% is just an estimate that probably falls short of
of actual unemployment.
The Haitian economy is excessively dependent on foreign countries: almost 60% of the Haitian budget is financed through foreign aid.
It is a country highly dependent on remittances and transfers from the abroad.

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5. Ecological: natural disasters, effects of climate change

These causes have to do both with natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc.) and with the effects of climate change (desertification, disappearance of drinking water sources, extreme temperatures, etc.). These situations usually generate forced migrations, since the inhabitants of the territory must leave their place of residence in order to survive.

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6. War: civil wars, hostility from foreign forces

Wars, whether between forces within the same territory or between countries, create a situation of anxiety that forces people to move to preserve their lives. Many times, wars are the consequence of political conflicts, which is why they are two causes of migration that are closely related.