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DNA profiling is the process where a DNA pattern called a profile is obtained from a sample of bodily tissue.DNA polymorphisms are analyzed to give a DNA profile. To produce the profile, short tandem repeats are examined at generally 10 or more genetic loci (these genetic loci are often on different chromosomes).

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a test of DNA or genetic traits to determine whether a man could be the biological father of a given child. DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA from different individuals, and matching the DNA found from a sample to a known individual is called DNA profiling. In the case of paternity, comparing DNA samples from all three individuals (woman, man, child) can establish paternity.

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to know who the father is (family relationships and dynamics)

establish custody or child support

social benefits (social security, inheritance, etc)

to have an accurate family medical history for the child

legal purpose

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Postnatal testing

Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity (NIPP - prenatal)

Amniocentesis (prenatal)

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS - prenatal)

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short tandem repeats is a technique for DNA profiling using polymorphisms. STRs are regions of noncoding DNA that have repeats of the same nucleotide sequence. They are found at different places or genetic loci, and are a way of producing a DNA profile. Each STR is shared between 5%-20% of unrelated people, but forensic scientists can examine STRs at the same time by using sequence-specific fragments of DNA primers to find the repeated sections. The pattern of repeats can identify an individual to a high degree of accuracy. Therefor, STR analysis is an excellent forensic tool. The more STR regions that are examined, the more accurate the tests become.

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contamination of samples

misinterpretation of results

mislabelling of samples

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gel electrophoresis is a method to separate fragments of DNA on the basis of size and the electric charge they carry. It can identify natural variations in the DNA of every individual.

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1. DNA paternity profiling also known as genetic fingerprinting is when one determines whether two individuals are biologically parent and child.

2.Gel electrophoresis is used to separate macro-molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins. DNA fragments are separated according to their size. Proteins can be separated according to their size and their charge different proteins have different charges.

3. (STR) analysis is one of the most useful methods in molecular biology which is used to compare specific loci on DNA from two or more samples meaning cops can use this. STRs with higher power of discrimination are chosen for human identification in forensic cases on a regular basis. It is used to identify victim, perpetrator, missing persons, and others.

4

- Sense of identity, a child knowing to whom they are biologically linked
- Health history, hereditary factors influence preventative health measures
- Financial support, many households require two incomes to keep up with the cost of living
- Benefits, health insurance, social security and veteran benefits benefit biological children
- Government Aid, Paternity allows parents to seek government assistance if they qualify.

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the polymerase chain reaction is a simple method to make copies of DNA. DNA profiles can only be done if there is sufficient DNA to complete the procedure, so by copying it, it ensures there is a sufficient amount to produce the profile. This is done at a high temperature using a special kind of DNA polymerase enzyme.

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1. Define paternal profiling. (1)

Paternal profiling is a test of DNA traits to determine whether a man is the biological father of a child.

2. Outline what gel electrophoresis does. (2)

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate fragments of DNA based on size and the electric charge that they carry. Gel electrophoresis identifies natural variations in the DNA of any individual.

3. Comment on tandem repeats. Are short tandem Repeats a viable forensic tool? (3)

Tandem repeats is a technique that is used for DNA profiling using polymorphisms. STRs are regions of non-coding DNA that have repeating patterns of the same nucleotide sequence and are used as a way of producing a DNA profile. The pattern of repeats are able to identify an individual to a high degree of accuracy so they are a very viable forensic tool.

4. Explain the importance of testing for paternity. (3)

Testing for paternity is important so that a child can know who their father is in order to improve family relationships and dynamics, establish custody or child support, for social benefits including social security and inheritance, to have an accurate family medical history, and for legal purposes.

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1. Define paternal profiling. (1)
2. Outline what gel electrophoresis does. (2)
3. Comment on tandem repeats. Are short tandem Repeats a viable forensic tool? (3)
4. Explain the importance of testing for paternity. (3)

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“How Does DNA Testing Work?” BBC News, BBC, 1 Feb. 2013, www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/20205874.

Hutzel, Angie. “FAQ About Paternity Tests.” The Spruce, www.thespruce.com/about-paternity-tests-1270746.

“Paternity Test.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paternity%20test.

Walpole, Brenda, Ashby Merson-Davies, and Leighton Dann. Biology for the IB

Diploma. 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge UP, 2014. Print.

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paternity testing is very common, and there is even a TV show called 'Maury' that does it.

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1. Paternal profiling is a test of DNA or genetic traits to determine whether a man could be the biological father of a given child. It involves the comparison of DNA from different individuals and matching DNA found from a sample to a known individual is called DNA profiling.

2. Gel electrophoresis is a method to separate fragments of DNA on the basis of size and the electric charge they carry. It can identify natural variations in the DNA of every individual.

3. Short tandem repeats is a technique for DNA profiling using polymorphisms. STR’s are regions of non-coding DNA that have repeating patterns of the sam nucleotide sequence that are find at different genetic loci and are a way of producing a DNA profile. The pattern of repeats can identify an individual to high degree of accuracy therefore making short tandem repeats a very viable forensic tool.

4. It is important to test for paternity to know who the father is to improve family relationships and dynamics, establish custody or child support, experience social benefits (such as social security, inheritance, etc.), to have an accurate family medical history for the child in the event of medical emergency, and for various other legal purposes.

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How is a genetic profile created using STRs?

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How is a genetic profile created using STRs?

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1. obtain a sample of DNA

2. extract the DNA

DNA is contained in the nucleus of a cell. Chemicals are added to open the cell and extract the DNA to isolate it.

3. copy the DNA
DNA is copied using a polymerase chain reaction to obtain enough DNA to create the profile. The DNA from between 11-13 loci is copied. It is very unlikely for two individuals to have the same number of repeats at each of these loci.

4. determine the size of STRs

genetic analyzers determine the size of the STR at the genetic locus. The analyzer separates the copied DNA by gel electrophoresis and can detect the fluorescent dye on each STR. This equipment is also used for DNA sequencing.

5. check for a match