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Robert Hooke...... Inventor of Cells.

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Cell Theory by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwinn and Rudolf Virchow.

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Animals are a large group of diverse living organisms that make up to three-quarters of all species on earth. With their ability to move, to respond to stimuli, respond to environmental changes and adapt to different modes of feeding defense mechanisms and reproduction, all these mechanisms are enhanced by their constituent elements in the body. However, animals cannot manufacture their own food like plants and hence they depend on plants in one way or another.

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>Plant cells are eukaryotic cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells.
>Plant cells have cell walls, constructed outside the cell membrane and composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Their composition contrasts with the cell walls of fungi, which are made of chitin, of bacteria, which are made of peptidoglycan and of archaea, which are made of pseudopeptidoglycan.

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Plastids are double-membrane organelle which are found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food. These often contain pigments that are used in photosynthesis and different types of pigments that can change the colour of the cell

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Chromoplasts are plastids, heterogeneous organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is thought that like all other plastids including chloroplasts and leucoplasts they are descended from symbiotic prokaryotes.

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Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal cells.

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Leucoplasts are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are not green and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such as roots, bulbs and seeds.

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotic organisms. As such, it serves to maintain the integrity of the cell by facilitating transcription and replication processes. It's the largest organelle inside the cell taking up about a tenth of the entire cell volume.

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Structure of Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)

Thin semi-permeable membrane

It contains a percentage of lipids making a semi-permeable barrier between the cell and its physical environment.

It has some protein components a

It is very consistent around the cell

All living cells have a plasma membrane.

Functions of Plasma membrane (Cell membra

To enclose and protect the cell content

To also regulate the molecules that pass into and out of the cell, through the plasma membrane. Therefore it controls homeostasis.

The proteins are actively involved in transporting materials across the membrane

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Cytoplasm
This is a gel-like material that contains all the cell organelles, enclosed within the cell membrane.
These organelles include; Mitochondria, ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes intermediate filaments, microfilaments microtubules, vesicles.

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Mitochondria

These are membrane-bound organelles located in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells

The number of mitochondria found in each cell varies widely depending on the function of the cell it performs.

For example, erythrocytes do not have mitochondria while the liver and muscle cells have thousands of mitochondria.

Structure of Mitochondria

They are rod-shaped or oval or spherically shaped, with a size of 0.5 to 10 μm.

Mitochondria have two special membranes – outer and inner membrane.
Function of Mitochondria

Their primary function is to generate energy for the cell that is they are the power generators, producing energy in form of Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP), by converting nutrients and oxygen into energy enabling the cell to perform its function and to also release excess energy from the cell.

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Ribosomes

They are small organelles majorly made up of 60% RNA cytoplasmic- granules and 40% proteins.

All living cells contain ribosomes, which may be freely circulating in the cytoplasm and some are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.

It is the site for protein synthesis.

Structure of Ribosomes

Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes constitute half ribosomal RNA and half ribosomal proteins.

Each ribosome is made up of two subunits that is large subunit and small subunit with their own distinct shapes. These subunits are designated as the 40s and 60s in the animal cell.
Functions of Ribosomes

Ribosomes that occur as free particles are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane occurring in large numbers accounting for about a quarter of the cell organelles. A single replicated cell has about 10 million ribosomes.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

This is a continuous folded membranous organelle found in the cytoplasm made up of a thin network of flattened interconnected compartments (sacs) that connects from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus.

Within its membranes, there are membranous spaces called the cristae spaces and the membrane folding are called cristae.

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Manufacturing, processing and transporting proteins for cell utilization both in and out of the cell. This is because it is directly connected to the nuclear membrane providing a passage between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)

These are membrane-bound cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the nucleus.
Golgi bodies are supported together by cytoplasmic microtubules and held by a protein matrix
It is made up of flattened stacked pouches known as cisternae.
Function of Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)

Their primary function is to transport, modify and pack proteins and lipids into the Golgi vesicles to deliver them to their target sites. Animal cells contain one or more Golgi bodies while plants have a few hundred.

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Centrioles
It is a small structure that is made up of 9 sets of microtubules, placed in groups of three hence they are triplet microtubules.
As triplets, they remain very strong together hence they have been observed to be in structures like cilia and flagella.
The triplet microtubules are held together by proteins, giving the centriole its shape.
They are found in the centrosome, creating and holding microtubules within the cell.
Functions of Centrioles

The centriole microtubules allow the transportation of substances that are linked together with a glycoprotein to any cell location. the glycoprotein linkage acts as a signaling unit to move specific proteins.

The centrioles anchor the microtubules that extend from it and contain the factors needed to create more tubules.

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Vacuoles
They are membrane-bound sacs found within the cell cytoplasm.
The vacuole sac has a single membrane surrounding it known as a tonoplast and this membrane resembles the plasma membrane.
Functions of Vacuoles
their primary function is to store food, water, carbohydrates in the form of sugars and waste materials.
Tonoplast is a regulator controlling the inflow and outflow of small across a protein pump
acts as the guard for what kinds of matter are allowed passage to and from vacuoles

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Chromatin fibers
Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to form chromosomes. Chromatin makes it possible for a number of cell processes to occur including DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and cell division.

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https://quizlet.com/in/525561998/biology-the-cell-revision-flash-cards/?x=1jqU&i=30kkcy

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HUMAN CELL - The Dr. Binocs Show | Best Learning Videos For Kids | Peekaboo Kidz