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Anthony Sanchez, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre E. Rollin, et al.

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Aubrey Stimola

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This book provides an in-depth look at the development of Ebola, one of the most feared diseases in the world. Analyzed are the epidemic's origins, development, spread, and current treatments.

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This book provides an in-depth look at the development of Ebola, one of the most feared diseases in the world. Analyzed are the epidemic's origins, development, spread, and current treatments.

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Joseph Alton

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As the Ebola epidemic becomes more frightening-and hits closer to home-people are looking for answers. How does it spread? Are we at risk? How do we protect ourselves and our families from this deadly disease? In this necessary new book, Dr. Joseph Alton, an MD who is at the forefront of crisis medicine, explains the virus, how it spreads, how to prevent infection, and what the right treatment protocol is if the virus is contracted. He explains in easy-to-understand language the latest research on how Ebola is transmitted and treated, including late-breaking research from the University of Minnesota that shows it may be transmissible by air.

As the Ebola crisis unfolds with increasing severity and an exponential mortality rate, it is becoming more obvious that our government does not have the skills and resources to protect us in the event of a fast-moving pandemic. This book should be required reading for anyone who wants to ensure the health and safety of themselves and their loved ones.

Some of the topics this handbook covers are:

How to determine if your hospital is able to treat Ebola patients successfully
How to travel safely
How to care for an infected patient

Arm yourself and your family with life-saving knowledge against the deadliest outbreak of this virus to date.

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As the Ebola epidemic becomes more frightening-and hits closer to home-people are looking for answers. How does it spread? Are we at risk? How do we protect ourselves and our families from this deadly disease?

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News article: Chip-based technology enables reliable direct detection of Ebola virus

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News article: Chip-based technology enables reliable direct detection of Ebola virus

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H. Cai, J. W. Parks, T. A. Wall, M. A. Stott, et al.

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A team led by researchers at UC Santa Cruz has developed chip-based technology for reliable detection of Ebola virus and other viral pathogens. The system uses direct optical detection of viral molecules and can be integrated into a simple, portable instrument for use in field situations where rapid, accurate detection of Ebola infections is needed to control outbreaks.

Laboratory tests using preparations of Ebola virus and other hemorrhagic fever viruses showed that the system has the sensitivity and specificity needed to provide a viable clinical assay. The team reported their results in a paper published September 25 in Nature Scientific Reports.

An outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa has killed more than 11,000 people since 2014, with new cases occurring recently in Guinea and Sierra Leone. The current gold standard for Ebola virus detection relies on a method called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the virus's genetic material for detection. Because PCR works on DNA molecules and Ebola is an RNA virus, the reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to make DNA copies of the viral RNA prior to PCR amplification and detection.

"Compared to our system, PCR detection is more complex and requires a laboratory setting," said senior author Holger Schmidt, the Kapany Professor of Optoelectronics at UC Santa Cruz. "We're detecting the nucleic acids directly, and we achieve a comparable limit of detection to PCR and excellent specificity."

In laboratory tests, the system provided sensitive detection of Ebola virus while giving no positive counts in tests with two related viruses, Sudan virus and Marburg virus. Testing with different concentrations of Ebola virus demonstrated accurate quantification of the virus over six orders of magnitude. Adding a "preconcentration" step during sample processing on the microfluidic chip extended the limit of detection well beyond that achieved by other chip-based approaches, covering a range comparable to PCR analysis.

"The measurements were taken at clinical concentrations covering the entire range of what would be seen in an infected person," Schmidt said.

Schmidt's lab at UC Santa Cruz worked with researchers at Brigham Young University and UC Berkeley to develop the system. Virologists at Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio prepared the viral samples for testing.

The system combines two small chips, a microfluidic chip for sample preparation and an optofluidic chip for optical detection. For over a decade, Schmidt and his collaborators have been developing optofluidic chip technology for optical analysis of single molecules as they pass through a tiny fluid-filled channel on the chip. The microfluidic chip for sample processing can be integrated as a second layer next to or on top of the optofluidic chip.

Schmidt's lab designed and built the microfluidic chip in collaboration with coauthor Richard Mathies at UC Berkeley who pioneered this technology. It is made of a silicon-based polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and has microvalves and fluidic channels to transport the sample between nodes for various sample preparation steps. The targeted molecules--in this case, Ebola virus RNA--are isolated by binding to a matching sequence of synthetic DNA (called an oligonucleotide) attached to magnetic microbeads. The microbeads are collected with a magnet, nontarget biomolecules are washed off, and the bound targets are then released by heating, labeled with fluorescent markers, and transferred to the optofluidic chip for optical detection.

Schmidt noted that the team has not yet been able to test the system starting with raw blood samples. That will require additional sample preparation steps, and it will also have to be done in a biosafety level 4 facility.

"We are now building a prototype to bring to the Texas facility so that we can start with a blood sample and do a complete front-to-back analysis," Schmidt said. "We are also working to use the same system for detecting less dangerous pathogens and do the complete analysis here at UC Santa Cruz."

Journal Reference:

H. Cai, J. W. Parks, T. A. Wall, M. A. Stott, A. Stambaugh, K. Alfson, A. Griffiths, R. A. Mathies, R. Carrion, J. L. Patterson, A. R. Hawkins, H. Schmidt. Optofluidic analysis system for amplification-free, direct detection of Ebola infection. Scientific Reports, 2015; 5: 14494 DOI: 10.1038/srep14494

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ebola; viruses; epigenetics; hiv and aids; microarrays; detectors; biometric; weapons technology

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Chip-based technology enables reliable direct detection of Ebola virus: Hybrid device integrates a microfluidic chip for sample preparation and an optofluidic chip for optical detection of individual molecules of viral RNA

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Chip-based technology has been enhanced to provide reliable detection of Ebola virus and other viral pathogens. The system uses direct optical detection of viral molecules and can be integrated into a simple, portable instrument for use in field situations where rapid, accurate detection of Ebola infections is needed to control outbreaks.

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					RESEARCH ARTICLE: Nucleoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (indirect ELISA) for detecting antibodies specific to Ebola
virus and Marbug virus 
				
			
		

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					RESEARCH ARTICLE: Nucleoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (indirect ELISA) for detecting antibodies specific to Ebola
virus and Marbug virus 
				
			
		

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Yi Huang, Youjie Zhu, Mengshi Yang, et al.

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References

1. Ou W, Delisle J, Konduru. K, Bradfute S, Radoshitzky S R, Retterer C, Kota K, Bavari S, Kuhn J H, Jahrling P B, Kaplan G, Wilsona G A. 2011. Development and characterization of rabbit and mouse antibodies against ebolavirus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol Methods, 173:99-109.

2. Sanchez A, Geisbert T W, Feldmann H. 2007. In: Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Knipe D M, Howley P M (eds), Fields Virology, 5th ed, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 1409-1448.

3. WHO: EBOLA RESPONSE ROADMAP UPDATE 26 September 2014. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/135029/1/roadmapupdate26sept14_eng.pdf.

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

1. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China

Yi Huang

, Youjie Zhu

, Mengshi Yang

, Zhenqing Zhang

, Donglin Song

& Zhiming Yuan

2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhiming Yuan.

About this article

Cite this article

Huang, Y., Zhu, Y., Yang, M. et al. Nucleoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA) for detecting antibodies specific to Ebola virus and Marbug virus. Virol. Sin. 29, 372-380 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-014-3512-0
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Keywords

Ebola virus

Marburg virus

recombinant nucleoproteins

indirect ELISA

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Nucleoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA) for detecting antibodies specific to Ebola virus and Marbug virus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Full-length nucleoproteins from Ebola and Marburg viruses were expressed as His-tagged recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were established for the detection of antibodies specific to Ebola and Marburg viruses. The ELISAs were evaluated by testing antisera collected from rabbit immunized with Ebola and Marburg virus nucleoproteins.

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NHS

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Ebola virus disease is a serious viral infection that originated in sub-Saharan Africa. No one has caught Ebola from someone else in the UK. Advice to travellers
For most people visiting countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the risk of exposure to the Ebola virus is minimal.

People most at risk are those who care for infected people, such as aid workers, or those who handle their blood or body fluid, such as hospital workers, laboratory workers and family members.

For the latest on Ebola in Africa see the World Health Organization's information on the Ebola virus.

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office also provides country by country advice for visitors, including the latest information on potential health risks.

Symptoms of Ebola

A person infected with Ebola virus will typically develop:

These symptoms start suddenly, between 2 and 21 days after becoming infected.

Diarrhoea, being sick, a rash, stomach pain and reduced kidney and liver function can follow. The infection may then cause internal bleeding as well as bleeding from the ears, eyes, nose or mouth.

What to do if you become ill

Get medical advice as soon as possible if you become ill while travelling abroad. Call NHS 111 or contact a GP if you become ill after returning to the UK.

It's extremely unlikely that you have Ebola, but it could be another serious condition such as cholera or malaria, so get help in case you need tests or treatment.

Always remember to mention your recent travel history, as this may help to identify the cause.

Sometimes a doctor may want to take a sample of your blood, urine or poo so it can be checked for infections.

How Ebola is spread

The Ebola virus disease is spread through contact with the blood, body fluids or organs of a person or animal with the infection.

For example, it can be spread by:

directly touching the body of someone who has symptoms, or recently died from the disease

cleaning up body fluids (blood, poo, urine or vomit) or touching the soiled clothing of an infected person - the virus can survive for several days outside the body

touching unsterilised needles or medical equipment used in the care of the infected person

having sex with an infected person without using a condom - studies show traces of Ebola may remain in semen many months after recovery

handling or eating raw or undercooked "bushmeat"

Ebola can not be caught through routine social contact, such as shaking hands, with people who do not have symptoms.

Treatment for Ebola

There's currently no licensed treatment or vaccine for Ebola virus disease, although vaccines and drug therapies are being developed and tested.

Any area where an outbreak happens should be immediately quarantined, and people who have the infection should be treated in isolation in intensive care.

Dehydration is common, so fluids may be given directly into a vein. Blood oxygen levels and blood pressure also needs to be maintained at the right level, and organs supported while the person's body fights the infection.

Healthcare workers should avoid contact with the body fluids of an infected patient by using protective equipment such as gloves, gown and mask.

Ebola virus disease is often fatal, with 1 in 2 people dying from the disease. The sooner a person is given care, the better the chance they'll survive.

Preventing Ebola

The risk of catching Ebola virus disease while travelling in Africa is small. However, you should follow these simple precautions to minimise the risk of getting potentially serious infections:

wash your hands frequently using soap and water - use alcohol hand rubs if soap is not available

make sure fruit and vegetables are washed and peeled before you eat them

avoid physical contact with anyone who has possible symptoms of an infection

do not handle dead animals or their raw meat

do not eat "bushmeat" (wild animals that have been killed for food)

Further information

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travelling outside the european economic area

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Ebola virus disease is a serious viral infection that originated in sub-Saharan Africa. No one has caught Ebola from someone else in the UK. Advice to travellers For most people visiting countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the risk of exposure to the Ebola virus is minimal.

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A review literature: Ebola viral disease:

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A review literature: Ebola viral disease:

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Saeed Reza Jamali Moghadama, Negar Omidia, Samaneh Bayramib, et al.

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ABSTRACT

Ebola virus is transmitted to people as a result of direct contact with body fluids containing virus of an infected patient. The incubation period usually lasts 5 to 7 d and approximately 95% of the patients appear signs within 21 d after exposure. Typical features include fever, profound weakness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea and vomiting for 3-5 days and maybe persisting for up to a week. Laboratory complications including elevated aminotransferase levels, marked lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia may have occurred. Hemorrhagic fever occurs in less than half of patients and it takes place most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms progress over the time and patients suffer from dehydration, stupor, confusion, hypotension, multi-organ failure, leading to fulminant shock and eventually death. The most general assays used for antibody detection are direct IgG and IgM ELISAs and IgM capture ELISA. An IgM or rising IgG titer (four-fold) contributes to strong presumptive diagnosis. Currently neither a licensed vaccine nor an approved treatment is available for human use. Passive transfer of serum collected from survivors of Junin virus or Lassa virus, equine IgG product from horses hypervaccinated with Ebola virus, a "cocktail" of humanized-mouse antibodies (ZMapp), recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor, activated protein C, RNA-polymerase inhibitors and small interfering RNA nano particles are among the therapies in development. Preclinical evaluation is also underway for various vaccine candidates. One is a chimpanzee adenovirus vector vaccine; other vaccines involve replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus.

View Abstract

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Ebola viral disease: a review literature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ebola virus is transmitted to people as a result of direct contact with body fluids containing virus of an infected patient. The incubation period usually lasts 5 to 7 d and approximately 95% of the patients appear signs within 21 d after exposure.