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Inky the Octopus

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Until recently, the New Zealand National Aquarium had an octopus named Inky. Now, aquarium staff have announced that they believe that Inky made it back home to the ocean in a jailbreak worthy of a Steve McQueen movie, several months ago.

Inky arrived at the Aquarium in 2014, looking a little worse for the wear. He was picked up by an Aquarium volunteer from a cray pot near Pania reef.

"It seemed like a good name, a reflection of one of his protective mechanisms, squirting ink when he feels he's in danger," said Gerry Townsend, a Napier New Zealand resident who won the naming contest.

Inky's Houdini-like escape through a tiny opening in the top of his tank is indicative of his species' intelligence.

Author and octopus aficionado Sy Montgomery says that octopuses are very bright. "Octopuses are very curious," she tells The Christian Science Monitor in a phone interview. "They love to explore objects, take things apart, and put them together."

For her work on "The Soul of An Octopus," a National Book Award finalist, Ms. Montgomery spent three years working with octopus experts and the cephalopods themselves.

Montgomery spent a significant amount of time at the New England Aquarium, where she not only witnessed an octopus escape, but also observed first-hand the keen intelligence of these ocean-dwelling creatures.

The captive octopuses were so curious, she says, that an aquarium employee invented a toy with a series of locks. The persistent and nimble-tentacled animals could unlock a delicious reward: a snack of crab.

It is not unusual for octopuses to escape, especially if they get curious about the outside world.

Octopuses are also very good at locating water sources, says Montgomery, who added that they can only survive for about 15 minutes out of water.

Fortunately, suction cup prints on the aquarium floor indicate that Inky located a drain that led to the ocean.

When the New Zealand National Aquarium first announced Inky's name in 2014, staff noted that he, like many intelligent animals, could easily get bored in captivity.

"He's got a few battle scars and a couple of shortened limbs which will eventually grow back, but he's getting used to being at the aquarium now," said curator of exhibits Kerry Hewitt. "We have to keep Inky amused or he will get bored."

Inky's escape raises ongoing questions about animal intelligence and cognition.

"One of the problems when we try to look at animal intelligence," says Montgomery, "is that we try to measure it by our own. They have intelligence that we do not. Their way of seeing and experiencing the world is so different than ours."

Studies show that octopuses recognize individuals, no matter what clothes they are wearing. They also have distinct personalities and enjoy playing with toys. Yet only recently, Montgomery says, have scientists recognized cephalopods as having intelligence.

Only in recent history have humans recognized cognition in any non-human animal. Stephen Newmyer of Duquense University told the Monitor by phone that our ancient ancestors were convinced that animals were not thinking beings.

"Greek philosophers like Aristotle argued that animals were not rational," Dr. Newmyer said. "People have guarded that thought through the years."

More recently, Newmyer says, studies have questioned whether or not animals have emotions or if they are self aware. One famous study questioned whether animals experienced a sense of belonging to a group.

In 2011, a group of scientists from a number of neurological fields came together in Cambridge, England, to write the Cambridge Declaration. They announced that all mammals and birds possessed the mental ability to generate consciousness.

Octopuses are highly intelligent, curious, and personable creatures, but they still can't quite communicate their wishes to human caretakers. After Inky's escape, Aquarium manager Rob Yarrall lamented to Radio New Zealand, "He didn't even leave us a message."

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Inky the Octopus stages daring escape from New Zealand aquarium

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Until recently, the New Zealand National Aquarium had an octopus named Inky. Now, aquarium staff have announced that they believe that Inky made it back home to the ocean in a jailbreak worthy of a Steve McQueen movie, several months ago. Inky arrived at the Aquarium in 2014, looking a little worse for the wear.

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A-Z Animal Facts: Octopus

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Prepare to meet your match, humans: The otherworldly, intelligent octopus.

We've been poking at these wily mini-sea monsters with sticks, shutting them inside aquarium tanks, and grilling them with slices of lemon for thousands of years. But did we ever stop to consider how clever the octopus truly is?

Turns out, this creature's brain not only makes it the world's most intelligent invertebrate but, according to some measures, as smart as a golden retriever.
(OK, OK, yes. I hear your screaming, scientists. Comparing octopus intelligence to mammal intelligence is a dubious proposition, but the point is, they're really freaking smart.)
Combine that with their eight tentacles, each of which has a mind of its own (seriously), and you've got a force to be reckoned with.

Still not convinced? Here are 13 startlingly brilliant things that octopuses appear to be able to do that no creature so goopy and gangly should be able to do.

1. Octopuses* can bust out of their aquarium tanks and find their way back to the ocean.

By now, you've probably heard the story of Inky, the New Zealand octopus that got bored sitting in an aquarium being gawked at by cranky, field-tripping children and escaped via a drainage tube that led back to the sea. It's hard not to shake the feeling that he's seen too much and we're doomed.

2. They can slip their entire body through a hole the size of a medium-length hardcover novel.

Oh, you think you've got one over on that "helpless" octopus sliding around the deck of your boat. Uh uh, my friend. Once he finds an opening that roughly equals the lengthwise dimensions of a book that's slightly shorter than "Freedom" but a little bit longer than "The Road," that guy is gone like the wind.

3. Octopuses can open jars. From the inside.

No one keeps Baby in a jar.

4. Octopuses can open jars. From the outside.

However, Baby will get down with a jar to consume the poor unsuspecting creature hiding inside for dear life while holding the lid victoriously aloft like a trophy.

5. Octopuses have also been known to defend themselves with rocks.

Cephalopod intelligence researcher Jennifer Mather reports observing octopuses building stone defensive structures outside their dens to protect themselves while they sleep.

Likely, these will be the battlements humans will be storming if the forces of humanity aren't too devastated by the initial octo-assault to counterattack.

6. They can take apart the plumbing of their own tanks, causing sweet, soggy mayhem.

It happened in Santa Monica, where an octopus commandeered a water recycling valve and proceeded to wreak havoc on the aquarium's new eco-sensitive floor.

An innocent mistake? Or the start of a complex financial scheme that involves forcing the world's aquariums to accrue massive debt on floor maintenance, and hm ... just look who's waiting in the wings with a line of sweet, easy credit:

A few strings attached, of course.

7. Octopuses have been seen jumping up on land to ambush unsuspecting prey.

Sure, he's taking a risk. He definitely can't survive up there for long. But killing is just that important to him.

8. They've also been known to turn out the lights for their own petty amusement.

At least, that's what an octopus in Germany did, just to mess with aquarium employees. Once he figured out that shooting water at an overhead spotlight would cause the simple humans below to scramble around like chickens with their heads cut off, that's exactly what he did. Again and again and again.

Yes, for these whimsically sadistic creatures, life is a laugh track, and we are the punchline.

9. Octopuses have been spotted making tools out of coconuts and shells.

We've only known they could do this for about five years. And we've been readying our machete and flexi-straw-based defenses ever since.

10. They can also mimic other deadly sea creatures to scare the bejeezus out of potential predators.

At least some species of octopus can camouflage themselves so well they look like poisonous fish or snakes to their enemies.

Why they would want to do this - considering that they are already terrifying octopuses - is unclear.

11. Octopuses have also been known to kill sharks.

Here, the octopus does so with a sneaky pre-emptive strike.

Aquarium employees put a shark and an octopus in the same tank. This did not sit well with the octopus.

Octopus solution: Strangle the shark in cold blood. Obviously.

12. They've also been known to escape their tanks to eat a fish in an adjacent tank and then return to their own tanks before anyone notices.

A number of these stories have been reported over the years (dating all the way back to the 1875), and some claim they're apocryphal, but this particular one appears to have actually happened in Boston in the 1980s.

According to aquarium employees, a giant Pacific octopus was caught leaving its enclosure and ambling a few feet to the next tank over, enticed by a number of rare, expensive fish that had been brought in.

For a $14 appetizer, that's really next level.

13. Octopuses have accidentally documented themselves stealing our video cameras to cover up evidence of their crimes.

We have the footage. We know what they're up to. And yet, we're probably powerless to prevent it.

Bear in mind: These facts are just what we actually know about octopus intelligence. There is clearly still a lot to learn and understand about them.
All in all, they're pretty fascinating creatures, and sharing the Earth with them is pretty awesome.

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Octopus intelligence: Here are 13 of the most frighteningly smart things they can do.

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Prepare to meet your match, humans: The otherworldly, intelligent octopus.Octopus. Photo by Jens Petersen/Wikimedia Commons.We've been poking at these wily mini-sea monsters with sticks, shutting them inside aquarium tanks, and grilling them with slices of lemon for thousands of years. But did we ev...

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VIENNA, May 11 (UPI) -- Crows can learn to recognize familiar human voices and the calls of familiar birds from other species, Austrian researchers say.

Scientists at the University of Vienna say the findings suggest the ability could help crows thrive in urban environments, using vocal cues from human and bird neighbors to find food or be alerted to potential threats.

"In cities crows live alongside jackdaws, magpies and seagulls, and alongside humans," researcher Claudia Wascher told the BBC. "Some of those people might be very nice to the crows and feed them and others might be nasty and chase them away."

The scientists used recordings of human voices and jackdaw calls to test the responses of eight crows in the university's aviary.

They recorded the voices of five people who feed the crows every day and five others who "had never met the crows," Wascher said.

When the recordings were played to the birds, they responded much more when they heard the unfamiliar voices, looking up and turning toward the sound.

"Since humans can be a serious threat for crows," Wascher said, "it's important that if they hear someone unfamiliar, they are on alert."

Although it was widely known that crows are "very intelligent," she said, most studies have focused on their ability to recognize and communicate with their own species.

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VIENNA, May 11 (UPI) -- Crows can learn to recognize familiar human voices and the calls of familiar birds from other species, Austrian researchers say. Scientists at the University of Vienna say the findings suggest the ability could help crows thrive in urban environments, using vocal cues from human and bird neighbors to find food or be alerted to potential threats.

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13 Surprisingly Weird Reasons...

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We're sure you have your favourite animal. It may even be a really smart one. But corvids - such as crows, magpies and ravens - really are something special. In fact, they're some of the most intelligent animals in the world.

And here we've gathered some of the finest examples of just how clever these gorgeous creatures can be.
1. Crows can reason out cause and effect
In a test on New Caledonian crows, crows were placed in an enclosure wherein a stick would emerge from a hide. They used two scenarios: in the first, a human was observed entering the hide before the stick moved, and leaving after. In the second, the human remained hidden.

In the first, the crows were much more relaxed after the human left, correctly linking the movement of the stick to the presence of the human. They would forage for food, and behave normally. In the second, the crow had no other reference for the stick's presence, so they remained wary.

"These results really seem to be showing that crows react in a very similar way to humans in a situation that requires them to reason about a hidden causal agent," says biologist Alex Taylor.
2. Crows understand water displacement
In an experiment with tubes published in PLOS One, scientists determined that New Caledonian crows can not only tell the difference between water and sand - they also understand water displacement.

The test involved tubes containing water and a treat floating on top out of reach. The crows filled the tubes with enough rocks or other heavy items to bring the food within reach.

They also were presented with different scenarios, such as tubes with different water levels. The crows showed an absolute preference for the tube that would get them the food with the least amount of work.

Their success rate was on a par with seven-year-old children, the researchers said.
3. Crows hold a grudge - and pass that grudge on to other crows
Ever wonder why crow researchers sometimes wear masks? It's because crows can recognise human faces, especially the faces of humans who have done them wrong.

So, if you're trying to record how crows react to negative stimuli (such as being caught and tagged), you don't want to do that using your real face. If you do, you'll get loudly scolded by the agitated flock every time you approach, as biologist John Marzluff discovered and detailed in a 2011 paper.

Good thing he did, too. A few years later, he found out that crows not only hold onto that grudge - they tell other crows about it, too.

Within the first two weeks after trapping, around 26 percent of crows scolded the human wearing the danger mask. Around 15 months later, that figure was 30.4 percent.

Three years after the initial trapping event, with no action towards the crows since, the number of scolding crows had grown to 66 percent.
4. Crows hold funerals for their dead
When a crow dies, other crows are often observed gathering around and making a lot of loud noise - much like humans, really. The reason for this was unknown until 2015, when crow researcher Kaeli Swift crowdfunded research to try and figure out why.

Her conclusion, published in the journal Animal Behaviour, was that crows gather around their dead fellows to learn about danger.

And it works. The city of Chatham, Ontario is beneath a crow migration route, and they plague the town on their way through. Every attempt to get rid of them has failed - including shooting at them with pellet guns. The crows learnt how to fly just high enough to evade the fire.
5. Ravens are smart enough to be paranoid
A study released in early 2016 found that ravens possess something known as the Theory of Mind - that is, the ability to recognise mental states within themselves, and extrapolate that others have mental states, too, and that those mental states in others may differ from their own.

Ravens like to stash food for later, and had been observed doing so more cautiously when other ravens were around.

To test this idea, ravens were trained to use a peephole to watch a human hiding food in an adjoining room. Then they were put in the second room with the food, and observed in two conditions: with the peephole closed, and with the peephole open and a loudspeaker playing raven cries.

They behaved just as if another raven was in line-of-sight.

This indicated, the researchers wrote in their paper, "that they can generalise from their own experience using the peephole as a pilferer and predict that audible competitors could potentially see their caches. Consequently, we argue that they represent 'seeing' in a way that cannot be reduced to the tracking of gaze cues."
6. Crows can solve complex, multi-step puzzles
This crazy impressive experiment was conducted as part of a BBC Two program called Inside the Animal Mind, putting crows to the test with the most complex animal puzzle ever.

And not lab crows, either. The crows were captured from the wild one at a time, and kept for just three months.

This one, nicknamed 007, is apparently a genius. The puzzle involved eight individual steps that had to be solved in a very specific order to release the food reward. He had to collect the tools, then use them to complete the next step of the puzzle. He was familiar with the individual tools, but had not had to combine their use before.

Seriously, watch the video. It's so good.
7. Crows can fashion tools
OK, crows can use tools. Great!

But what do they do if there's nothing available? Turns out they just make their own, the resourceful little poppets. In 2015, researchers announced they had filmed the first ever video evidence of crows fashioning tools in the wild using a specially developed spy camera mounted on the crows' tail feathers.

They were observed snapping twigs from trees, then stripping it of bark and leaves, and fashioned the node into a hook. They then used these tools to probe into small spaces for food.

"The behaviour is easy to miss - the first time I watched the footage, I didn't see anything particularly interesting. Only when I went through it again frame-by-frame, I discovered this fascinating behaviour. Not once, but twice!" researcher Jolyon Troscianko said.

"In one scene, a crow drops its tool, and then recovers it from the ground shortly afterwards, suggesting they value their tools and don't simply discard them after a single use."
8. Ravens use social ostracism to punish selfish peers
When someone in your friend group acts like an idiot, they may find themselves suddenly disinvited from social events, unfriended from Facebook, and their messages unanswered. Ravens don't have Facebook, but they do exercise similar ostracism towards conspecific dickheads.

In a 2015 study, researchers from the University of Vienna gave ravens a task wherein they would only receive the reward if they cooperated, pulling on ropes to raise a platform which had two pieces of cheese, one for each raven.

If one raven stole their companion's cheese, as well as their own, they were on the outs: the other raven would refuse to cooperate with them - but they would cooperate with other ravens who played fair.

"Such a sophisticated way of keeping your partner in check has previously only been shown in humans and chimpanzees, and is a complete novelty among birds," lead researcher Jorg Massen said.
9. Crows can exercise self control
Crows aren't driven purely by instinct - they can experience anticipation, and exercise self-control if the end result is a greater reward.

A 2014 study devised a test based on the Stanford marshmallow experiment, a 1960s study into delayed gratification in children. The first step was to determine which snacks the crows liked the most. The researchers fed them grapes, bread, sausage, fried fat and other treats.

Next, they were given a snack and the option to trade their snack - if they were willing to wait. They could either receive a better quality snack - meat in exchange for a grape, for instance - or a higher quantity of the same snack.

The birds preferred to wait until a better snack was on offer, but if it was just more of the same, they weren't. In some cases, they waited up to 10 minutes for a better snack. The fact that they waited for better quality, not quantity, showed that they were waiting because they wanted to - not because they were actually hungry.
10. Ravens can plan for the future and barter for items they need
When trained in the use of tools, ravens recognise the items as valuable and can set them aside against a future need. To figure this out, researchers trained ravens to release a treat by sticking a tool into a tube sticking out of a box.

Then they took the tool and box away, returning an hour later to offer the raven a choice of objects - one of which was the tool. After another 15 minutes following the raven's selection, the box was returned - 80 percent of the time, the raven had chosen the correct tool. The experiment was repeated with a 17-hour interval in returning the box, in which case the ravens had a 90 percent success rate.

For the next part, ravens had been trained to return a token to a human in exchange for a food reward. After an hour, they were offered three trays in succession with a choice of objects, one of which was the token and another of which was a low-quality snack, for a total of three tokens.

They chose the token on average around 73 percent of the time. After 15 minutes, the bartering experimenter would come back, and the raven exchanged the tokens for the prize.

"This study suggests that ravens make decisions for futures outside their current sensory contexts, and that they are domain-general planners on par with apes," the paper concluded.
11. Ravens remember people who have been nice to them
You know how crows hold a grudge? Well, corvids also remember people who have been nice to them. There was, of course, that adorable case of a little girl who crows started bringing shiny objects to after she regularly fed them - but there's been a scientific study on the subject too.

Again, it involves ravens trading a low-quality snack (bread) for a high-quality snack (cheese), which they'd been trained to do. Then two humans brought the cheese to trade for the bread. One experimenter would fairly give the cheese when the crow handed over the bread. The other experimenter ate the cheese themselves after being given the bread.

Then, after an interval - two days, and then later one month - three humans entered the enclosure, the fair one, the unfair one, and a neutral control. The raven was given a piece of bread to trade. Most of the ravens chose to trade with the fair experimenter - indicating that they remembered being cheated out of delicious cheese and weren't falling for that again.
12. Ravens use gestures to communicate
Before babies learn to speak, they communicate using gestures. Pointing at objects they want, for example. Outside of primates, this means of communication had never been observed in another species - until researchers observed wild ravens doing it.

They use their beaks like hands, Simone Pika from the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Thomas Bugnyar from the University of Vienna found.

They recorded 38 interactions between pairs of ravens, 25 of which involved the raven picking up an object and showing it to their companion, and 10 of which involved ravens offering an object to their companion.

"These distinct gestures were predominantly aimed at partners of the opposite sex and resulted in frequent orientation of recipients to the object and the signallers. Subsequently, the ravens interacted with each other, for example, by example billing or joint manipulation of the object," the researchers said.
13. Crows like to play
We're just going to leave you with this, because it's just so gosh-danged delightful.

Now go follow the Tower of London's Raven Master on Twitter. And don't say we never give you anything.

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13 Surprisingly Weird Reasons Why Crows And Ravens Are The Best Birds, No Question

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We're sure you have your favourite animal. It may even be a really smart one. But corvids - such as crows, magpies and ravens - really are something special. In fact, they're some of the most intelligent animals in the world.

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Welcome to Britannica School , a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Elementary, Middle, and High School.

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Crows Getting Treats

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Not that we didn't already know it, but bottlenose dolphins are intelligent ... very intelligent. Now researchers at the New York Aquarium in Brooklyn can prove it. Hold up your cat or dog to a mirror and they won't tilt their heads in wonder at themselves. But two dolphins (13-year-old Presley and 17-year-old Tab) swimming in a pool with mirrored walls did recognize their own reflections -- a quality once shared by only humans and great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, and orangutans).

How do we know that's what they were doing? Well, after Diana Reiss (Osborn Laboratories of Marine Science, located at the aquarium) and Lori Marino (Emory University in Atlanta, GA) marked the dolphins' bodies with nontoxic black ink, Presley and Tab swam to the mirrored walls to check out what had just been written on their bodies. Whenever one dolphin saw the other with a marking, it couldn't care less. But whenever a dolphin received a mark itself ... whoosh! It quickly swam over to a mirror to assess its body.

In fact, the researchers said that the dolphins spent more time in front of the mirror after being marked than when they were not marked, and the first behavior when arriving at the mirror was locating the black mark to check it out.

"What we see," Reiss says, "is that [dolphins] have excellent skills for memory. They are able to learn and comprehend artificial codes."

Unfortunately, dolphins are being slaughtered in some parts of the world. Reiss's study should heighten our awareness of the need to protect these animals. If you feel the same way, send your thoughts to Such Smart Dolphins, c/o ODYSSEY, 30 Grove St., Suite C, Peterborough, NH 03458.

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Not that we didn't already know it, but bottlenose dolphins are intelligent ... very intelligent. Now researchers at the New York Aquarium in Brooklyn can prove it. Hold up your cat or dog to a mirror and they won't tilt their heads in wonder at themselves.

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Dolphins making faces. Or whatever the equivalent is for an animal is that doesn't have smile muscles. Looks like a lot of fun. Not only for the dolphins. Scientists behind a one-way mirror in an aquarium wall watched and recorded the dolphins over three years. What they saw was not only twirling and closeup looks and bubble play but animals who recognized themselves. That's a cognitive ability seen only in a few other animals like humans, chimpanzees and elephants. Even more interesting. The two young dolphins in this study, Bayley and Foster showed self-recognize at an earlier age than chimps or humans. And that's what scientists predicted. Because dolphins develop earlier than humans or chimps in numerous social and physical ways. One thing the scientists looked at was self-directed behavior.

They're using the mirror to view themselves. They're looking in their eyes closely. They may look at the insides of their mouths and wiggle their tongues.

That kind of behavior appeared in one dolphin, Bayley at seven months. In humans mugging for the mirror doesn't start until 12 months or later. Next was the mark test. The animal must notice and pay attention to a mark on a part of its body it couldn't see without a mirror. The dolphin's passed that too. At two years of age which was the earliest that animal care rules would allow the scientists to draw things on dolphins. This gives a new look at the development of dolphin's extraordinary brains and how that development compares to our own and that of other smart animals and just for the record Foster visited the camera a lot more than Bayley. Who says dolphins aren't vain?

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Dolphins Mug for Camera in Awareness Test

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Dolphins making faces. Or whatever the equivalent is for an animal is that doesn't have smile muscles. Looks like a lot of fun. Not only for the dolphins. Scientists behind a one-way mirror in an aquarium wall watched and recorded the dolphins over three years.

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Dolphins are extraordinarily intelligent animals who also display culture, something which was long-believed to be unique to humans.

Amazing Facts About the Dolphin

Dolphins are extraordinarily intelligent animals who also display culture, something which was long-believed to be unique to humans (although now recognised in various species).

Dolphins have been observed teaching young how to use tools. They cover their snouts with sponges to protect them while foraging.

Dolphins have several highly developed forms of communication. They have a "signature whistle" which allows other individuals to recognise them.

Dolphins are altruistic animals. They are known to stay and help injured individuals, even helping them to the surface to breath. Their compassion also extends across the species-barrier. There are many accounts of dolphins helping humans and even whales.

Dolphins are incredibly social animals. They live in groups and cooperate with each other to get food and in raising offspring (calves).

Dolphins are extremely playful and curious animals. They play-fight with each other and also play with seaweed. They have also been known to play with other animals such as dogs.

Dolphins sleep by resting one side of the brain at a time. This allows them to continue rising to the surface for air and to keep an eye open to watch out for predators.

Dolphins use echolocation to find food and navigate. This is a natural version of radar.

The "killer whale", or Orca, is actually a dolphin. It is known as a "killer whale" because it is a whale killer, not because it is a whale that kills.

Dolphins can jump as high as 20 feet out of the water!

,

Find more animals like this

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Amazing Facts about Dolphins | OneKindPlanet Animal Education & Facts

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Dolphins are extraordinarily intelligent animals who also display culture, something which was long-believed to be unique to humans. Dolphins are extraordinarily intelligent animals who also display culture, something which was long-believed to be unique to humans (although now recognised in various species). Dolphins have been observed teaching young how to use tools.

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Ted-Ed

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Smart Dolphins

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These African apes are smart, social-and always surprising.

Where's Jane" No one knew. Four-year-old Jane Goodall had vanished. Her mother searched the English countryside for yours. No luck. It was time to call the police.

Then someone came running. Yes, it was Jane. She smelled awful. She had straw all over her clothes. And she was smiling.

Jane had been in a chicken coop. Why? Well, she wanted to see how a hen lays eggs. So she sat for hours--waiting and watching.

Jane's mother didn't get mad. She listened and supported Jane's curiosity. That encouragement sparked a great career.

As Jane Goodall grew, so did her passion for nature. She saved up and went to Africa. There she met Louis Leakey, a famous scientist.

In 1960 Leakey sent Goodall to a place called Gombe (GAHM bee). It's a wildlife reserve in the country of Tanzania (tan zuh NEE uh). Goodall's job was to study chmpanzees, a type of ape. To do so, she hiked steep hills and crawled through thick forests. At first the apes ran off anytime they saw Goodall. But, after a while, they got used to her.

Goodall watched eagerly--hour after hour, day after day. She took careful notes. Her work gave the world a new picture of chimps.

Understanding chimps is a huge task. Goodall created the Gombe Stream Research Centre in 1965 so others could help.

Gombe researchers eat breakfast before dawn, then trek into the woods. Meanwhile the chimps are asleep--high in the trees. They will wake up at first light. So researchers need to be nearby.

What happens next? Well, that's up to the chimpanzees. Researchers usually follow an individual or a small group. One scientist, for instance, studies how chimps care for their young. So she focuses on a mom and kids.

Keeping up with chimpanzees is a challenge. Fortunately, they take plenty of breaks. Chimps pause to eat, play, nap, and enjoy being together. Like humans, they're truly social animals.

Chimps spend a lot of time grooming--carefully searching through each other's hair. They pick out any dirt or pests. Grooming relaxes chimpanzees. It strengthens their friendships too.

Sunset is bedtime. Up in the trees, chimps make nests out of branches and leaves. Soon they fall asleep. Then the researchers trudge home. Another wild day is over.

Like all scientists, Gombe researchers collect data, or facts. Some carry checklists of chimpanzee actions. At set times, each chimp-watcher notes what an ape is doing.

Each night the researchers create a map. It shows where people saw chimps that day.

Researchers also use cameras, video recorders, and other high-tech tools. Yet the heart of the job remains simple: You watch chimp. You write about chimps. You think about chimps.

All those checklists, maps, notes, photos, and videos add up to a mound of information. Observing chimps at Gombe has become one of the most important animal studies ever.

Jane Goodall got a huge surprise her very first year at Gombe. She watched chimps "fish" for termites. The chimps gently poked twigs and grass stems into a termite nest. Sometimes they stripped leaves from the twigs. In other words, the chimps made and used tools!

That was major news. Humans had believed that only people made tools.

Some scientists refused to believe Goodall until she photographed the apes in action.

Chimps use other tools as well. To get water from hollows in branches or logs, they make "sponges" by scrunching up leaves. In some places, chimps use rocks to crack open nuts.

Chimpanzees are intelligent. They can be tender. And they can be brutal. Does that remind you of any other species? Yes, chimps and humans are alike in some amazing ways.

Most chimpanzee mothers are protective, affectionate, and playful. So are older brothers and sisters. They help care for babies. Sometimes chimps even "adopt" orphans.

But chimps are not always appealing. In the 1970s, a deadly war broke out between chimp groups. One group got wiped out. And mothers sometimes kill and eat others' babies.

"When I first started at Gombe' Goodall said, "I thought the chimps were nicer than we are. But time has revealed that they are not." Like humans, chimpanzees are good, bad, and complicated.

Gombe Stream Research Centre began as one woman with guts and binoculars. Now it includes dedicated researchers and visiting scientists. Before sunrise tomorrow, they'll head back into the forest for more chimp-watching.

Jane Goodall probably won't join them. Since 1985 she's spent most of her time on the road. She tells people around the world about chimpanzees--and the need to save them.

RELATED ARTICLE: World wise

ape: bonobo, chimpanzee, gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, or siamang

data: facts groom to clean another chimp's hair and skin with the fingers

species: type of living thing

"I know someone like that!" Researchers have observed these chimpanzee behaviors at Gombe. Have you seen human version?

To look tough, male chimps can put on quite a show. The run stamp their feet, throw things, and make lots of noise.

Chimps touch a lot. That's especially true after being apart. They say "hello" with grunts, pats, hugs, and kisses.

Chimp babies get lots of attention from brothers and sisters. The older chimps hold, watch, and play with the infant. Meanwhile, "Mom" watches carefully.

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Hanging out with chimps: these African apes are smart, social--and always surprising

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These African apes are smart, social-and always surprising. Where's Jane" No one knew. Four-year-old Jane Goodall had vanished. Her mother searched the English countryside for yours. No luck. It was time to call the police. Then someone came running. Yes, it was Jane. She smelled awful. She had straw all over her clothes.

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National Geographic

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Chimpanzees are great apes found across central and West Africa. Along with bonobos, they are our closest living relatives, sharing 98.7 percent of our genetic blueprint. Humans and chimps are also thought to share a common ancestor who lived some seven to 13 million years ago.

Chimpanzees are highly social. They live in communities of several dozen animals, led by an alpha male and his coalition of male allies. Research has shown that male and female chimps have individual personalities, with females being more trusting and timid. Grooming is an important part of their social life, helping chimpanzees bond as they remove ticks and dirt from one another's bodies.

Although they normally walk on all fours (knuckle-walking),

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Chimpanzees are great apes found across central and West Africa. Along with bonobos, they are our closest living relatives, sharing 98.7 percent of our genetic blueprint. Humans and chimps are also thought to share a common ancestor who lived some seven to 13 million years ago. Chimpanzees are highly social.

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Welcome to Britannica School , a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Elementary, Middle, and High School.

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Yawning, we all know it's contagious but not only in people, chimps catch each other's yawns too. Scientists see this contagious yawning as part of the social glue that binds us all together so it's not surprising that it occurs in other social species too like chimpanzees and baboons.

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For each source you get information from, you need to find the citation that matches and copy & paste that into your project where it asks for citations.

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Dolphins can beat a shark

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Dolphins team up to fight