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Monkeypox Virus
- Animal to human transmission
- Reservoir host is still unknown but it is suspected the virus is transmitted from African rodents

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Hepatitis B virus
-liver infection

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Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment

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Hepatitis B is an infection that can cause serious liver damage. It is spread by exchanges of bodily fluids like blood and can be passed from pregnant women to their children.

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Nipah Virus
Eg: Outbreak in 1998-1999 in Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor in Malaysia

- a zoonotic virus (can spread between animals and human)
- transmitted from the natural hosts- fruit bats- to humans either directly, or indirectly through other hosts like pigs
- causes fever, headache, cough, sore throat, vomiting

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Virus : H1N1
Malaysia recorded its first local infection of influenza A(H1N1) on 17 June 2009 involving the 19th case as that person had no history of having travelled to a country that had the flu.

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Rabies virus

Rabies is a disease that affects all warm-blooded animals and is only spread via carnivore bites.

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Measles: A highly contagious infectious disease caused by measles virus. Transmission through spreading of coughing and sneezing

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Dengue virus
- 4 serotypes of dengue virus
- contracting 1 serotype grants lifelong immunity, but if contract other types afterwards will be more dangerous
- can cause hemorrhagic fever, can be lethal
- no cure so far

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Hepatitis C Virus
- cause inflammation of the liver

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NUR HAZWANI IZAZI BINTI ZIA AHMAD KUSAIREE (A19SC0273)

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NUR HAZWANI IZAZI BINTI ZIA AHMAD KUSAIREE (A19SC0273)

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Rubella virus
- Rubella/German measles
- Common among babies
- Cause fever, rashes, swollen lymph nodes
- Transmitted between human via respiratory route

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poliovirus - infect human and it attacks the nervous system

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Rabies virus

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Dengue Virus

- spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus) mosquito
- fever, nausea, vomiting, rash, aches and pains (eye pain, typically behind the eyes, muscle, joint, or bone pain)

- no specific medicine to treat dengue

-https://www.nature.com/scitable/content/dengue-virus-structure-22401481/ -

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Dengue virus structure | Learn Science at Scitable

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The dengue virus has a roughly spherical shape. Inside the virus is the nucleocapsid, which is made of the viral genome and C proteins. The nucleocapsid is surrounded by a membrane called the viral envelope, a lipid bilayer that is taken from the host. Embedded in the viral envelope are E and M prot…

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Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Causes different types of cancers ; eg. Cervical cancer
- Transmitted sexually or through other skin-to-skin contact

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Virus: Hantavirus
I heard of this virus is not transmitted from one person to another, rather, people contract the disease from exposure to the droppings of infected mice 0.0 and its first symptoms is shortness of breath.
So yes, mice are dangerousssss :(

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Lassa Virus

-Lassa fever is an animal-borne, or zoonotic.
- It is endemic in parts of West Africa.
-Transmission of Lassa virus to humans occurs most commonly through ingestion or inhalation.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

-HIV will attack human immune system and cause AIDS.

-So far, there is no medication or treatment to totally cure this disease.

-People can get HIV through sharing needle or syringes with HIV carriers, sexual activity , blood transfusions and transmission of the virus from a mother to the baby.

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Varicella zoster virus (Chickenpox)
A type of virus that can cause more than one type of disease.

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HIV virus
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

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MUHAMMAD ADLI BIN NUR HAZWAN (A19SC0177)

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MUHAMMAD ADLI BIN NUR HAZWAN (A19SC0177)

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RHINOVIRUS (common cold)

Symptoms - runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, sore muscles

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Disease: Chicken pox
Virus:  Varicella-zoster virus

Disease: Coronavirus disease
Virus:  SARS-CoV-2 virus

Disease: AIDs
Virus: human immunodeficiency virus

Disease: Ebola
Virus: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

Disease: Zika
Virus: Zika virus

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Herpes simples virus

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Dengue virus
- spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus) mosquito, cause dengue fever.

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Dengue virus

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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a virus that compromises and weakens a cat’s immune system, in turn putting the cat at risk of catching other potentially fatal infections.

Symptoms:
The most common include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and skin and respiratory infections. Vomiting, diarrhea, oral infections, and hair loss could also be signs a cat has contracted FIV.

Causes:
FIV is typically transmitted from one cat to another through deep bite wounds, via saliva and blood. In rare cases though, it can be transmitted from mother cats to their kittens.

Treatments:
Since FIV is incurable, focus is placed on managing the condition through strengthening the immune system. Routine wellness visits every six months are essential, during which the veterinarian will gauge the strength of the cat’s immune system and possibly recommend antiviral medications, a change in diet, or supplements. You’ll need to be extremely proactive in treating new infections if they arise.

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Rabies virus
-caused by lyssaviruses
-rabies virus infects the central nervous system

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NURUL SYAHLELY BINTI MOHAMAD SAUPI (A19SC0340)

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NURUL SYAHLELY BINTI MOHAMAD SAUPI (A19SC0340)

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Dengue virus - Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days.

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Parvovirus
(Infects carnivores)

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Measles virus - caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. It is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Humans are the only natural hosts of measles virus.

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Influenza A virus
-Infect birds and mammals

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CHIKV virus

(Chikungunya disease)
-It is an RNA virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus.
-viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes.
-causes fever and severe joint pain
- Other symptoms include muscle pain, joint swelling, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash.
- Disease mostly occurs in Africa, Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
-The disease shares some clinical signs with dengue and Zika.

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Dengue fever is a viral disease spread to people by infected mosquito bites. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are the principal carriers of the disease. The virus that causes dengue fever is known as dengue virus. Dengue fever is a viral disease spread to people by infected mosquito bites. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are the principal carriers of the disease.

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HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)

HPV stands for human papilloma virus. It is a very common virus. There are about 100 types of HPV that affect different parts of the body. About 30 types of HPV can affect the genitals — including the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum — as well as the rectum and anus. Of those, about 14 types are considered "high risk," for leading to cervical cancer.

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H1N1 Influeza A virus - Spanish flu

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Hepatitis A virus

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Zika Virus
-spreads through infected mosquito bites
-can passed from a pregnant woman to fetus
-epidemic-prone pathogens

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Chicken pox by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
- similar to HIV but affects feline worldwide

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Marburg Virus
-those who are exposed to infected monkey
- similar to Ebola and can causes hemorrhagic fever

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Exanthematous virus
-rubella

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DENGUE VIRUS
It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus. Dengue originated in monkeys and spilled over into humans as long as 800 years ago. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes.

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SV40
-A polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans
-May be functionally important in the development of some of those human malignancies

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Nipah virus
- A zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans)
- Can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people.

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Influenza A (H1N1 Virus)

H1N1 is a type of influenza A virus, and H1N1 is one of several flu virus strains that can cause the seasonal flu. Symptoms of the H1N1 flu are the same as those of the seasonal flu.

Combination of viruses from pigs, birds and humans that causes disease in humans.

Symptom: fever, coughing, sore throat, body ache and many more.

Can be infected through droplets (from coughing, sneezing)

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

HIV belongs to a class called retroviruses which means that they use RNA to encode their genetic information instead of DNA. If not treated, this virus can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

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Chicken Pox
- caused by Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
- symptoms: itchy blister-like rash, fever
- children under age 2 have the highest risk for chicken pox
- Vaccine: Varicella vaccine

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- is a viral infection that causes genital and oral herpes

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Ebola virus
- cause fever, sore throat, vomiting
- spread through direct contact with the blood or body fluids (vomit, diarrhea etc) of infected animal or people infected with Ebola virus

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Influenza A Virus A(H5N1)
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Bird flu is caused by a type of influenza virus that rarely infects humans. More than a dozen types of bird flu have been identified, including the two strains that have most recently infected humans — H5N1 and H7N9.

-When bird flu does strike humans, it can be deadly.
-Bird flu have occurred in Asia, Africa, North America and parts of Europe.

Symptom :

Cough

Fever

Sore throat

Muscle aches

Headache

Shortness of breath

Complication :

Pneumonia

Pink eye (conjunctivitis)

Respiratory failure

Kidney dysfunction

Heart problems

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Megavirus
- Megavirus was seen to construct large trojan organelles - the "cells within cells" that would produce new viruses to infect other amoebas.

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Nipah virus
-a bat-borne virus that causes a high mortality Nipah infection in humans and other animals

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Polio Virus
1) Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus.
2) The virus can spread from one person to another and infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis.

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Herpes simplex virus type-2

-sexually transmitted infection that causes genital herpes
-HSV-2 increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection
-mainly transmitted during sex through contact with genital or anal surfaces, skin, sores or fluids of someone infected with the virus
-can cause neonatal herpes (transmitted from mother to child during delivery).

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Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV)
A virus that cause a variety of disease syndromes in birds, depending on the bird species

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Chicken Pox Virus (Varicella)
- caused by varicella-zoster virus
- causing itchiness on the body
- rash spreads over the entire body

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Sendai virus, Sendai respirovirus
Sendai virus strain Sendai/52 is propagated in SPF chicken embryonated eggs. This strain was isolated from the lung of a patient with a fatal case of newborn pneumonitis in Japan in 1952 and was deposited by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Ebola virus.
The first human case in an Ebola outbreak is acquired through contact with blood, secretions organs or other bodily fluids of an infected animal. EVD has been documented in people who handled infected chimpanzees, gorillas, and forest antelopes located mainly in sub-Saharan Africa

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Barmah Forest Virus
-transmitted from mosquitoes to human

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smallpox
-caused by variola virus

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Feline panleukopenia virus
Feline panleukopenia is a parvoviral infectious disease of kittens typically characterized by depression, anorexia, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and consequent severe dehydration.

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norovirus
plays important role in development of the mouse intestine and its immune system, and can actually replace the beneficial effects of certain gut bacteria when these have been decimated by antibiotics.
while for human in may cause diarrhea and vomiting

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Zoonotic viruses : Zoonotic diseases which are caused by harmful germs that spread between animals and people.

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Rabies virus
- Scientific name: Rabies lyssavirus
- Transmission through saliva of animals
- Cause acute infection of CNS(central nervous system)
- Five stage: Incubation, prodrome, acute neurologic period, coma and death

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Rabies virus
- Rabies lyssavirus
- Causes rabies in humans and animals
- Transmits through saliva of animals
- Enveloped and -ssRNA
- Genome encodes for nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L)
- Has bullet like shape, 180 nm in length and 75 nm cross-sectional diameter
- One end is rounded or conical and the other end is planar or concave

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

HIV attacks the body's immune system. There is currently no effective cure for HIV. However, HIV can be controlled with the proper medical care.

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Rubella Virus:

Type:
- ssRNA positive
- Has enveloped

Spreading:
- Coughed droplets
- Sneezes
- low-grade fever
-

Symptoms:
- Sore throats
- rash from face and spreading through the body

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Rotavirus

cause severe diarrheal diseases among babies and young children

spread rapidly through the fecal-oral route

symptoms: severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain

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Canine Parvovirus
A contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces.

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INFLUENZA VIRUSES
- a viral infection that attacks respiratory system

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Rubella Virus (RNA virus in the Togaviridae family)
-pandemic of rubella between 1962 and 1965 (start in Europe and spreading to the United States)
-also known as German measles or three-day measles
-occurs most often in children and young adults.
- infection that mostly affects the skin and lymph nodes
-causes symptoms like a rash, fever, and eye redness

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Highly Pathogenic Asian Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus

Disease : Bird flu

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NURUL AFIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD ASMAN A19SC0317

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NURUL AFIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD ASMAN A19SC0317

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Smallpox disease caused by variola virus
- can be transmitted from person to person

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Rotavirus
Causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines. It can cause severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever, belly pain, and dehydration in infants, young children, and some adults.

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Plum pox virus (PPV)

- transmitted from infected trees by insects or by grafting or budding.

- infects not only plum but other economically important Prunus species.

- The infection of susceptible genotypes results in characteristic foliar and fruit symptoms and premature fruit drop.

- PPV the most detrimental virus of these species.