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The main problems with this study was sampling and validity. To improve the sample of the study, it could be longitudinal with the the participant doing the Eye Test at checkups with medical professionals if do this or meet ups could be arranged. This would provide additional information as it would show how Theory of Mind develops in a person of Autistic Spectrum and more participants could be included by consulting such professionals who deal with people of the autistic spectrum.

To improve validity, variations of the Eye Test should be carried out. These variations include a progressive increase in the amount of information that the participant has to guess the emotion, more of the person shall be shown on the photograph. The participants will be shown the photographs for a longer time with the photographs with more visible since it is presumed that this will be more difficult to discern what emotion is being shown.

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- The only type of data gathered in this study was quantitative.
- This is advantageous because using numbers allows for an easier comparison of the three groups and is also less time-consuming
- It is also disadvantageous because participants had no opportunities to express how they were feeling during the Eyes Test or what they found difficult about it. This information would have contributed to study overall. when discussing findings and making conclusions based up on this.

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- Study was carried out in a controlled setting and the environment of the study was well controlled
-  Ecological validity was a problem as the the Eye Task was different to real-life situations
- This was a Quasi experiment so groups may have been poorly matched especially since the control group wasn't properly tested to ensure comparability to the other two groups.

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-  This was a sensitive study as it involved vulnerable participants
- However, the study was ethical as the participants weren't deceived and experienced no further distress than they would normally.

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-  This study demonstrates that problems with reading facial expressions and identifying the correct emotions is difficult even for high-functioning adults with autism
- This means that this study may be applied to help teach emotions by helping those on the autistic spectrum better recognise facial cues and related emotions.

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- The sample of adults that were on the autistic spectrum is relatively low at 16 and only 3 of these were female. Therefore this makes it difficult to assume that this is representative of the group of high-functioning adults with autism.
- As well as this, the participants were selected by volunteer sampling which makes the study more generalizing as the participants who respond may do so because of similar characteristics

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Validity:

- This can be seen as a weakness of the study. There was low ecological validity as the experience of judging emotions from an isolated pair of eyes is different to doing this in real life where additional information such as body gestures and speech is available
- On the other hand, a test of Validity was carried out when participants were given the Strange Stories task (performances of this and on the eye task should correlate as both evaluate theory of mind) so this increases the validity of the study

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- Participants were shown the same pictures of the same facial expressions, of the same size and for the same amount of time (3 seconds). This means that each participant was exposed to the same conditions which means a high internal reliability.
- Although this proccedure could also have high external reliability as it it easy to replicate, no further testing was reported in the paper that was published

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1. From the study of Baron-Cohen et al, outline two of the ways the participants were tested [4]
2. Explain one strength of gathering quantitative data in Baron-Cohen's study [2]

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1. Even high functioning adults with autism, including those with Asperger's Syndrome have a significant problem with their theory of mind
2. The eyes task is a valid test of theory of mind suitable for high functioning adults with autism

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On the control tasks, all groups performed normally on the tasks they completed
No participants in the Tourette's group were incorrect in any of their strange stories responses but the autistic group struggled
The fact that the same participants struggled in the eyes task and strange stories is evidence for the validity of the Eyes Task

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National Center for Learning Disabilities

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Autism spectrum disorder (including Asperger syndrome)

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What is Autism? Autism is now referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and encompasses previously defined separate yet similar disorders like Asperger syndrome. Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving deficits in language, communication, and social behaviors. Subscribe - https://goo.gl/w5aaaV. More videos - https://goo.gl/UhOKiM. Support us on Patreon - https://goo.gl/ZGHEk4.

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Tourette's has several key elements in common with autism. It exists in childhood. It is associated with a biological problem with the frontal lobes

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The volunteer sample consisted of 13 autistic men and 3 autistic women of normal intelligence. They had all been diagnosed with high functioning autism or Asperger's Syndrome and they responded to an advert in the National Autistic Society's magazine.
The control group was made up of 25 men and 25 women with no autism diagnosis - it was assumed that they were all of normal intelligence
The second control group consisted of 8 men and 2 women with Tourette's Syndrome

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To test whether high functioning adults with autism and Asperger's Syndrome would struggle with a new and more difficult test for theory of mind