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Diseases such as HIV/AIDS are extremely prevalent in Africa today and have long-lasting impacts there. One consequence AIDS has is it causes suffering and homelessness. As children's parents are dying from the deadly disease, this leaves millions of orphans causing mass suffering among the younger population. As well as this, countries could be losing workers who are key to development such as health officials, scientists, teachers or government members. Another consequence that HIV/AIDS brings is the effect on live expectancies. While more people die of HIV/AIDS this, in turn, brings down the average life expectancy of people living there such as in 2016, when 1.2 million people died in Sub-Saharan Africa and consequently brought the life expectancy down to 54.4 years. A third consequence of HIV/AIDS is poverty. Due to the disease making you extremely weak, many people who contract it cannot work after a certain amount of time because they are physically unable to do so. If this was the main or only earner in a household, this could put the household into poverty, which would be much harder to get out of due to the inability of the person to work.

Example- Africa accounts for almost 70% of all of the people infected with AIDS worldwide, this has a massive impact on the continent and the individual countries developments such as strain on health services and poverty.

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For some African countries, trading is one of the main sources as to where they receive extra money or money to pay off debt. One consequence of trading is when richer countries buy natural resources from smaller developing nations for cheaper prices, then they take these resources and sell them worldwide and create a big profit. This takes away resources from the smaller country and leaving them with barely any profit from their sale. Another effect of trading is when local sellers go out of business. This usually happens due to the unfair actions of bigger corporations that can afford the items for cheaper and more of them but then still receive a better profit. This then shuts down the smaller businesses meaning that people within the country will struggle to buy resources like that without paying extortionate prices and disrupting and slowing down the flow and development of the countries financial infrastructure.

Example- In Sub-Saharan Africa between 2008-2010, there was an outflow of $38.4 billion due to bigger companies mispricing products which they are selling to African countries. This money was charged by bigger companies unfairly because they put up prices of some taxes related and also the products themselves.

This photo is another example that shows how little Africa had shares worldwide:

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Debt in African countries comes around quite easily but its always a struggle for some of the poorer African countries to pay it off. One consequence of debt is when richer countries exploit the poor and the burden that it brings to the poorer countries. Some African countries who are in debt to bigger and more financially stable countries often get interest rates that go up in quite large amounts which can leave these African countries unable to pay this back for a long time and leaves the burden sitting on the shoulders of the poorer country and they cannot limit or decide where they receive aid/trade from next time. One other consequence of trade is the unfair dispersion of money within a country. Often, the best move for an African country is to pay back the debt as soon as possible so funding is taken from development plans in order to try to pay some off but then again, setting back development in the country.

Example- One of the countries in which Africa owes a lot of their debt is China. Shown in the picture below is the amount of money per year that China is loaning to Africa between 2000-2016 and it shows that as time goes on, the loans become increasingly bigger. Such as $30 billion in 2016 but only around $14 billion the previous year and along with the loans getting bigger, the debt Africa is getting in is becoming bigger.

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Education in Africa is varied depending on which country you look at, some have better literacy rates than others, but in almost all African countries, a full education costs a fee and is hard to access for poorer families. One consequence of the lack of education is the situation of living in poverty. When people do not receive an education that can get them a decently paying job, they simply do not have the financial stability to be able to support others or themselves at some points and can lead to them living in poverty which would cause them to endure suffering. Another consequence of a lack of education is a largely uneducated society. This means that the country will not have the social awareness that a largely educated population may have and this could lead to the development of the country slowing down because there are less well-educated people living there. A third consequence of a lack of education is the slowing down of economic development for a country. As more of the population is uneducated, this means that fewer people will be able to get jobs and contribute to the country's earnings and in turn, slowing down the economic development of a country.

Example- In Ethiopia, the secondary attendance rate sits at 16.00% meaning that not many Ethiopeans will have received their full education and this could have consequences in the future for the people who were not able to attend secondary school.

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Poor governance is a cause of lack of development in African countries and has multiple effects on people. One consequence of bad governance is a poorly growing economy. As a country is being controlled by a corrupt and unpleasant government, they often exploit people among the working class and the money of the workers are kept in the pockets of the people in power, while the rest of the country suffers from the lack of flow of money in the country anymore. Another consequence of bad governance is in the education system. As the economy has deconstructed due to a bad government, this means that funding for schools could have had to be reduced or even taken away completely to help in some way to restore the basically destroyed economy. Due to the funding being taken away, this means that children who were in schools would no longer have good resources, therefore the literacy rates in the country would go down and many teachers would walk out due to lack of pay. A third consequence of bad governance is the distrusting of a future government. As corrupt governments are notably known for abusing the human rights of the citizens of the country, many people would not trust or believe anything a new government would tell them. When the people of a country do not trust their government, this can lead to unrest among those who were wronged before and can sometimes become a big issue when the country is already at an all-time low due to the effects bad governance has had on them.

Example- The former leader of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe was known for keeping the money that belonged to Zimbabwe, among his close friends and family. An estimate of 52 million euros was made when looking at some of the properties he owned and along with other things and over 15,000 hectares of land in Zimbabwe this shows that although he was rich, along with accusations and figures show that he had managed to comfortably supply himself with money while the rest of the country was not in a good place.

The graph illustrates that throughout President Mugabe's control of Zimbabwe, the economic growth was sitting at pretty low points on average (1980-2017)

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Famine is a huge cause of lack of development in African countries and it also has consequences that affect most people's lives within the countries. One consequence of malnutrition is the slowing down of the economic development of an African country. As more people are dying from famine related illnesses, the healthcare systems will become more and more overwhelmed with patients who are at the point of starvation along with patients who need assistance due to other issues. Without the necessary funding, this is often extremely difficult for health services to balance. The stress this puts on the health division of a country due to famine can have multiple knock-on effects through the social development of the country. Another consequence of famine is the effect famine can have on the economy. As millions of people in Africa are dying of malnutrition this means that economies will no longer have the strengthened workforce they had previously due to mass deaths or just that some of the people are just not physically able to do so anymore. This lack of money flowing through the country means that it will be more difficult for future generations to get the economy back to where it was and still develop it further and could potentially cause further regression.  Another effect of malnutrition on African countries is the death toll. As children are not fully developed themselves, famine and malnutrition can be deadly for them, as more children are dying. This means that in the future, there will be a much smaller population than average and this means that there could be fewer people in rather important jobs such as doctors, scientists and teachers which can affect the overall running and progression of the country.

Example- In South Sudan, nearly 1 million children under the age of 5 are acutely malnourished. As the crisis of famine still remains in South Sudan and the numbers don't seem to be declining, this means that the future generation's lives will be impacted by this famine, and this is the case in many other African countries.

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Natural Disasters are becoming increasingly more common today due to rising temperatures and global warming. One of the effects that natural disasters have on African countries is that they destroy crops and land. Floods can completely destroy the land which farmers use to grow and harvest crops and this means that countries can develop problems with the dispersion of food and people may not have access to food which they may have had normally which can lead to hunger among people. Another consequence of natural disasters is homelessness. After natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes, buildings can quite often be destroyed and with this, people may become homeless. This can be a bigger issue in developing countries because people may not have the money to buy another house and the government also may not be able to repair and rebuild fast due to a smaller economy. As natural disasters are happening more, more people are living in poverty due to events like floods and hurricanes. Another impact natural disasters have is the removal or reducing of other funding. As some African countries do not have the excess money to be able to help recovering citizens and rebuild they often take money that could have been used for future development to try to resolve the problem but in doing so, sets back the development of the country.

Example- A flood in Algeria in 2001 caused an extreme amount of damage and resulted in the country having an economic loss of $400 million showing the consequences that natural disasters have, especially ones impacting development.

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Climate change is becoming a bigger issue worldwide due to the irreversible damage which we are doing to the planet and places which are already relatively warm, are getting dangerously hot. One consequence that climate change has had in Africa is through dry and unstable land. Droughts are quite common in some African countries and with this, the ground becomes increasingly more difficult to grow and harvest crops on and it gets to the point where the ground can't be used for growing crops anymore because it is simply too dry and damaged. Another consequence of climate change is hunger. As the planet gets warmer, many crops are not able to withstand some of the extreme heats in parts of Africa and the crops die off, this can then escalate into a bigger issue of hunger especially if crucial crops stop growing properly in countries. A third consequence of climate change is the loss of trading. As some African countries have trades set up to sell their cash crops this is incredibly useful for helping the economy of the country but if growing these crops becomes not possible due to the heat, for example, African countries can lose a lot of income from their trading partners going somewhere else and disrupting the development of the economy of these countries.

Example- Eastern Africa is going through one of the worst food crisis in the 21st century. A study by Oxfam showed that 12 million people in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia are in urgent need of food and rainfall has been below what it is usually causing the deaths of livestock and also crops.

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Conflict is a cause of lack of development in Africa and has many consequences for the surrounding areas and the people within them. One consequence that conflict has caused is the displacement of populations. Due to violent ongoing conflicts, many people have to flee their country in search of safety and this can have an impact on the nation's development itself and the surrounding nation's developments. Another consequence is the impact that conflict has on the healthcare system, during a conflict hospitals are often overwhelmed with people needing aid from the fighting and the normal amount of patients with other things. All of this puts a massive strain on the healthcare systems of African countries. Another consequence of conflict is education, as a conflict continues, it could reach the point where it is unsafe for children to go to their school, or their school may have even been destroyed. This has a huge impact on these pupils futures and could leave them with a low-paying job due to lack of education.

Example- in 2018 there was a report which showed that an average number of 4.1 million Congolese are displaced due to conflict in DRC and 620,000 of these people are in the surrounding countries, looking for some form of safety. This will have a huge effect on DR Congo's development and consequently the surrounding African countries.

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Consequences of the causes of Lack of Development in Africa

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Consequences of the causes of Lack of Development in Africa