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Created by Bella Brothers, Sarah Jacobs, Abby Williams, and Alisha Juneja

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Created by Bella Brothers, Sarah Jacobs, Abby Williams, and Alisha Juneja

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17 Moments in Soviet History- Prisoners Return

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17 Moments in Soviet History- Prisoners Return

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"Released prisoners were never fully integrated into Soviet society...Yet the prison experience seeped its way into popular culture through songs and an argot called blatnoi slang, which gave rebels a language of resistance that would guide them through the coming decades"(Geldern).
The USSR praised the policy of domestic peace and unity while also achieving relations with other nations. For the USSR to not allow past-imprisoned citizens to be members of the Soviet Union completely contradicted their initial proposals to the world. This made nations who where looking for opportunities to work together in the future hesitant as they were unsure that the USSR was capable of fulfilling their promises. Additionally, individuals in Germany saw that the USSR was degrading members of their nation, and turned to American capitalism as it seemed to be a better option.

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Wilson Center Collection - THE OPERATIONS DIVISION, THE MAIN OPERATIONS ADMINISTRATION

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Wilson Center Collection - THE OPERATIONS DIVISION, THE MAIN OPERATIONS ADMINISTRATION

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"The workers on strike at the cable factory demanded from the guards of the plant to hand over their arms. The workers of that plant demand a withdrawal of the German police and the Soviet forces from East Berlin. The strike is expanding, drawing in new, large enterprises"(Archive of General Staff).
Workers rose in protest against the government's practices of increasing productivity. As the protests grew more and more popular, the USA used them to undercut the Soviet's policy of Peace and Unity and to gain support for their democracy.

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(REASON) It was not the actions and policies of the Soviet Union that led to the East German uprising, but Ulbricht's policies for the "Construction of Socialism" in East Germany that caused extreme unrest and discontent amongst the population. 

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(REASON) It was not the actions and policies of the Soviet Union that led to the East German uprising, but Ulbricht's policies for the "Construction of Socialism" in East Germany that caused extreme unrest and discontent amongst the population. 

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Proclaimed by its main protagonist, SED first secretary and "strong man" Walter Ulbricht, the socialization program was directed above all against the urban and rural middle classes. Prohibitive taxes spearheaded the campaign against the private sector in trade and industry, and the growth of heavy industry was accorded absolute priority to the detriment of the population's general living standard. Collectivization forced independent farmers into 'agricultural production cooperatives'; those who refused to join the cooperatives were subjected to exorbitant state-enforced delivery quota" (Ostermann 62).

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Journal Information

German Studies Review, the scholarly journal of the German Studies Association, is published three times each year, in February, May, and October. The journal publishes articles and book reviews in history, literature, culture studies, political science, as well as interdisciplinary topics relating to the German-speaking areas of Europe encompassing primarily, but not exclusively, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Articles and reviews are published in English or German. Each issue contains at least seven articles and sixty book reviews. German Studies Review is a journal of first publication, and all submissions are peer-reviewed. German Studies Review is included in Historical Abstracts, Current Contents, Current Geographical Publications, and other indices, and is assigned the acronym GerSR for the MLA International Bibliography. German Studies Review is published by the German Studies Association and Carleton College.

Publisher Information

One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Journals The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. The Journals Division publishes 85 journals in the arts and humanities, technology and medicine, higher education, history, political science, and library science. The division also manages membership services for more than 50 scholarly and professional associations and societies. Books With critically acclaimed titles in history, science, higher education, consumer health, humanities, classics, and public health, the Books Division publishes 150 new books each year and maintains a backlist in excess of 3,000 titles. With warehouses on three continents, worldwide sales representation, and a robust digital publishing program, the Books Division connects Hopkins authors to scholars, experts, and educational and research institutions around the world. Project MUSE® Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS) HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service.

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"Keeping the Pot Simmering": The United States and the East German Uprising of 1953 on JSTOR

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Journal Information German Studies Review, the scholarly journal of the German Studies Association, is published three times each year, in February, May, and October. The journal publishes articles and book reviews in history, literature, culture studies, political science, as well as interdisciplinary topics relating to the German-speaking areas of Europe encompassing primarily, but not exclusively, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

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(SIGNIFICANCE) Eisenhower exploited the crisis in East Germany, as well as its people, in order to progress his own programs and goals and take down the USSR. 

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(SIGNIFICANCE) Eisenhower exploited the crisis in East Germany, as well as its people, in order to progress his own programs and goals and take down the USSR. 

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"New evidence from the now accessible archives of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and recently declassified U.S. government documents show that the Eisenhower administration, while surprised by the uprising, quickly recognized the opportunity for 'rollback' and devised a psychological warfare plan with the aim of further destabilizing the situation in East Germany. The central element of this plan, a food relief program for East Germans, managed to exacerbate the existing antagonism between regime and population within the GDR considerably..." (Ostermann 61).

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Journal Information

German Studies Review, the scholarly journal of the German Studies Association, is published three times each year, in February, May, and October. The journal publishes articles and book reviews in history, literature, culture studies, political science, as well as interdisciplinary topics relating to the German-speaking areas of Europe encompassing primarily, but not exclusively, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Articles and reviews are published in English or German. Each issue contains at least seven articles and sixty book reviews. German Studies Review is a journal of first publication, and all submissions are peer-reviewed. German Studies Review is included in Historical Abstracts, Current Contents, Current Geographical Publications, and other indices, and is assigned the acronym GerSR for the MLA International Bibliography. German Studies Review is published by the German Studies Association and Carleton College.

Publisher Information

One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Journals The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. The Journals Division publishes 85 journals in the arts and humanities, technology and medicine, higher education, history, political science, and library science. The division also manages membership services for more than 50 scholarly and professional associations and societies. Books With critically acclaimed titles in history, science, higher education, consumer health, humanities, classics, and public health, the Books Division publishes 150 new books each year and maintains a backlist in excess of 3,000 titles. With warehouses on three continents, worldwide sales representation, and a robust digital publishing program, the Books Division connects Hopkins authors to scholars, experts, and educational and research institutions around the world. Project MUSE® Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS) HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service.

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"Keeping the Pot Simmering": The United States and the East German Uprising of 1953 on JSTOR

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Journal Information German Studies Review, the scholarly journal of the German Studies Association, is published three times each year, in February, May, and October. The journal publishes articles and book reviews in history, literature, culture studies, political science, as well as interdisciplinary topics relating to the German-speaking areas of Europe encompassing primarily, but not exclusively, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

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The Soviets declared martial law in Berlin because of the East German uprising. This martial law then spread to many other East German cities. This shows the insecurity of the Soviets in their standing in East Germany, and the perspective of this particular source offers insight into how this event and the subsequent actions of the Soviets would have been viewed by the western nations (the killing of several protestors and the use of military force would not have framed the Soviets in a very positive light).

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(OUTCOME) The East German uprising started a chain reaction of uprisings in other nations within the Soviet bloc.

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(OUTCOME) The East German uprising started a chain reaction of uprisings in other nations within the Soviet bloc.

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"In the wake of the 1953 German riots, the argument between neo-Stalinists and liberalizers intensified in other East European capitals as well" (Applebaum 445).

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The United States' radio service "brainwashed" the people of East Berlin into an uprising. 

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The United States' radio service "brainwashed" the people of East Berlin into an uprising. 

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"'June the seventeenth proves how many people listen to RIAS,' an angry East German communist argued at a meeting a few weeks later. 'We've done so much education and training, but none of it was absorbed'" (Applebaum 442).

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The footage presents clips from during the uprising, but it also demonstrates the conversations that came about in East Germany afterwards and the presentation of their demands to the Soviets. This was a big outcome of the uprising because it brought about debates and the presentation of the East Germans demands.

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(REASON) The United States did not want to be tied to the uprising, even though their radio services had been broadcasting the intentions of the protestors.

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(REASON) The United States did not want to be tied to the uprising, even though their radio services had been broadcasting the intentions of the protestors.

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"Ewing told Bahr that American responsibility and American security guarantees ended at the border, and he'd better be clear about that in his broadcasts. As Bahr remembers, 'This was the only order I ever got from the US government at RIAS'" (Applebaum 439).

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The documentary explains the difficulties that the Russian government was facing leading up to the Uprising, and many of these difficulties were causes. With East and West Germany divided, eastern farmers were flocking to the west as they were struggling economically. With the majority of food sources gone, the rest of the east crumbled with food stocks decreasing and people having to queue for food. The West opened up for asylum and by 1953, over 250,000 eastern Germans fled to the west, which created a toxic environment between both nations as the West was being viewed as the savior to those in the East. Furthermore, workers in the east were encouraged to donate their much needed salary to support the socialist cause that did not support their needs. These economic issues created a need for change that was still consistent after Ulbricht was overthrown, causing workers to protest in the East German Uprising.

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The uprising occurred as a result of a Western plot

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The uprising occurred as a result of a Western plot

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From Applebaum reading, page 443.

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Eisenhower believes that the division of ideals and policies is what caused all the issues. He explains that there was common ideas but it did not last and that is what caused the disruptions.

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(REASON) The people of East Germany were at their breaking point, and the East German uprising was the physical manifestation of their pent up frustrations. 

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(REASON) The people of East Germany were at their breaking point, and the East German uprising was the physical manifestation of their pent up frustrations. 

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"Emboldened by the announcement of the New Course, cheered on by Stalin's death, frustrated by the fact that the new policies didn't seem to include lower work quotas, Berlin's workers had taken to the streets to protest... This time people were joining. Not only that, workers were coming into the city from as far as Hennigsdorf to join, even though public transportation had been halted and the walk took three hours" (Applebaum 438, 439).

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Discuss the reasons for the 1953 East German Uprising and its significance to the Cold War.

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Discuss the reasons for the 1953 East German Uprising and its significance to the Cold War.

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The Uprising had many outcomes significant in the arc of East German rule. The protesters no longer necessary cared who was in charge, as "...they criticized the whole system." Freedom seemed near, but in retaliation, Moscow sent tanks to East Germany and there was a shooting in which over 125 died. The Soviet Union had changed to a more peaceful power after the death of Stalin, and yet they answered with blunt force, which diminished any hope for peace that Eastern Germans held. Propaganda of a peaceful East Germany circulated, glossing over the protests and fake Wester Germans were jailed, the blame of the uprising now theirs. The way the government in East Germany handled this is incredibly important because it raises the question "did they truly care for improvement in their sector, or did they just wish for power and obedience?"

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"After 1953 the central issue for the leaders and peoples of the
U.S.S.R. was how to deal with Stalin’s monstrous legacy."
Stalin's death left the USSR in a position with weak leadership, both within its initial borders, and outside of them. Politically, and economically, the union became weak as there was a jokey for power. Khruschev was victorious, but with his reign, came a period of de-Stalinization in which the trust in Stalin was eradicated and "criminals" were released. This created tension where Russia ruled (including East Germany) as the government no longer held the trust of the citizens and was grappling for any sense of power and normalcy.