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Ground up smallpox scabs are turned into a powder and inhaled to protect people against smallpox in China. This practice was called inoculation and becomes common practice in many civilizations

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English physician-scientist Edward Jenner proves his hypothesis that exposing a person with cowpox pus can make them immune to smallpox.

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Harvard physician-scientist Benjamin Waterhouse performs the first smallpox vaccinations on his four children.

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The U.S. Vaccine Agency is established, which continues to ensure the safety and efficacy of vaccines.

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A drastic decrease in smallpox mortality occurs after vaccination begins (dropping from 18,447 deaths to 7,858 deaths per year in London compared to the previous decade)

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French biologist Louis Pasteur develops technology for attenuated vaccines, which use weakened viruses.

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Spanish physician Jaime Ferrán develops a cholera vaccine, the first vaccine against bacterial disease.

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The Biologics Control Act is the first Federal legislation to control the quality of medications. It creates the Hygienic Laboratory of the U.S. Public Health Service to oversee medication and vaccine production. It eventually becomes the National Institutes of Health.

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Two scientists, working independently of each other, develop technology for the toxoid vaccine, which uses a toxin produced by the virus or bacteria to help protect against illness. The tetanus vaccine is an example.

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The Influenza vaccine is approved for civilians.

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The Polio vaccine is made widely available.

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The combination measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine is released after the individual vaccines were released in 1963, 1967, and 1969, respectively. The mumps vaccine was developed in four years, the fastest-developed vaccine before the COVID-19 vaccine.

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Scientists begin exploring how to simplify vaccines using mRNA, discovering that mRNA can create a stronger type ofimmunity. It trains the immune system to make both antibodies to fight an intruder
and killer T-cells, which kill cells infected with an intruder.

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The first case of COVID-19 is confirmed in Wuhan, China.

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The genetic makeup of COVID-19 virus is identified.

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The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announces Operation Warp Speed, an effort to quickly develop a COVID-19 vaccine.

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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issues Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Shortly thereafter on December 16, 2020, the first person at Northwestern Medicine receives Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
at Northwestern Medicine Delnor Hospital.