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Europe’s transitioning to the Pleistocene and Holocene was overcome with a loss of ice covers. In return, the loss of the ice covers brought on the availability to animals, plants, bays, and the availability of plant and animal on the board range. This period attracted different groups of people; such as Mesolithic groups, and Upper Paleolithic Descendants. After the movement of these different groups, Europe developed complex cultures to early farming and domestication, through social complexity of the different groups.

In northern and eastern Europe, there was evidence of these social groups become complex based off Mesolithic cemeteries. Oleneostrovski a cemetery in Karelia, Russia dated back to the 7th millennium BC, had 170 burials. This is the oldest Mesolithic cemetery in Europe, containing grave goods such as gave assemblages, axes, and mace heads. This all indicate the different social classes, which classified the changes in social originations.

Europe was first introduced to farming from Southwest Asia which spread farming and agriculture communities through central Europe to the Mediterranean. Majority of domesticated animals came from Southwest Asia’s to Europe too. The correlation that new animals, and plants were adopted, and made the transformation of the indigenous ways of hunting and gathering to the collection of food for production. The early of stages of domestication started to developed in the introduction to farming.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

Picture:

https://www.google.com/search?q=europe+prehistory&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl0uK01oHUAhVp2oMKHS2tD1UQ_AUICygC&biw=857&bih=511#imgrc=xrrQUM6VAyfaWM:

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Mediterranean Zone: Adaptions and Evolution's

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Mediterranean Zone: Adaptions and Evolution's

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As farming started to spread throughout Europe it soon started to spread into the Mediterranean areas; especially Greece. By 6000 BC domestic good such as plants and animals were starting to arrive in the Mediterranean. The areas were becoming exclusive to farmers and foragers. All who lived with in these areas were co-existing and developing the “integration” model. This allowed the members of the community to adopt to new ways, ideas, and products from neighboring farm communities. Co-existing led to colonization of farming into the interior areas, and interactions with other created new adoptions to hunting and elaborate art.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

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Lepenski Vir Site: The Transition of Mesolithic and Neolithic

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Lepenski Vir Site: The Transition of Mesolithic and Neolithic

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The transition between Mesolithic to Neolithic explains the expansion of foragers and farmers. This community differences in this region hold the questions to violent interactions between foragers and farmers. The site of Lepenski Vir shows the span of farming and expands interpersonal conflicts that these individuals were exposed to. Individuals found at this site and others surrounding it showed violent interactions. These violent conflicts could represent warfare that was typical behavior for the Mesolithic time frame.

At this site, there is evidence of a new basis; “Social Sustainability”. The evidence of bone lesions and cracks skulls indicates that the shift in regions was a violent period for these individuals.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

Roksandic, Mirjana, Marja Djuric, Zoran Rakocevic, and Kimberly Serguin. "Interpersonal Violence at Lepenski Vir Mesolithic/Neolithic Complex of the Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia-Romania)." American Journal Of Physical Anthropology, December 1, 2005, 299-348. Accessed April & may 2017. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20286.

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The communities started to grow and the social expansions started to create new social complexity, that would soon begin to develop. The new expansion of buildings such as cobble-filled hearths, and feasting areas would new create roles in the community. Leaders and powerful individuals were emerging and lead to mass burials. These would include mass rituals of manipulation. Typically, this would be a manipulation with the bones of those who are powerful. During the 4th millennium BC we begin to see the expansion moving toward elite status. This would include stone tombs, offerings to the ancestors who have passed; these offering would be rich and be given as a grave offering.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

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The Linearbankeramik culture soon spread in 5600 BC right after the adaptions and evolution's of farming to the Mediterranean areas. The culture was first to appear in Hungary and Austria. The Linearbaneramik culture was a colonizing farming community, and were categorized for their introduction to the massive longhouse they developed, agricultural advances, and construction of permanent houses and buildings. Along with a new culture, the introduction to single grave burials that was placed in a group or community cemetery. Evidence of violence was also found at the burials, this was usually between the various Linearbankeramik communities and not with hunter and gathers.

5000 BC was the introduction to new ceramic. This ceramic appeared to be in the shape of funnels called “Trichterbecher”. The funnel shaped ceramics gave life to new culture, which was later incorporated into copper Serbia. Developed trade programs were growing and allowed this culture to expand and grown. Wheeled vehicles appeared as well as wool and other products.

Source: Linderbankeramik site "First Farmers of Central Europe." Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. . Encyclopedia.com. (May 4, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/first-farmers-central-europe

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

Picture:

https://www.google.com/search?biw=857&bih=511&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=linearbandkeramik+culture&oq=linearbandkeramik+cu&gs_l=img.1.0.0i30k1j0i8i30k1.33592.34017.0.35559.3.3.0.0.0.0.201.545.0j2j1.3.0....0...1.1.64.img..0.3.541...0j0i24k1.j1d5SH2AdrQ#imgrc=10TEf4ZUrd85sM:

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In Atlantic Europe, the hunter-gathers coexisted and soon was being adapted in 4500 BC, and expanding to the Atlantic. In this expansion, the megalithic monuments began to develop. In England, a famous setting resides called Stone Hedge. This site is single standing stone that are spaced out and are covered with carved symbols. The carving was covered with various symbols, but the axes appeared frequently. This is from the early bronze period, that represents power. Rituals and cult practices were performed here, and evidence of sacrifice of imported animals such as pigs was also found at this site. Evidence of hundreds of individuals buried in this site, and mixture of pig and deer bones in mass numbers lead to the introduction of the spiritual world.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

Picture:

https://www.google.com/search?q=stonehenge&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ssvm1IHUAhVo44MKHaGGARIQ_AUICygC&biw=857&bih=511#imgrc=ZOey9o2qUw0JtM:

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The Iceman Otzi was a Neolithic man from the southern Alps. Otzi’s remains tells us the conditions of his diet, life, and his death from the Neolithic time. Evidence of wheat fragments, charcoal flex was found in Otzi’s gut. The food material suggest that baking food was being practiced and or developing within this time. Another fact of evidence found on the ice man was a cloth of stems. The suggestion of toilet paper may be the reason for this cloth stem, but the development of food shelter was also a question. This could be an area where the Ice man would have stored food.

The evidence of death of the Ice Man also shows the movement and growths in this time. Otzi was found with a stone arrowhead wedged into his left shoulder. This stone arrowhead had cut his left vital artery. After investigating the Ice Man’s body, there is evidence to suggest that this was done by an attacker. The person who attacked Otzi would have been standing behind him, and was in an area of the body that prehistoric hunters would have aimed for to kill an animal. The question behind who killed the Ice Man and why remains. Another critical development shows that the shaft of the arrow was now where to be found. This indicates that the attacker pulled it out from the Ice Man as he was dying, and that the battle and conflict was developing among individuals in various prehistoric communities.

Source: Hall, Stephen S. "Iceman Mystery." National Geographic. July 2007. Accessed April & may 2017. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/07/iceman/hall-text.

https://www.google.com/search?q=otzi+iceman&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidm7HI1YHUAhUp6YMKHVXWCwkQ_AUICigB&biw=857&bih=511#imgrc=KdTb6naepdMgcM:

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The European society is now making the social complexity of material items. Previously, metallurgy paved the way for the social complexity to develop. We start to see religious, political, social, and various economic difference appearing now. In the 3rd millennium the work of bronze was representing the relationships of trades. The relationships symbolized long term trade relationships; this network was also represented by amber, delicate ornaments, and various valuables. These networks also allowed for constant communication and new ideas that were being presented to the different communities.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

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Showing power and elite status was shaping Europe, using material items to indicate this power. In Eastern Europe, there is a rise in long distance trades and contacts with others. Here we see individual power rise by the ore that was mined in Carpathian. This would be made into symbolic items to symbolize the status of those who owned them. These items were anywhere from swords, axes, vessels, and warrior armory. Leading us right into horse-drawn chariots, which was also an indication of wealth and power.

Around 1300 BC a new ritual called “Urnfield” developed through the western area of Europe. This ritual involved cremation and would place the ashes in delicate pottery. The development of cremation became extremely common and continue to spread through other communities as well. Some of the cremation would hold thousands of individuals, and would be share common religious beliefs with one another. This ritual also allowed for the burial of elite or powerful individuals to be recognized. Those with power would typically have bronze artifacts; swords, helmets, breastplates and other items to show status.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

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The 1st millennium BC, entered the Iron Age. In this time frame, the iron was affordable and abundant to the community. Iron was also developing in networks as well. The abundance and affordable costs allowed access to the material and opened new sources to network. The material of iron allowed for enhancement of tools, and weapons. The Iron is now becoming the material to use to create new tools to improve the communities. Soon new buildings, and the first city-state was developing throughout the Mediterranean and Europe.

Source:

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

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Hall, Stephen S. "Iceman Mystery." National Geographic. July 2007. Accessed April & may 2017. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/07/iceman/hall-text.

Linderbankeramik site "First Farmers of Central Europe." Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. . Encyclopedia.com. (May 4, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/first-farmers-central-europe

Roksandic, Mirjana, Marja Djuric, Zoran Rakocevic, and Kimberly Serguin. "Interpersonal Violence at Lepenski Vir Mesolithic/Neolithic Complex of the Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia-Romania)." American Journal Of Physical Anthropology, December 1, 2005, 299-348. Accessed April & may 2017. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20286.

Scarre, Chris, ed. The Human Past: World Prehistory & Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2005.

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Time Line By: Hannah Lundin Cascadia College: Anthropology 104............the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.“Copyright Fair Use and How It Works for Online Images.” Social Media Examiner. http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/copyright-fair-use-and-how-it-works-for-online-images/  (accessed Nov. 1, 2013).

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Time Line By: Hannah Lundin Cascadia College: Anthropology 104............the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.“Copyright Fair Use and How It Works for Online Images.” Social Media Examiner. http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/copyright-fair-use-and-how-it-works-for-online-images/  (accessed Nov. 1, 2013).