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DID = Negative - Interrogative
Verb BASE.
I did not (didn't) do the homework.

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Regular verbs.  ED
Talk    Dance
Irregular verbs.
Small change = one letter or two.
Fall - Fell
Run - Ran
Understand - Understood
Don't change = Cut - cut
Put - Put
Read - read (pronunciation )
Big change =
Buy - bought
Go - went
Leave - Left

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WHEN DID YOU SCORE YOUR FIRST PROFESSIONAL GOAL?
Where did you go to eat last night ?
Where did you go to play soccer?
Where did you go swimming?
WH = Open question

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Singular = Describe places.
There is a bedroom upstairs
There isn't any dishwashers in the kitchen
Is there a/ any bathrooms?

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Plural =  To describe places.
There are some cupboards in the kitchen
There aren't any fireplaces in the living room.

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Plural things
Any= Negative and interrogative
Some= Affirmative (plural)
Are there any shelves in the bedroom?
Is there any dishwasher in the kitchen?

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Description (past)
Singular
There was a wardrobe in my bedroom two years ago. (Is not  a wardrobe anymore)
There wasn't a wardrobe
Was there a wardrobe in your bedroom?

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Description (past)
Plural
There were some students in my class yesterday
There weren't any mirrors in my bedroom.
Were there any new students in your class yesterday?

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Over
On = Contact (touching)
Above

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Uncountable = Drinks (liquids)
Grains = Rice, salt, sugar, beans.
Bread, meat, money, milk.
Not possible the plural.
Countables= Majority of fruits, vegetables.

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A little = Uncountable
A little coffee
Just a little of sugar
A little of apples X
A few=  Countables
Few students pay for virtual classes.
I ate a few apples in the morning
A lot = Affirmative
Quite a lot = Affirmative
NEGATIVE = Much - Many
+ I ate a lot of sugar yesterday.
- I didn't eat much sugar yesterday.
+ She ate lots of apples. (a lot of)
-She didn't eat many apples.

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How much=  Uncountable
How much coffee did you drink yesterday?
How much ice cream did you buy?
How much milk is there in the fridge?
How many= Countables.
How many cups of coffee did you drink?
How many apples do we need to make a pie?
How many apples are there on the table ?

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A= singular, consonants
A milk- a chicken - a banana
An= Singular, vowels
An apple - An orange
Some = plural (affirmative)
*EXCEPTION: Polite requests (statements)
Could- can- would- /you/ Have some ....
Can I have some coffee, please?
Can I have any coffee? (no polite)
Would you bring some extra shirts, please?
Any= Plural (Negative and interrogative)

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RULES: Two objects/ things.
Always= THAN + - ?
- ER= 1 syllable
Heav y * ier = Heavier.
Happ y * ier = Happier.
Big *Double consonant = Big g er
Hot * Double = Hot t er
Newer (exception)
Young = Younger
Old = older
EG: My mom is happier than my brother.
My laptop is older than my mobile
MORE .... THAN= 2 - 3 or more syllables.
Intelligent - Beautiful - Interesting-  Dangerous.
My mom is more intelligent than my brother.

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RULES: One vs a group.
Always= THE
- EST= 1 syllable
MOST = 2 - 3 syllables
Mafe is the young est in the class.
Nelson is the strong est in the class.
Russia is the big gest country
K2 is the most dangerous mountain in the world.

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Plans=  Sure/ security/ very likely to happen.
GRAMMAR.
Be= am - are - is
We're going to start in Istanbul
We're gonna start in Istanbul
We aren't going to start in ...
We're not gonna start in Istanbul

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True facts

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1. Wishes/ desires/ needs
Main verb + to + infinitive.
I want/ wish/ to learn Italian this year.
2. Would like to Wishes/ offers
Would you like to try on those jeans?
I would like to travel around the world
3. Be going to
Future plans / predictions.
4. Purposes
I use my hands to write.
Elephants use their trunk to  wash themselves
I am learning english to have a better job.
5 Special verbs.

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All the speaker know the object
Unique = The planet earth - The moon
Superlatives

Don't use the article in generalization

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Mainly to speak about experiences.
Not specific time.
Always use the Past participle
GRAMMAR.
Have - I, You, We, They
Has -  She, He, It.
+ I have eaten hormiga culona
- I haven't eaten hormiga culona
? Have you eaten  hormiga culona? Yes, I have / No, I haven't.
+ My mom has watched Titanic 4 times.
- My mom hasn't watched Titanic 4 times.
? Has your mom watched Titanic?
Yes, she has / no, she hasn't.
CONTRACTIONS =
've = I've - You've - We've - They've
's = She's watched the movie 4 times.
He's watching the movie
He's watched the movie a few times.
It's

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Not specific in time.
To ask about a past event for the first time.
Past simple=
Specify the time (Yesterday, Last month, In the summer, in 1997, etc)
I have traveled to New York
I traveled to New York last year.

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Been To = Visit/ Not permanent/ The person came back.
Where have you been today/ these last three months/ etc?
I've been in terrible places.
Gone= Permanent / Still in the place.
Where have you gone?

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How to make a questions propperly
- The use of auxiliars
- The organization of the elements/ parts of the sentences.
open questions = QUASI
Question word (WH)
Auxiliar
Subject
Infinitive.
Yes/ No questions = ASI
Auxiliar
Subject
Infinitive.
EXAMPLES:
What did Gru say when the girl asked if he could read the book?
What activities did Gru do with the cats?
What did Gru do with the kittens?
what color is the brush for the kittens?
What did the mother say to the kittens?
What does the mother say to the kittens?

There is a bank near here
Is there a bank near here?
A                 S         ETC.

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What
where
how
How much
what time
how long
how many
How often
who ............ with?

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Description with have
Size - Shape/ style - Color
My mom has big, round and  brown eyes
You have big, beautiful blue eyes

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Do - does = Negative and interrogative

Affirmative = 3rd person rule
Add Es - Ies - S
S= The others Like Swim Cook
ES = o - ch - sh - x Go Do Watch Wash Fix
IES = Y (x)  Fly
O h C h ocolate S h ampoo Y mi e X

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RULES=  Auxiliary verb is DID
Did = Negative and interrogative sentences  (verb is in base form)
What did you eat yesterday ?
Where did she go on your last holidays?
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES = verb in past
REGULAR VERBS = FINISH - ED
(T) (D) (ID)
IRREGULAR VERBS = Change
Choose = chose
Put = Put /Don't change/
Become= Became /Small changes/
Buy = bought /total change/
Read (RID)= Read  (RED)
Dream = Dreamed/ dreamt
EX= My sister dreamed/dreamt about animals.
I read two books on my holidays

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Yesterday
Last year - day- night- month- century- August
Ago
In ____ (year) in 1997

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I was teaching when the energy power turned off
Was and were (+ - ? )
ING
I was watching a movie but it was boring.

CONNECTORS
WHEN - WHILE
(when/while) FORMAL I took this photo, when/while the people was watching the tv screens.

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Regular verb ED
T  - D  - ID
Verbs finished in K, S, Ch, Sh, F, P, Th T sound
Verbs finished in = A, B, E, G, H, I , J, L, M, N, O, Q, R, U, V, W, X, Y, Z    D sound
Verbs finished in = D, T ID sound

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Am/is/ are going to
Am not / isn't/ aren't going to

PREDICTIONS = BASED ON EXTERNAL ASPECTS
I'm gonna stay at home. (Contraction when speaking)

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clauses = statements that need another part or a complement to be coherent
Who= To connect clauses that are related to people.
A nurse is a person who/that works in a hospital.
where=  To connect clauses that are related to places.
The field is where you play soccer.
Which= To connect clauses that are related to things/objects.
A pencil is an object which/that children use in the school.

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PRESENT PERFECT=
To talk about experiences
To talk about situations or action that recently happened and we don't specify the time.
GRAMMAR RULES
Have      -       has      + , -  , ?
Verb in Past Participle.
I've cleaned the floor.
She hasn't done the ironing.

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YET = goes at the end in Negative and Interrogative
To talk about smth not finished/ or done.
She hasn't done the ironing yet
Have you made your bed, yet?
JUST =  goes before the main verb in Affirmative
To talk about actions that happen recently.
They've just arrived home.
I've just started in a new job
ALREADY=  Goes before the main verb in Affirmative
To talk about smth f inished before the time of speaking/ expected.
I've already done the homework.

EVER Goes before the main verb in Afffirmative.
It's the best film I've ever seen.

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Subject+ Will (not) + verb in base
Will + subject + verb in base?
I'll - She'll - He'll - We'll - They'll
won't
Predictions = Based on the facts.
It's very cloudy today. It will rain.
Think / don't think
It's very cloudy today. I think It will  rain.
You studied so much. I don't think you will lose the exam.
The film is in French. We won't understand anything.

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"Near/short  future/ situation"
1 Decisions
I don't have enough time to study. I won't continue in the English course.
2. offers (instant of speaking)
Context = I'll help you with the ironing
I'll open the door for you
Shall = Questions
Shall we dance?
Shall I help you with the washing up?
3. promises
I'll always love you
I promise, I won't tell anybody
I won't smoke anymore

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To join two actions or ideas.
After that =
next
Then
Later

CONNECTORS
Because= REASON OF SOMETIME
I didn't do the homework because I didn't have enough time.
so= RESULT OR CONSEQUENCE
I didn't have enough time so  I didn't do the homework

But - Although = TO SHOW A CONTRAST OF A TOPIC.
Although =
Although I studied hard, I didn't pass the exam.
I didn't pass the exam although I studied hard.

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present continuous for future arrangements 

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present continuous for future arrangements 

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Plans related to traveling
AM IS ARE + Verb ing
I'm seeing my friends tonight
The plane's leaving at 5 o'clock in the morning
My mom's arriving tomorrow morning
Is your mom arriving tomorrow morning?

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Drill = Taladrar
mop

mop the floor

sweep
vacuum
useful = util
Fancy = ....
Chainsaw = Motosierra
I'm in the mood of = Fancy = I feel like

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SOME= Affirmative (excp ?)
ANY= Negative and questions.
NO = short answers.

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RULES: Two objects/ things.
Always= THAN + - ?
- ER= 1 syllable
Heav y * ier = Heavier.
Happ y * ier = Happier.
Big *Double consonant = Big g er
Hot * Double = Hot t er
*Not* as ... as  To make other form of comparisons
The adjective is normal not need to add anything.
- My mom isn't as tall as my dad
- I wasn't as shy as my brother in our childhood

-

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1 After special verbs
2. After adjectives
3. After questions words
4. To talk about the reason or purpose.

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1. As the subject of a sentence
2. After prepositions
3. After special verbs

EXAMPLES
1. Smoking is a bad habit
2. I'm thinking of doing more exercise next month
3. My mom loves reading on the bed.

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1 . I needed to see a doctor
2. English is easy to learn :)
3. I was lost and I didn't know what to do
4. I traveled to Brazil to practice my Portuguese.

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HAVE TO=  For rules and obligations
Mainly from authorities or institutions
You have to wear facemask during the pandemic period
You have to pay to enter to a cinema
She has to work all the weekend
Do you have to pay in a library?
Does she have to work all the weekend?

DON'T HAVE TO= No obligation of doing something
You don't have to pay to go to Rock al parque
My mom doesn't have to work on Sundays

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MUST= Personal obligations
Nor strong consequences
You must do your homework before the class
You must wash your hands every 3 hours during the pandemic

MUSTN'T = Prohibitions in general
You mustn't wear cap in a bank
You musn't shout at a library.

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To talk about possible situations and their consequences
RULES
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE (give the possible situation)
If I study hard ...
If my mom calls ....
WILL + VERB IN BASE (give the consequence of the situation)
I'll pass the exam
You'll be in problems
if =Can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
If I study hard I'll pass the exam
I'll pass the exam ,if I study hard

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To give advices in general
to give your opinion about what's the good point of something / a situation
You should visit a doctor if you have fever
You shouldn't drink coffee in the evening.
I don't think you should call her while she's working.

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Possession of something
Usually at the end of a sentence
Answer the question Whose
Whose mobile is this?
It's hers
We've finished paying our house, so is ours now
That computer is mine

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The ones that "receive" an action
basic sentence structure in English
Subject + (aux verb) + Main verb + Object
my mom calls my dad
My mom calls him (He receives the call)
THIS PRONOUN REQUIRED A CONTEXT

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To talk about imaginary or hypothetical futures situations and their consequence
RULES
IF+ PAST (give the imaginary situation)
If I won the lottery
If we went by plane
WOULD/ COULD + VERB IN BASE  (give the result/consequence)
I would (I'd) buy a new house
We could arrive earlier.
if =Can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
EXAMPLE
If I won the lottery I'd buy a new house
I'd buy a new house, if I won the lottery

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To talk about something/ an action without mentioning "author" (not so important - we don't know the author)

RULES
1. Change Object with the Subject
2. Always use the verb to be
3. Always the verb in Past Participle.
eg
I was stolen
ACTIVE VOICE
The mechanic is repairing the car
PASSIVE VOICE
The car is being repaired (by the mechanic)

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Habits we don't have anymore
Actions we don't do anymore

USED TO     -   DIDN'T USE TO
I used to play soccer in my family's team
I used to hate onions
My family used to travel together in December
I used to have long hair
I used to be chubby
Did your mom use to read you at night?
Did you use to play soccer with your family?

I didn't use to clean the house.
***My family never used to travel together in December.
My family didn't use to travel together in December

She used to played/plays/ playing.

Frequency adverbs
I often played "stop" with my friends after school.

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Possibility of doing something
After the modal the modal the next verb is in base
I might go
I might no go
Futures situations

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Past simple = Finished actions/ specific time/ past events
Past continuous= Unfinished actions/ actions at the same time in the past
TO TALK ABOUT AN ACTION IN THE PAST BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION IN THE PAST.
Make the bed
Have breakfast .
I had made my bed before my mom prepared breakfast
Little Red Riding Hood  had picked up the basket before she met the wolf in the woods

the wolf had eaten Little Red Riding Hood's grandma before Little Red Riding Hood arrived to the house

GRAMMAR
Had as the auxiliary verb
Past participle of the main verb.
Contractions *He'd eaten the grandma*
He hadn't  eaten the grandma
Had he eaten the grandma?

EXAMPLES

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To say what someone else has said before / To talk about someone's else life. (GOSSIP)
TELL -  SAY   - ( THAT)

Present simple = Past simple
"I do exercise everyday"    =    My neighbor told me He did exercise everyday
Present continuous = Past continuous
"I am not cooking pasta"   = My neighbor told me He wasn't cooking pasta
Past simple =  Past perfect
"I traveled to Santa Marta last weekend"  = My neighbor told me (that) He had traveled to Santa Marta last weekend.
Past continuous = Past Perfect Continuous
"I was sleeping in my bed"  =   My neighbor told me (that) He had been sleeping in his bed"
Present perfect=  Past perfect
"I haven't watched Titanic"  = My neighbor told me (that) he hadn't watched Titanic

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PRESENT TENSES
Present simple= To talk about routine, habits, true situations.
Grammar rules=
DO - DOES in - and ?
Verb is in base.
+ third person rule.
Es, Ies, S.
Go es
Flies = Fly
Cooks
Oh Chocolate Shampoo Y mi eX.
She g o es  to the gym
My dad wat ch es TV every night.
My brother wa sh es his car on the weekends.
My niece plays soccer
The butterfly fl ies away

PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
To talk about actions at the moment of speaking.
GRAMMAR RULES=
Am - Is - Are = ? , - and +
Verb always with ing.
I am working
My brother isn't cooking,
Are you studying?

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Action verbs: Verbs usually develop in a physical way or that imply movement.

Eg: Run, Swim, Walk, Have lunch, take a shower, etc

NON-action verbs: Verbs that reflect feelings, emotions or states
*The difficult ones to represent in a guessing or charades game*

Eg: Like, hate, seem, mean, suppose, etc.

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Be going to, prs contn, will, migh, shall 

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Be going to, prs contn, will, migh, shall 

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Subject+ Will (not) + verb in base
Will + subject + verb in base?
I'll - She'll - He'll - We'll - They'll
won't
Predictions = Based on the facts.
It's very cloudy today. It will rain.
Think / don't think
It's very cloudy today. I think It will  rain.
You studied so much. I don't think you will lose the exam.
The film is in French. We won't understand anything.

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"Near/short  future/ situation"
1 Decisions
I don't have enough time to study. I won't continue in the English course.
2. offers (instant of speaking)
Context = I'll help you with the ironing
I'll open the door for you
Shall = Questions
Shall we dance?
Shall I help you with the washing up?
3. promises
I'll always love you
I promise, I won't tell anybody
I won't smoke anymore

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Am/is/ are going to
Am not / isn't/ aren't going to

PREDICTIONS = BASED ON EXTERNAL ASPECTS
I'm gonna stay at home. (Contraction when speaking)

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present continuous for future arrangements 

# data[].attributes.subject
present continuous for future arrangements 

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Plans related to traveling
AM IS ARE + Verb ing
I'm seeing my friends tonight
The plane's leaving at 5 o'clock in the morning
My mom's arriving tomorrow morning
Is your mom arriving tomorrow morning?

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Mainly to speak about experiences.
Not specific time.
Always use the Past participle
GRAMMAR.
Have - I, You, We, They
Has -  She, He, It.
+ I have eaten hormiga culona
- I haven't eaten hormiga culona
? Have you eaten  hormiga culona? Yes, I have / No, I haven't.
+ My mom has watched Titanic 4 times.
- My mom hasn't watched Titanic 4 times.
? Has your mom watched Titanic?
Yes, she has / no, she hasn't.
CONTRACTIONS =
've = I've - You've - We've - They've
's = She's watched the movie 4 times.
He's watching the movie
He's watched the movie a few times.
It's

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PRESENT PERFECT=
To talk about experiences
To talk about situations or action that recently happened and we don't specify the time.
GRAMMAR RULES
Have      -       has      + , -  , ?
Verb in Past Participle.
I've cleaned the floor.
She hasn't done the ironing.

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Complete information here !

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RULES: Two objects/ things.
Always= THAN + - ?
- ER= 1 syllable
Heav y * ier = Heavier.
Happ y * ier = Happier.
Big *Double consonant = Big g er
Hot * Double = Hot t er
Newer (exception)
Young = Younger
Old = older
EG: My mom is happier than my brother.
My laptop is older than my mobile
MORE .... THAN= 2 - 3 or more syllables.
Intelligent - Beautiful - Interesting-  Dangerous.
My mom is more intelligent than my brother.

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RULES: One vs a group.
Always= THE
- EST= 1 syllable
MOST = 2 - 3 syllables
Mafe is the young est in the class.
Nelson is the strong est in the class.
Russia is the big gest country
K2 is the most dangerous mountain in the world.

SUPERLATIVES + PRESENT PERFECT + EVER
This is the shortest film I've ever seen
It's the most beautiful city I've ever visited

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a / an
RULES:
1. When mentioning something for the first time
I saw my cousin with a girl in the park
2. To give the characteristic of something or someone.
It's a big house
She is a good person
3. With the professions or occupations
My mom is a doctor
Andrea is an artist
4. Exclamation WHAT A/AN ... !
What a beautiful house!
What an awful situation!
5. Expressions of frequency.
I go to the gym three times a week
She travels abroad twice a year

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THE
RULES
1. Something already mentioned
I saw my cousin wit a girl in the park. The girl was beautiful
2. Everybody knows the context
(in the classroom) close the door please
3. an unique (only one) object, concept, etc
The sun, the moon, the Caribbean sea, etc.
4. parts of the city
I'm going to the cinema.
She likes visiting the museum
5. Superlative sentences
Russia is the largest country of the world

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1. generalizations
Money doesn't make people happy
2. nouns ( house, work, school, church, college, home, etc ) and prepositions (at  - to  - from )
I go to school  I go to the school
I'm at home I'm at the home
3. Meals - days - months
I cook dinner in my house
My birthday is in July
4. Next/ last .. + Time expression
See you next monday
I met him last week

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Modal verbs = Next verb in base
I can swim
Can = present tense ( abilities)
Could =  Past tenses / past of can / more polite.
Mariana could write properly in Russian.
Be able to = Next verb in infinitive
I will be able to swim.
Perfect tenses - Future tenses (Past tense Extremely polite)

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About feelings
ED= I'm bored
She was excited about my birthday party
ING=  The movie was boring
The conversation was/ is very interesting

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Have = As an auxiliar
Have to = As a modal of obligation
Perfect tenses
Present perfect
Have you been in Europe?
I have worked in 4 schools.
I haven't eaten yet.
I've had to studied for three months.

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Must= Own decisions and only in present tenses.
You must wash your hand every 4 hours.
You must use antibacterial/ soap to clean your hands.
If you take your pet for a walk you must wash its legs.
Musn't=  Things that are prohibited / prohibitions
You musn't use speakers.
if you take your pet for a walk you musn't be our for more than 20 minutes.
You musn't give hugs to people
Have to= Laws or rules in any place.  Strong recommendations. All the tenses.
You have to stay at home as much as you can.
You have to get out of your house only with the "pico and gender" exception.
You have to wear a facemask
don't have to = Optional
You don't have to wear new socks everyday
You don't have to wear a new uniform every year
Should= Advices and recommendations.
shouldn't = own decisions
You shouldn't hang out with friends during the pandemic.
You musn't hang out with friends.

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PAST SIMPLE:
FUNCTION= To talk about finished actions in the past.
GRAMMAR RULES= did as main auxiliar in - and ? the principal verb is in base
+ verb in past
+ I read a book yesterday
+ I wrote a letter.
+ I walk ed to school.
- You didn't do the homework.
? Did you read a book last summer? Yes, I did    - No, I didn't
What did  you have for breakfast yesterday?
I had eggs, toasts and a cup of coffee.
PAST CONTINUOUS=
FUNCTION:  Progressive or continuous actions in the past
GRAMMAR RULES: Past of the verb to be as main auxiliar (was - were) and the verb is with -ing + - ?
I was doing my homework when my father called me.
I wasn't doing homework while  my mom was cooking breakfast.
PAST PERFECT =
FUNCTION= To talk about a finished before another action in the past.
GRAMMAR RULES:  HAD is the main auxiliar in + - ?
and the verb is in PAST PARTICIPLE.
I had eaten dinner before my mother arrived.
I hadn't eaten dinner when my mom arrived.
Had you eaten dinner before your mom arrived?

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Present and past habits and true situations 

# data[].attributes.subject
Present and past habits and true situations 

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PRESENT =
Usually - Normally
I usually/normally read a book before going to sleep.
My mom doesn't normally cook pasta.
Does your mom normally cook pasta?
Colombian people usually drink coffee in the morning.

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Used to= Past habits/ true situations.
+ used to
- didn't use to
? did ..... use to...?
I used to play soccer with my family in my childhood
My cousins used to visit me every summer.
TV's used to be big and fat.
-  I didn't use to watch horror movies.
I never used to watch horror movies.
? Did you use to eat vegetables in your childhood?

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Be used to =Accustomed to sht
Subject + verb to be +used to+ verb with ing.
I am used to drinking 8 glasses of water everyday.
I'm not used to drinking 8 glasses of water everyday.
Are you used to drinking 8 glasses of water everyday?

GET USED TO = possible habit
I can get used to eating healthy.
I can't get used to eating healthy.
Can you get used to eating healthy ?

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Rules
1. CHANGE THE ORGANIZATION OF SUBJECT AND OBJECT
2 ALWAYS USE VERB TO BE
3. ALWAYS PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE PRINCIPAL VERB

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pRESENT SIMPLE = AM, IS, ARE
Present continuous = AM BEING, IS BEING, ARE BEING
Past simple = WAS - WERE
Past continuous Was being - were being
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE = Have been - Has been
PAST PERFECT = Had been
FUTURE = Will be
BE GOING TO = Be going to be

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can't = Not possible /impossible
- Lotso can't be the bad guy of the movie
- This can't be Betty because she wears glasses.
My dad can't be working at the moment. He is on holidays.
Must = True/ possible (sure)
- Lotso must be a cute teddy bear.
- That must be Betty. She is speaking with Armando
- My mom must be cleaning her house.
Might/ may = not so sure that is possible/ true.
- Lotso might not be the good guy
- Betty may be more beautiful this time.
- My brother may be having a party for his birthday.

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Real situations and their possible consequences
1. If ______ (Present simple) situation, Will (result/ consequence)
If I study hard, I'll pass the exam.
I'll pass the exam, if I study hard
2. If ____ (present simple) situation, Imperative (Result)
If you miss the bus, take a taxi
If you miss the bus, you can take a taxi
3. Unless (in negative statements)
I won't pass the exam unless I study hard.

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As soon as=
As soon as the class finishes, I'll have lunch
As soon as your mom calls, go to the restaurant.
Until =
I won't go to sleep until you arrive home
You won't watch tv until you finish your homework.
Before
After
When

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Imaginary or hypothetical situations with their possible consequences
1. If _____ (past) imaginary situation, would/could result
If I won the lottery I would buy a new house.
If I didn't need money I wouldn't work so hard
2. If in the middle or at the beginning of a sentence
I'd buy a new house, if I won the lottery

***VERB TO BE *** (ADVICES)
use were for all the subjects
Obligatory with I , YOU, WE, THEY
If I were you, I wouldn't buy that old house
If she was/were you she would choose that bright color

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"Receive" the actions
Go after the main/ principal verbs
Need a previous context
I have a little brother, and I always help him with his homework
Susan is late for the class. Call her

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To say what someone else has said before / To talk about someone's else life. (GOSSIP)
TELL -  SAY   - ( THAT)

Present simple = Past simple
"I do exercise everyday"    =    My neighbor told me He did exercise everyday
Present continuous = Past continuous
"I am not cooking pasta"   = My neighbor told me He wasn't cooking pasta
Past simple =  Past perfect
"I traveled to Santa Marta last weekend"  = My neighbor told me (that) He had traveled to Santa Marta last weekend.
Past continuous = Past Perfect Continuous
"I was sleeping in my bed"  =   My neighbor told me (that) He had been sleeping in his bed"
Present perfect=  Past perfect
"I haven't watched that Titanic"  = My neighbor told me (that) he hadn't watched Titanic

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1 After special verbs
2. After adjectives
3. After questions words
4. To talk about the reason or purpose.

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1 . I needed to see a doctor
2. English is easy to learn :)
3. I was lost and I didn't know what to do
4. I traveled to Brazil to practice my Portuguese.

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1. As the subject of a sentence
2. After prepositions and phrasal verbs
3. After special verbs

EXAMPLES
1. Smoking is a bad habit
2. I'm thinking of doing more exercise next month
3. My mom loves reading in bed.

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http://guidetogrammar.org/grammar/verblist.htm

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-verbs-1.html

https://www.engvid.com/english-resource/verbs-followed-by-gerunds-and-infinitives/

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If + past perfect + could/would + present perfect

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If + past perfect + could/would + present perfect

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Imaginary/ hypothetical situations in the past.

If + past perfect ( the situation /hypothetical, imaginary)
perfect modals  *would have - could have - might have* (present the imaginary consequence)

If I had done the homework, I would have passed the course.
If I'd done the homework, I'd have passed the course.

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Giving important information
who = People
where = Places
which = Objects and animals
whose = Possession of a person or a thing
that= People, objects or animals.

Juliana is the girl who/that saved my life last year.
China is the country where coronavirus started.

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Giving extra information

Stranger Things ,which/that was premiered in 2016, is the most famous series in Netflix platform

Europe, where the people is polite, is a good place to spend your holidays.

Mike ,whose girlfriend is eleven, is an important character in the series.

Last week I traveled with my boss, who is a very boring person.