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SPANISH CIVIL WAR REPORTER

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Born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, USA,  Ernest Hemingway served in World War I and worked in journalism before publishing his story collection In Our Time. He was renowned for novels like The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea, which won the 1953 Pulitzer. In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize. He committed suicide on July 2, 1961, in Ketchum, Idaho.

As a journalist he started to be really concerned with the social and political developments of the Thirties so he found a new focus of interest in July 1936 on the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, between General Franco and the (Republican) Loyalist government.
Hemingway was invited to cover the War as correspondent for the North American Newspaper Alliance. He spent an initial two months there in the spring of 1937 but  before he himself left for Spain, Hemingway helped write commentary for a Republican documentary film, Spain in Flames. Once in Spain, he worked on a second propaganda film, The Spanish Earth.

Hemingway's support of the Loyalist cause initiated the period of his activity as an anti-fascist spokesman. In June 1937 he delivered his only speech, "Fascism Is a Lie," at the American Writers' Congress. He provided the narration for the movie The Spanish Earth and contributed pro-Loyalist pieces to books and journals. His only play, The Fifth Column, was written in Madrid in 1937.

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SELECTION OF ARTICLES WRITTEN BY HEMINGWAY DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

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SELECTION OF ARTICLES WRITTEN BY HEMINGWAY DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

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Hemingway Finds France is Neutral (March 17, 1937)
"An attentive waiter receives a dirty look now instead of a tip, but, no matter on which side of the Spanish war people may be, they all agree on one thing -- that the French border is closed up and airtight."

Heavy Shell-Fire In Madrid Advance (April 10, 1937)
". . . the view was marvelous. The battle was spread out before us. The government artillery, with the noise now of flying freight trains, was registering direct hits with shell after shell on the Insurgent stronghold . . ."
Brihuega Likened by Hemingway to Victory on World War Scale (March 29, 1937)
"Native Spanish battalions, composed mainly of boys untrained last November, not only fought stubbornly in defense with other and better-trained troops, but attacked in a complicatedly planned and perfectly organized military operation only comparable to the finest in the Great War."

War Is Reflected Vividly In Madrid (April 25, 1937)
"A policeman covers the body; they send for some one to repair the gas main, and you go in to breakfast. A charwoman, her eyes red, is scrubbing the blood off the marble floor of the corridor."

Spanish Fatalism Typified By Driver (May 23, 1937)
"[Our chauffeur] made you realize why Franco never took Madrid when he had the chance. Hipolito and the others like him would have fought from street to street and house to house as long as any one of them was left alive, and the last ones left would have burned the town."

Spanish Fatalism Typified By Driver (May 23, 1937)
"[Our chauffeur] made you realize why Franco never took Madrid when he had the chance. Hipolito and the others like him would have fought from street to street and house to house as long as any one of them was left alive, and the last ones left would have burned the town."

Main Rebel Threat Is Deemed In North (April 11, 1938)
"One of the first moves of the new Loyalist Government will undoubtedly be to stiffen and make serious the resistance in this northern sector, which, when this correspondent visited it three days ago, gave entirely too bucolic an impression."

Loyalists Await Tortosa Assault (April 19, 1938)
"War had the pointless and dangerless dumbness that it has when guns first come into action, before there is proper observation and the shooting is accurately controlled, and your correspondent walked down along the railway track to find a place to watch what Generalissimo Franco's men were doing across the river."

Lerida Is Divided By Warring Forces (April 30, 1938)
"If Generalissimo Francisco Franco's troops had been able to conquer the eastern part of Lerida they would have had access to these three trunks lines into Catalonia. As it is, they are bottled in the old medieval part of the town facing the Segre River, and the government is heavily fortified along its banks . . ."

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For Whom the Bell Tolls is Hemingway’s most Spanish novel and it was published on 21st October, 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia.  On his mission, Jordan meets the rebel Anselmo who brings him to the hidden guerrilla camp and initially acts as an intermediary between Jordan and the other guerrilla fighters. There, Jordan encounters María, a young Spanish woman and they began a love story in the middle of the war.

In 1941 the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the prize for that year. The Pulitzer Board agreed. However, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University at that time, overrode both because he found the book offensive, and instead no award was given for letters that year

A film adaptation of Hemingway's novel, directed by Sam Wood, was released in 1943 starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Actress; however, only the Greek actress Katina Paxinou won an Oscar for her portrayal of Pilar.

The relationship between General Francisco Franco and Ernest Hemingway was of mutual disdain, but Franco’s annoyance was so important that he was able to make his foreign services rewrite the plot for the film.

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Directed by Sam Wood. With Gary Cooper, Ingrid Bergman, Akim Tamiroff, Arturo de Córdova. During the Spanish Civil War, an American allied with the Republicans finds romance during a desperate mission to blow up a strategically important bridge.