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Ehrenreich's 2003 co-edited collection Global Woman describes the different jobs women from poor countries take in the first world. Vietnamese brides ordered by post, Mexican nannies in California, Sri Lankan nurse-carers in Greece, Filipino cleaners in Hong Kong, and Dominican sex workers in Germany -- these women, who work in very demanding jobs for extremely little pay, allow first world women to maintain their lifestyles. Therefore, the women do not meet as allies but as employer and employee, or a Madam and her aid. The very labour division that women complained about, where men would not know how to cook or clean and women would be required to be patient, nurturing and suppressing their own needs, she argued, now characterises a global class-based economy.

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Feminists generally evaluate their inner world and all kinds of negative situations against women, and some may see this is as an unfair evaluation, but this is a relative concept and feminists strongly disagree that.
Marxist people, on the other hand, always try to prove their position by looking for a book or any evidence materials, it’s a purely scientific situation.

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In fact gender inequality and class inequality are like two parallel lines that exist at the same time and the two concepts should not be confused.

According to Marxist theory, the unequal division of labour and class differences in society result in a section of the lower class being exposed to extreme pressure to live.In an undercover study by an American author Barbara Ehrenreich,it was found that those at the bottom of the ladder, working for various minimum wages, had no savings and could not meet even their basic needs without working at least two such jobs at the same time,they don't even have the minimum guarantee of life security，like had no health insurance or right to unionise.And she found that many of the female workers in these jobs also had to raise children, which placed a further burden on their lives.

Ehrenreich's 2003 co-edited collection Global Woman describes the different jobs women from poor countries take in the first world.Vietnamese brides ordered by post, Mexican nannies in California, Sri Lankan nurse-carers in Greece, Filipino cleaners in Hong Kong, and Dominican sex workers in Germany.These women work in the first world for very little pay, allowing first world women to maintain their lifestyles.For First World women, this is in effect using class differences to compensate for gender inequality.And women from the Third World are exploited by both class and gender oppression.

In general, stereotypes of women persist and have become a feature of the global class economy.

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Feminist analysis generally focuses on the ways in which gender shapes social and cultural structures, and how these structures contribute to gender-based inequalities and oppression.  Marxist analysis, on the other hand, focuses on the ways in which economic structures and power dynamics shape social relations and inequality.  Marxists would likely look at the data and seek to identify the underlying economic and class-based factors that contribute to the patterns of inequality and disparities.

Both feminist and Marxist analysis might identify the role of power and hierarchy in shaping social phenomena, and the ways in which different groups are positioned within these power dynamics.  However, they might approach these questions from different angles and with different theoretical frameworks.

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In the perspective of Marxism, these social problems are the results of the flaws inherent in capitalism.Capitalist society is made up of two classes: the bourgeoisie, or business owners, who control the means of production, and the proletariat, or workers, whose labor transforms raw commodities into goods that have market value.

In the capitalist society, workers are hired for wages and have no ownership stake and no share in the profits, and the wages paid to workers are lower than the economic value that their work creates for the capitalist(Marxism: What It Is and Comparison to Communism, Socialism, and Capitalism, by Investopedia team). Therefore, the bottom workers just get dry little salary which can hardly keep their essential life.The capitalists exploit these workers as much as possible to the extent permitted by law.To maximize profits, business owners keep squeezing employees’ rights in addition to reduce wages. These actions leads to the final result—the lowest earning employees live in dangerous situations without money, health insurance and rights to resist.
Feminism highlights the inequalities in power and status between men and women, with women dominated by men and subordinate to them in most areas of social life. These inequalities generate differences of interest and conflict between men and women. Barbara put emphasis on the the
living condition of underclass women. Her consciousness about the female makes her affection earnest and subtle to women living at the bottom of the society. Her research found the underclass women has to struggle for earning a living by doing at least two jobs. Meanwhile, these works cannot provide health insurance, savings or right to unionise with their life. It obviously shows that female play an micro role in the workplace.Ehrenreich's 2003 co-edited collection Global Woman describes the different jobs women from poor countries take in the first world. Therefore, women from worldwide have the similar situation in social status and individual rights, which means the richer women have more rights while the poor women only to be at a low level.

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ACTIVITY 2

From “Nickel and Dimed” seminal work and the co-edited collection “Global Woman”, American author, Barbara Ehrenreich found out that most women are facing inequality in society. They have to work at least two low-paid exploited jobs to survive and feed their families while these jobs are mostly beneficial for first-class women.

According to Marxist, women are working to survive and provide for their children which can be considered as a thesis. For antithesis which opposes the thesis is their jobs are very low paid and are not enough to provide their families. As a solution also named as synthesis, they have to do at least two jobs. But another antithesis from synthesis is their jobs are exploited and they were oppressed by evil managers.

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Marxist theory is defined as an inequality that arises from the class dynamics of capitalism. It is shown within the text that Baraba did a variety of jobs that paid the minimum wage, and even though she worked many jobs, she could not make enough money to support her family, let alone have any savings. This is an example of capitalism because managers pay their employees less in order to maximise profits rather than the well-being and upkeep of their employees.

Feminism, on the other hand, addresses gender inequality. In the source, it is described that women seek better jobs in first-world countries than in their home countries, which are deemed third-world countries. They believe that working in first-world countries will provide a better income for their families. However, they are faced with only getting jobs with low pay, such as cleaners, nurse-carers, and nannies. This is because of the patriarchal system, where it is believed that you should work your way up the chain of command. Moreover, this is difficult for women coming from poor countries, as in some cases, people may think their educational level is very low and therefore these are the only jobs available for them.

Feminists would definitely disagree with jobs that women get, as they believe we should have equal opportunities and rights in a society. Women, for example, should be allowed to work in white collar jobs and must meet the same criteria as men, despite the fact that women with families are less likely than men to get a corporate job. This is because employers may feel that women will need to take more time off to care for their families or take maternity leave, whereas men do not need as much time off.

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1. More men in leadership roles in our country. (Myanmar & China)

By default women have to juggle family and work, so women lose out on more opportunities for promotion than men with the same abilities.If a woman is married but does not have children, the odds are that the company will not hire her because she will probably have children and then need to take maternity leave and the company does not want to take that loss.

2. In China,women do more housework than men  because for most men in China they will think it is a norm for a family that women take care of inside and men work outside.

About teachers, It depends on the subject. If you teach Chinese, History and Geography, most of the teachers are women, and if you teach Math, Physical and Biology, most of the teachers are men.Because we have to choose 6 subjects as our main subject to learn and most of the boys will choose science and girls will choose liberal more.

3.

i) 50-50

I think No,because boys can play barbie and girls also can play Transformers toy,it only depends on what they like or dislike.

ii) Most boys will have short hair and girls will have long hair.I don't know why but we think  it's like a norm when we are born and here it is.

Most women like to have long hair and for some their long hair touches their ankles. But for men, they like to have short hair because it is easier to take a good care of it.

iii) Most women and a small number of men.because most boy think it like a shame if they makeup.

Society's default is that women should be more comfortable dressing themselves and should dress more neatly and pleasingly, but in fact this is a stereotype and a social Discipline
(In China）

Women like to wear light makeup to look prettier and in villages, women wear thanakkar (a tradition) as a sunscreen and make up. You can call wearing makeup is a tradition in my country. But not heavy makeup. If women wear heavy makeup, people think it’s too much and fake.

(In Myanmar)

iv) It depends on the location. If it’s in village, they wear traditional clothes as a daily wear but in city, few wear them in their daily life and it doesn’t matter the gender, the only thing that matter is their professions and age.

v) Yes. Socially, people generally think it is acceptable for men to pay less attention to grooming than women. Because it is widely believed that men's focus should be on work, while the value of women receiving the most attention is their appearance. So men are considered that they should not pay attention to dressing up, and expect their bodies to be strong and muscular, while women need to look more beautiful and delicate.
vi) Yes.It is natural for men to cheat and they often excuse their behaviour by doing so.But as the times develop and Cultural progress, more and more people (both men and women) have a disdainful attitude towards such men.But in general women are judged more harshly for cheating.（In China）
ix) Occasionally I encounter this, but I don't have any other feelings about it because the choice of how one dresses up depends on their self-gender identity and preferences, and I don't need to probe too much into the answer to this question.（For me）
x) I would ask about the sex of the baby, but for me the answer to this question is not very important and is just idle talk. But for some people, a male means that there is someone in the family to carry on the family's legacy.

4. I think it depends on what you want to be, whatever your gender.
Liberal Feminism argues that they seek more equal opportunity for women.

Radical Feminism argues that it highlights gender inequality and male domination deeply.

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1. In our country, men hold more leadership positions than women.  However, in recent years, progress has been made in achieving gender parity in leadership positions.
In many countries, women still face barriers, such as gender bias, discrimination and unequal access to education and employment opportunities, that impede their ability to obtain leadership positions.  In addition, social expectations and cultural norms may also play a role in limiting women's participation in leadership roles.

2.Actually in my household, men do more housework.  But in many households, there is still a gendered division of labor, with women performing more housework, cooking, and childcare duties than men. They are expected to work outside the home and then return home to perform the majority of household and caregiving duties.
In terms of teaching professions, there are more women teachers than men in many countries, particularly at the primary and secondary levels.     This may be due to cultural expectations of nurturing and caregiving roles being associated with women.

3.1Traditionally, many toys have been marketed and designed specifically for either boys or girls, with gender stereotypes influencing their design and marketing. For example, boys' toys may often be associated with action, aggression, and competition, while girls' toys may be associated with nurturing, domesticity, and beauty.

3.2 Girls have longer hair.In many cultures, there may be gendered expectations around hair length, with longer hair being associated with femininity and shorter hair with masculinity.   However, these expectations are not universal, and personal preferences and fashion trends can also play a role in determining hair length.

3.3 Makeup is worn by people of all genders, although it is traditionally associated with women.   The reasons why people wear makeup are diverse and can vary from person to person.
For some, makeup is used as a form of self-expression or as a way to enhance their natural features.   Others may wear makeup as part of their cultural or religious traditions.   Makeup can also be used to create a certain image or persona, such as for performers or actors.

3.4 Religious clothing is usually worn by individuals who practice a particular faith or belong to a religious group. However, this may vary depending on the specific religious and cultural context.

3.5Body and clothing expectations often differ between men and women, with women facing more pressure than men, which may be influenced by social expectations and gender roles.

3.6There may also be differences in social expectations and assumptions about boys and girls when it comes to behaviors, such as activities around walking alone or having multiple relationships.       These differences may be influenced by traditional gender roles and social expectations around masculinity and femininity.

3.7 Similarly, there may be different expectations and stigmas for boys and girls regarding certain subjects or occupations in school.

3.8 If I staying over at a friends house I will sleep in the same bed with my frined of the same sex.      It is important to communicate and respect individual preferences and boundaries.

3.9 It is possible to encounter individuals whose gender identity may not fit into the traditional binary categories of male or female.

3.10When it comes to babies, some people may ask the gender of the baby as a way to have a conversation or show interest.

3.11 Overall, many of the examples mentioned are influenced by social expectations and cultural norms surrounding gender roles, while others may be influenced by biological factors.

4.Many feminists have in common is the belief that gender is a social construct, not a biological one.   This means that the differences between men and women are not innate, but are created and reinforced by societal expectations and norms about gender roles and identities.
For feminists, being a man or a woman is not about conforming to traditional gender roles and stereotypes, but about expressing one's gender identity in a way that feels authentic and true to oneself.   Feminism advocates dismantling gender hierarchies and recognizing the diversity of gender identities and expressions, aiming to create a world where all individuals are free to explore and express their own gender and feel true to themselves.

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1. There are more men in leadership roles in my country. In the workplace, with a similar proportion of men and women, men account for 71.7% of senior managers in enterprises, while women account for 28.3%.There are only 1.14% of women at the decision-making level, while the proportion of men is more than four times, accounting for 5.08%. The reason why men take the leadership in China is physiological gender  discrimination in the workplace.In reality, women in the workplace are obviously treated seriously from recruitment to promotion. If a woman in the same position wants to get a certain position, she makes several times or even dozens of times as hard as a man.
2.It is obviously that women do much more housework and cooking, mothers and grandmothers are always doing them. Fathers are often very busy on work.But they seldom do housework even when they are free.One reason is that women are more likely to notice what needs to be done.Another reason is more important, which is that doing housework has been gendered, women are expected to do more domestic chores than men.Housework is always considered lower than work, which should be done by women.

There are more female teachers than male in China, especially in primary schools.There are some official reasons.Firstly, women have some advantages in education field based on their gender traits.Secondly, the salary of teacher is not attractive enough to men.

3:-

1)generally society will target toys that are considered more “masculine” such as cars or specific  action figures like builders, towards boys. Girls on the other hand are to be exposed to toys that focus more on beauty and fashion for example barbie. Action figures targeted towards girls as well, will have roles that society portrays woman should have or are only capable of, such as a house wife or model etc.

2)Typically, woman will have long hair, if not longer hair than boys. I think this is because men are stereotyped to only have long hair to an extent, and women also have an extent to how short their hair can be. Anything out of that criteria  would be considered breaking stereotype and maybe seen as something a bit abnormal.

3)same thing goes to makeup, before recent years, and even now in certain countries, only females are linked to anything to do with makeup and are not usually criticised for having it on. Men on the other hand are criticised and shamed for it in Certain areas of the world, specially religious countries.

4)When it comes to religion, certain religions either make it a necessity or prefer woman to cover up more than men. This is not necessarily a bad thing, however it does place females in a tighter box than males when it comes to traditions and clothes.

4.Feminism thinks that the current society is built on a patriarchal system in which men are given more privileges and power than women

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1.  In Ukraine there is more men than women in a powerful positions, however in recent years the number of women on leadership roles has increased rapidly. (Varvara)

In Zimbabwe there are more men in leadership roles as it was believed that men were the only people with the capacity to govern and make decisions while women were oppressed to stay at home and do the household duties such as cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children. (Suraya)

Male gender dominance is dominant in my country because this is like a tradition that has been going on for many years. I think that this kind of understanding was adopted in Turkey after 1950 election, but gradually this situation started to move towards equality between men and women. (Rastu Can)

2. Usually, women are more likely to do housework than a men in my country. It happens because some families believe in the “nuclear family” which is a stereotype that women should take care of the household and do all the cooking, cleaning and take care of the children while the men should work and provide for their families. However, in recent years it has changed, there is more other balance where men and women share the same responsibilities within the family. (Varvara)

In my household the division of labour is evenly divided amongst my parents and as well as my siblings and I when we do visit home. We all take part in doing the house work and cooking. I would say when we were younger my mum did more of the childcare than my dad. We would say that there are more female teachers as women are more nurturing by nature. Women have more of a natural instinct to show care and motherly instinct of paying close attention to their surroundings, particularly young children. Women appear to have an advantage over men in the teaching profession due to their ability to provide for, nurture, soothe, and attend to the needs of children. (Suraya)

In general, women do housework in Turkey, such as cooking, cleaning, because Turkish mean are not competent in such matters.

3. (1.) In recent years, there is more of a balance between toys for boys and girls as well as unisex toys have been made.
(2.) Predominantly girls have longer hair than boys in the class. We think it’s been a stereotype for many years where girls have more longer hair and boys have shorter. But recently there has been a trend where girls shave their hair.
(3.) In our class it’s only girls who apply make up because it’s more of a preference.
(4.) In the Muslim culture women wear hijab and clothing that covers up their bodys. Yes there is a difference between the freedoms of men and women because men call do what they want without there having to be consequences where as women may sometimes be oppressed and have no say.

4. Men have more rights than women because some countries believe in the patriarchal system and feminism emphasises the equal rights and freedom for women