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The Side Effects of Vaccines-How High Is The Risk？（Toh Wan Yin，Yeo Hui Tong ，Thejasvinee A/S Ponusamy）

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The Side Effects of Vaccines-How High Is The Risk？（Toh Wan Yin，Yeo Hui Tong ，Thejasvinee A/S Ponusamy）

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What is Immune system?                                                      The immune system is a complex army of billions of cells.Immune system contains soldiers,intelligence cells and weapons factories.

-Every day, you're attacked countless times but your  immune soldiers alone usually deal with that,so you   don't   even notice. If an infection becomes serious though, our intelligence cells gather intel about the attackers and activate our weapons factories.The weapon: antibodies,they're like targeted missiles produced specifically to combat the invader.

This process takes several days to complete and intruders a lot of time to do damage.

How do our immune system came out with an ingenious system to get stronger?

If we fight an enemy that is dangerous enough to trigger our heavy weapons, our immune system automatically creates memory cell.Memory cells remain in our body for years, in a deep sleep. When an enemy attacks for a second time,the slumbering memory cells awaken, and order coordinated attacks and the production of antibodies.That's why the little kids are constantly ill because they don't have enought memory cell.

How Vaccines Work?                                                               As great as memory cells are, obtaining them through an infection is unpleasant and sometimes dangerous.Vaccines are a way of tricking our bodies into making memory cells, and becoming immune to a disease.They pretend to be a dangerous infection.One way of doing this is to inject invaders that can't do harm. Sometimes, it's necessary to make our immune system work harder though, to produce even more memory cells.

What if the germs win?

To avoid that, we breed a sort-of weak cousin of the real germ in the lab. Just powerful enough to annoy the immune system, and create enough memory cells.

Basic principles of vaccine use?                                                 They provoke a natural reaction in our bodies that makes us become immune against very dangerous diseases.Some, like the flu virus, mutate so often that we need a new vaccine every year, but most vaccines protect us for years, or even a lifetime.But, there's a catch.Like everything in life, vaccines have another side.

The risk of vaccines

☞It's complicated to directly compare the side effects of    vaccines with the effects of diseases.

※ Example:Hundred of millions of people are vaccinated against measles in the West but there were only 83000 cases in Europe in 2018.Before the measles vaccine became available in 1963,virtually every single child on Earth contracted measles.

What would theoretically happen here?

After being vaccinated, of our 10 million kids, around ten percent get a fever. 500,000, or 5%, will get a mild rash.Up to 100, or 0.001%, might have a serious allergic reaction and will have to be treated. Up to ten boys, or 0.0001%, might get inflammation of the genitalia.And up to ten kids in total, or 0.0001%, might get the most serious side effect: encephalitis.So, we vaccinated ten million kids

What about autism?

The connection of autism and vaccines stems from one source that has been disproven countless times.But, in 2019, it's fair to say that vaccines do not cause autism.

What about deaths?

It's really hard to say if even a single one of our 10 million vaccinated kids would die.If we ignore self-reporting

we could only come up with a tiny handful of documented for all the hundreds of millions of children who received the MMR vaccine since 1971. You can compare vaccines to seatbelts.Are there weird freak accidents where someone gets killed by their seatbelt?Well, yes.But, do you personally think it's safer to not put a for all the hundreds of millions of children who received the MMR vaccine since 1971. -You can compare vaccines to seatbelts.Are there weird freak accidents where someone gets killed by their seatbelt?Well, yes.But, do you personally think it's safer to not put a seatbelt on your kid?

What if your kid is actually allergic?                                                       -In this case, you need to become the greatest vaccination promoter of all.Because if your children can't be vaccinated, only the collective can protect them.

Herd immunity

- Herd immunity means that enough people are immune to a disease, that it can't spread, and dies before it reaches its victims.But to accomplish this for measles alone,

95% of the people around you need to be vaccinated.

Conclusion

Feelings are often immune to facts.We'll not convince anybody by screaming at them.But we can't hide from the reality of what anti-vaccine conspiracies do.They kill babies too young to be vaccinated.They kill healthy children that are just unlucky.They bring serious diseases back from the verge of extinction.And, the biggest side effect of vaccines is fewer dead children.Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have to eradicate the monsters that most of us have already forgotten.Let's not bring the beasts back!

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HOW IS VACCINE CREATED? (NUR ARFAH QISTINA BT RAZIEE EFINNDIEE & NUR ADRIANA ALWANIE BT MOHD HISYAMMUDIN)

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HOW IS VACCINE CREATED? (NUR ARFAH QISTINA BT RAZIEE EFINNDIEE & NUR ADRIANA ALWANIE BT MOHD HISYAMMUDIN)

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The mRNA vaccine

: this new treatment uses our body's existing cellular machinery to trigger an immune response , protecting us from viruses without ever experiencing an infection .

How do these revolutionary work?

: the key ingredient is in the name . mRNA ( messenger ribonucleic acid ) , is a naturally occuring molecule that encodes the instructions for producing protein . when our cells process mRNA , a part of the cell called ribosome translates and follows these instruction to build the encoded protein . the mRNA in theses vaccines works in exactly the same way , but scientists use the molecule to safely introduce our body to a virus .

First , researchers encode trillions of mRNA molecules with the instruction for a specific viral protein .

Then , they inject those molecules into a nanoparticle rougly 1000 times smaller than the average cell .

Lastly , the final ingredients are added : sugar and salt to help the nanoparticles intact until they reach their destination .

BEFORE USE , THE VACCINE IS KEPT AT A TEMPERATURE OF -20 TO -80 DEGREES CELCIUS TO ENSURE NONE OF THE COMPONENTS BREAK DOWN .

After the injection, what is the reaction of our body?
(For some people)

1. Brief fatigue
2. Fever
3. Muscle soreness

mRNA Vaccine dont actually contain any viral particles, so they dont have to be built from strach to safety adjust each virus.
In fact, every mRNA vaccine could have roughly the same list of ingrediants. Imagine a veliable,robustly tested vaccine that can treat any disease by swapping out a single component.

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The Side Effects Of Vaccines- How High Is The Risk {RASHMIKA MURUGAN & Siti Nur Arissa Binti Mat Sharif}

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The Side Effects Of Vaccines- How High Is The Risk {RASHMIKA MURUGAN & Siti Nur Arissa Binti Mat Sharif}

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Vaccines are celebrated for their part in fighting disease.
But, a growing group of people
seem to believe that they endanger our health, instead of protecting it.
Even death following vaccination appointments.
And, it's true vaccines can have side effects.

Our immune system is a complex army of billions of cells.
i) Soldiers- Macrophage & Neutrophile
ii) Intelligence cells- Dendritic Cells
iii) Weapons factories-  B-Cell
Every day, we are attacked countless times,
but our immune soldiers alone usually deal with that,
so we don't even notice.
If an infection becomes serious though,
our intelligence cells gather intel about the attackers
and activate our weapons factories.
The weapon is antibodies.
They're like targeted missiles produced specifically to combat the invader.
Unfortunately, this process takes several days to complete.
That gives intruders a lot of time to do damage.
Contrary to popular wisdom,
What doesn't kill you doesn't make you stronger.
Our bodies really don't want to fight serious wars over and over,
so our immune system came up with an ingenious way
to get stronger and stronger over time.
If we fight an enemy that is dangerous enough to trigger our heavy weapons,
Our immune system automatically creates memory cells.
Memory cells remain in our body for years, in a deep sleep.
They do nothing but remember.
When an enemy attacks for a second time,
the slumbering memory cells awaken,
and order coordinated attacks and the production of antibodies.
This is so fast and effective,
that many infections you beat once will never make you sick again.
You might even be immune to them forever.
Which is also why little kids are constantly ill;
they don't have enough memory cells yet.
And this beautiful natural mechanism is what we build on when we use vaccines.

How Vaccines Work
As great as memory cells are,
obtaining them through an infection is unpleasant and sometimes dangerous.
Vaccines are a way of tricking our bodies into making memory cells,
and becoming immune to a disease.
They pretend to be a dangerous infection.
One way of doing this is to inject invaders that can't do harm.
For example, by killing them, or by ripping them into pieces.
Our immune systems deal with these kinds of vaccines pretty easily.
Sometimes, it's necessary to make our immune system work harder though,
to produce even more memory cells.
Live vaccines are the real deal.
An enemy that can punch back is a bigger challenge than a dead one.
But this also sounds like a sort-of horrible idea.
What if the germs win?
To avoid that, we breed a sort-of weak cousin of the real germ in the lab.
Just powerful enough to annoy the immune system, and create enough memory cells.
Okay, so these are the basic principles of vaccine use.
They provoke a natural reaction in our bodies
that makes us become immune against very dangerous diseases.
Some, like the flu virus, mutate so often
that we need a new vaccine every year,
but most vaccines protect us for years, or even a lifetime.

In this video we can tell that,
vaccines have another side:
Side effects.
What are they, and what happens if your child develops one?
The Risks of Vaccines
It's complicated to directly compare the side effects of vaccines with the effects of diseases.
For example,
hundreds of millions of people are vaccinated against measles in the West,
but there were only 83,000 cases in Europe in 2018.
So, with numbers that different, even mild side effects can seem scary
compared to the bad effects of a disease that we don't see as much anymore.
Before the measles vaccine became available in 1963,
virtually every single child on Earth contracted measles at some point.
An estimated 135 million cases in the 1950s.

What happens if we stop getting vaccinated...

1. High fever & unpleasant rash
2.Dangerous diarrhea
3.An ear infection, which can lead to permanent hearing loss
4.Pneumonia -- the most dangerous effect of measles.
5.encephalitis
6.SSPE,a disease where the measles virus lingers in their brain
and kills them a few years later.

So all together,
around 2.5 million people will suffer from somewhat serious effects from measles.
And, about 20,000 people will be killed by measles.The people who beat measles are left with a severely damaged immune system
that needs a lot of time to regenerate.
Time for other diseases to do further damage.
Aside from that, what's almost guaranteed
is that we will have a really bad time for about two weeks.

Now Risks Of Vaccines…

People who get vaccinated by MMR.
They will get….

Fever
Mild rash
might have a serious allergic reaction and will have to be treated.
might get inflammation of the genitalia.
Encephalitis.

Autism

The connection of autism and vaccines stems from one source
that has been disproven countless times. But vaccines do not cause autism.

if none of the things applies to our situation….only the collective can protect us. Which is called herd immunity. And it's the only thing that can protect your unvaccinated people.
Herd immunity means that enough people are immune to a disease,
that it can't spread, and dies before it reaches its victims.
But to accomplish this for measles alone,
95% of the people around you need to be vaccinated.

What are they trying to say is:
The problem with the debate about vaccines is that it's not fought on a level playing field.
While the pro-vaccine side argues with studies and statistics,the arguments against them are usually a wild mixture of gut feeling,
anecdotes, and misinformation.
And feelings are often immune to facts.
We'll not convince anybody by screaming at them.
But we can't hide from the reality of what anti-vaccine conspiracies do.
They kill babies too young to be vaccinated.
They kill healthy children that are just unlucky.
They bring serious diseases back from the verge of extinction.
And, the biggest side effect of vaccines is fewer dead children.
Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have
to eradicate the monsters that most of us have already forgotten. So lets not bring it back.

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How is vaccine created? (Rachel Moniques,Puteri Damia Amni,Puteri Ferooze 1adi )

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How is vaccine created? (Rachel Moniques,Puteri Damia Amni,Puteri Ferooze 1adi )

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About mRNA vaccines

- mRNA is short for 'messenger ribonucleic acid'
- this vaccine uses our body's existing cellular machinery to trigger an immune responses,protecting us from viruses without ever experiencing an infection

How it works/created?

-mRNA is naturally occuring molecule that encodes the instruction for protecting proteins- when our cells process mRNA ,a part of of the cell call 'ribosome' ,traslates and follow those instruction to build the encoded protein
- works exactly the same way but scientist use the molecule to safely introduce our body to a virus

1) researchers encode millions of mRNA molecules with the instructions for specific viral protein

- this part of the virus is harmless by itself,but helpful for training our body's immune response
2) They inject those molecules into a nanoparticle roughly 1000 times smaller than the average cell.
- this nanoparticle is made of lipids,the same type of fatty material that forms to membrane around our cells
-this lipid have been specially engineered to protect the mRNA on its journey through the body and assist its entry into the cell
3)the final ingredients are added:sugars and salt
- to help keep the nanoparticles intact until they reach their destination

Before use,the vaccine will be kept at a temperature of -20 to -80 degree celcius to ensure none of the components break down

What will happen after injected?

Once injected,the nanoparticles will disperse and encounter cells. The lipid coating on each nanoparticles fuses with the lipid membrane of a cell and releases the mRNA to do its work.

1) While the vaccine is delivering viral genetic material into our cells,it's impossible for this material to alter our DNA.
-Our genetic material stand in chromosomes
- mRNA is a short live molecule that would need additional enzymes and chemical signals to even access our DNA,let alone change it. None of these DNA altering compenents are present in mRNA vaccines

2) Once inside the cell,the ribosome translates the mRNA's instructions and begins assembling the viral protein.
- in Covid-19 vaccines,that protein is one of the spikes typically found on the virus surface without the rest of the virus ,the lone spikes isn't infections but it does trigger our immune response

Effects

Activating the immune system can be taxing on the body,resulting in brief in some people such as

fatigue

fever

muscle soreness

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How do vaccines work?(Lim Xin Yin and Lara Dania Binti Mahat)

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How do vaccines work?(Lim Xin Yin and Lara Dania Binti Mahat)

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Origin of vaccines:
In 1796,the scientist Edward Jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus.It was a success.The boy was inoculated against the disease and this became the first ever vaccine.

Why did vaccines work?
To understand how vaccines function,we need to know how the immune system defends us against contagious diseases in the first place.When foreign microbes invade us,the immune system triggers a series of responses in an attempt to identify and remove them from our bodies.
Working immune response:
✔ Coughing
✔ Sneezing
✔ Inflammation
✔ Fever
These innate immune responses also trigger our second line of defense,called adaptive immunity.Special cells called B cells and T cells are recruited to fight microbes and record information about them,creating a memory of what the invaders look like,and how best to fight them.But despite this smart response, there's still a risk involved.The body takes time to learn how to respond to pathogens and to build up these defenses.Using the same principles that the body uses to defend itself, scientists use vaccines to trigger the body's adaptive immune system,without exposing humans to the full strength disease.This has resulted in many vaccines,which each work uniquely, separated into many different types.
☆ Live attenuated vaccines-made of the pathogen itself but a much weaker and tamer version

☆ Inactive vaccines-the pathogens have been killed .The weakening and inactivation in both types of vaccine ensures that pathogens don't develop into the full blown disease. But just like a disease,they trigger an immune response, teaching the body to recognize an attack by making a profile of pathogens in preparation.

☆ Subunit vaccine-only made from one part of the pathogen ,called an antigen,the ingredient that actually triggers the immune response.

☆ DNA vaccine-for this variety,they isolate the very genes that make the specific antigens the body needs to trigger its immune response to specific pathogens.Those genes will instruct cells in the body to make the antigens when the vaccines injected into human body.This causes a stronger immune response and prepares the body for any future threats.

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THE SIDE EFFECTS OF VACCINES - IS IT WORTH THE RISK?

• HOW VACCINES WORK

- Vaccines are a way of tricking our bodies to create memory cells by pretending to be a dangerous disease. Sometimes we make our immune sistem work harder by actually sending real germs into our bodies. It sounds very risky, and the question is what if the germs win? To avoid that we breed a weak cousin of the germ in the lab just powerful to annoy the immune system and create enough memory cells.

• THE RISKS OF VACCINES

- The risk of the side effects of vaccines compared to the risk of the effects of the disease itself have a better outcome. With the good medical treatment we have in our current time almost all people who have side effects from the vaccines will be fine, but what about deaths? If we we're to search for someone who died because of the vaccine, we would have to look very hard. Even if we did find some cases it would be very hard to find the cases confirmed. Out of the thousands of people who would have got vaccinated only some of them would have side effects.

- If someone can't get vaccinated they should support vaccines, because they can't get vaccinated the only thing stopping them from getting the disease would be herd immunity. Herd immunity is where a lot of people are vaccinated, the disease can't spread and it dies before it can reach another person.

• CONCLUSION

- Vaccines are the most powerful tools we have to irradicate the germs that most of us have already forgotten about. We shouldn't let the germs win!

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What is a vaccine?(Breanna Tay Yu Pin and Cheryl Lim Yu Jun

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What is a vaccine?(Breanna Tay Yu Pin and Cheryl Lim Yu Jun

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A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.[1] A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer).[2][3][4][5] Some vaccines offer full sterlizing immunity, in which infection is prevented completely.

THE ADIMINISTRATION

-The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;[7]widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanusfrom much of the world. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified;[8] for example, vaccines that have proven effective include the influenza vaccine,[9] the HPV vaccine,[10] and the chicken pox vaccine.[11] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections.[12]
THE TERMS OF VACCINE
-The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner(who both developed the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine) to denote cowpox. He used the phrase in 1798 for the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.[13] In 1881, to honor Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed.[14] The science of vaccine development and production is termed vaccinology
EFFECTS
There is overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are a very safe and effective way to fight and eradicate infectious diseases. The immune systemrecognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys them, and "remembers" them. When the virulent version of an agent is encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the virus, and thus is prepared to respond, by first neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and secondly by recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers.
TYPES
Vaccines typically contain dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them.

There are several types of vaccines in use.These represent different strategies used to try to reduce the risk of illness while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response.

Attenuated
-Some vaccines contain live, attenuatedmicroorganisms. Many of these are active viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or that use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, mumps, and rubella, and the bacterial disease typhoid. The live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine developed by Calmette and Guérin is not made of a contagious strain but contains a virulently modified strain called "BCG" used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine. The live attenuated vaccine containing strain Yersinia pestis EV is used for plague immunization. Attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. Attenuated, or live, weakened, vaccines typically provoke more durable immunological responses. But they may not be safe for use in immunocompromised individuals, and on rare occasions mutate to a virulent form and cause disease.

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How to vaccines work?  (Koh Yiin Qi & Kuek Rui Qi)

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How to vaccines work?  (Koh Yiin Qi & Kuek Rui Qi)

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Why did vaccine work？

You may curious about how the vaccines work?First we need to understand that how the vaccines function,we need to know how the immune system defends us against contagious diseases in the first place.When foreign microbes invade us,the immune system triggers a series of responses in an attempt  to identify and remove them from our bodies.

Working Immune Response:

-Coughing

-Sneezing

-Inflammation

-FeverThese responses work to trap,deter and rid the body of threatening things like bacteria.Besides that,they also trigger our second line of defense,called adaptive immunity. B-cells and T-cells are recruited to fight microbes and record information about them.They will create a memory of what the invaders look like and the best way to fight them.

Vaccines                                                                                                                                                                                                                There are many vaccines which work uniquely,separated into many types.

Live Attenuated Vaccines                                                                                                                                                                             These are made of the pathogen itself but a much weaker and tamer version.

Inactive Vaccines

Teaching the body to recognise an attack by making a         profile   of pathogens in preparation.

Subunit Vaccines                                                                                                                                                                                         Made from one part of the pathogen,called an antigen.  These vaccines can prompt specific responses.

DNA Vaccines                                                                                                                                                                                                     Isolate the very genes that make the specific antigens the body needs to trigger its immune response to specific pathogens.Those genes will instruct cells in the body to make the antigens when the vaccines injected into human body.This causes a stronger immune response and prepares the body for any future threats.

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What is a vaccine?(Germaine Soh,Gan Ling Xin and Goh Yi Jing)

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What is a vaccine?(Germaine Soh,Gan Ling Xin and Goh Yi Jing)

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Immunization is a process of become immune to against a disease usually when receive a vaccine.

Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.It stimulate your immute system to protect you from certain diseases so you don't get sick or get an infection.Vaccines often contain a small amount of weakened,but some contain genetic material such as DNA that provide instructions for your body's own cells to make the germ's antigen.

There are more type of vaccine, include live attenuated vaccines,Toxoid vaccines and mRNA vaccines.Live attenuated vaccines use alive but weakend germs.They are most like natural infection and provide a strong disease immunity.Toxoid vaccines protect against harmful substances that made by germs called toxins.They yes weakend versions of toxins called toxoids.mRNA vaccanies contain a special type of RNA called messenger RNA or mRNA.mRNA instructs your cells to make the germ's antigen.

The organs and cells defend your body from harmful germs.Immune cells are constant circulating through your body.Immume cells usually ingore the antigens on healthy cells.But when immune cells come across antigens on germs,they will destroy the germs.

Other from immune cells,there was a cell called plasma.It make molecules called antibodies.these antibodies  travel thought your body and lock on only to germs that have its specific antigen.This marks the germ for destruction.The other immune cells will attack the germs that have these antibodies.

Natural immunity will last your whole lifetime.The problem with getting natural immunity from having the disease itself that naturally acquired infections can cause serious complications.

Measles can cause swelling of the brain resultingin permanent brain damage,especially in children under age 5.Whooping cough also known as pertussis that cause complications,such as stop breathing and death,especially in babies that under 1 year of age.

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How Do Vaccines Work? 💉(Lock Yuning, Michelle Chee Min Jie, Ng Jing Ting) 

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How Do Vaccines Work? 💉(Lock Yuning, Michelle Chee Min Jie, Ng Jing Ting) 

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How Do Vaccines Work?💉
In 1796,the scientist Edward Jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight year old boy with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed to save people fro, m deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus.It was a success.The eight year old was inoculated against the disease and this became the first ever vaccine.

•But why did it work?🧫
To understand how vaccines function,we need to know how the immune system defends us against contagious diseases in the first place.When foreign microbes invade us,the immune system triggers a series of responses in an attempt to identify and remove them from our bodies.

•Working Immune Response🧪
✔️Coughing
✔️Sneezing
✔️Inflammation
✔️Fever
Which work to trap,deter and rid the body of threatening things,like bacteria.These innate immune responses also trigger our second line of defense,called adaptive immunity.Special cells called B cells and T cells are recruited to fight microbes,and also record information about them,creating a memory of what the invaders look like,and how best to fight them.This know how becomes handy if the same pathogen invades the body again.But despite this smart response there's still a risk involved.The body takes time to learn how to respond to pathogens and to build up these defenses.And even then,if a body is too weak or young to fight back when it's invaded,it might face very serious risk if the pathogen is particularly severe.But what if we could prepare the body's immune response,readying it before someone even got ill?

This is where vaccines come in.
Using the same principles that the body uses to defend itself,scientists use vaccines to trigger the body's adaptive immune system,without exposing humans to the full strength disease.This is resulted in many vaccines,which each work uniquely,separated into many different types.

•Live Attenuated Vaccines💉
First,we have live attenuated vaccines.There are made of the pathogen itself but a much weaker and tamer version.
•Inactive vaccines💉
Next,we have inactive vaccines,in which the pathogens have been killed.
The weakening and inactivation in both types of vaccine ensures that pathogen don't develop into the full blown disease.But just like a disease,they trigger an immune response,teaching the body to recognize an attack by making a profile of pathogens in preparation.The downside is that live attenuated vaccines can be difficult to make,and because they're live and quite powerful,people with weaker immune systems can't have them,while inactive vaccines don't create long-lasting immunity.
•Subunit Vaccines💉
Another type,the subunit vaccines,is only made from one part of the pathogen,called an antigen,the ingredient that actually triggers the immune response.By even further isolating specific components of antigens,like proteins or polysaccharides,these vaccines can prompt specific responses.
•DNA Vaccines💉
Scientists are now now building a whole new range of vaccines called DNA vaccines.For this variety,they isolate the very genes that make the specific antigens the body needs to triggee its immune response to specific pathogens.When injected into the human body,those genes instruct cells in the body to make the antigens.This causes a stronger immune response,and prepares the body for any future threats,and because that vaccine only includes specific genetic material,it doesn't contain any other ingredients from the rest of the pathogen that could develop into the diseases and harm the patient.

If these vaccines become a success,we might be able to build more effective treatments for invasive pathogens in years to come.Just like Edward Jenner's amazing discovery spurred on modern medicine all those decades ago,continuing the development of vaccines might even allow us to treat disease like HIV,malaria,or Ebola,one day.🔬🧬

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How Vaccines Work?      (Khadijah Afiqah and Koh Elaine)

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How Vaccines Work?      (Khadijah Afiqah and Koh Elaine)

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Vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases. It is also used to weakened or inactive parts of a particular organisms that triggers an immune response within the body.
In 1796 , the scientist Edward Jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy with a hunch. This would provide the protection needed to save people from deadly outbreaks of te related smallpox virus. It was success and the boy inoculated against the disease.
Why did it work ?                                  The foreign microbes invade us , the immune system triggers a series of responses in an attempt of identify remove them from our bodies . Coughing , sneezing , inflammation , fever are the signs that this immune respone are working .They work to trap , deter and rid the body of threatening things such as bacteria . These innate immune respones also trigger our second line of defense , called adaptiveimmunity . Special cells called B cells and T cells are recruited to fight microbes and also record information then creating a memory of what the invaders look like , and how to fight them . This has resulted in many vaccines , which each work uniquely, separated into many different types .
1) live attenuated vaccines– These are made of the pathogen itself but a much weaker and tamer version .                    2) inactive vaccines– These are made of the pathogens have been killed and teach the body to recognize an attack.  (which is difficult to make)                        3) subunit vaccines– These are made from one part of the pathogen , called an antigen . These vaccines can prompt specific respones.

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The Side Effects of Vaccines-How High is The Risk?💉🦠(Song Ying Xuan & Tan Jing Xuan)

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The Side Effects of Vaccines-How High is The Risk?💉🦠(Song Ying Xuan & Tan Jing Xuan)

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Based on the video,vaccines are celebrated for their part in fighting disease.But, a growing group of people seem to believe that they endanger our health,instead of protecting it.The Internet is full of stories about allergic reactions,the onset disabilities,and even death following vaccination appointments.It's true that vaccines can have side effects but how they work and how dangerous they really are?
•Your immune system is a complex army of billions of cells and everyday you're attacked countless times,but your immune soldiers alone usually deal with that,so you don't even notice.Contrary to popular wisdom,what doesn't kill you doesn't make you stronger💀🦾.Our bodies really don't want🙅 to fight serious wars over and over,so our immune system came up with an ingenious way to get stronger and stronger over time.If we fight an enemy that is dangerous enough to trigger our heavy weapons,our immune system automatically creates memory cells.Memory cells remain in our body for a years,in a deep sleep😴.They do nothing but only remember.The slumbering memory cells awaken when an enemy attacks for a second time,and order coordinated attacks and the production of antibodies.Which is also why little kids are constantly ill,they don't have enough memory cells yet.
𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘃𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸?
•Vaccines are a way tricking our bodies into making memory cells,and becoming immune to a disease.They pretend to be a dangerous infection.One way of doing this is to inject invaders that can't do harm.Live vaccines are the real deal.
•An enemy that can punch back is a bigger challenge than the dead one.BUT, WHAT IF THE GERMS WIN??Just powerful enough to annoy the immune system,and create enough memory cells.
𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗩𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗨𝘀𝗲:
•They provoke a natural reaction in our bodies that make us become immune against very dangerous diseases.

Most vaccines protect us for years,or even a lifetime.But, that's a catch.Like everything in life,vaccines have another side☠️.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗶𝘀𝗸 𝗼𝗳 𝗩𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀:
•Based on the video,hundred of million of people are vaccinated against measles in the West,but there were only 83000 cases in Europe in 2018.Before the measles vaccine became available in 1963, virtually every single child on Earth🌍 contracted measles at some point😩.Two doses of MMR vaccine are 97% effective against measles and 88% effective against mumps.MMR is an attenuated(weekend)live virus vaccine.This means after injection,𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝗿𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗮 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻 with very few,if any, symptoms before they are eliminated from the body.
•We can compare vaccines to seatbelts.Are there weird freak accidents where someone gets killed by their seatbelt?Well,yes.But do you personally think it's safer to not put a seatbelt on your kid?
•If your children can't be vaccinated,only the collective can protect them.Its called herd immunity and it's the only thing that can protect your unvaccinated child.
Herd immunity means that enough people are immune to a disease,that it can't spread, and dies before it reaches its victims.95%of the people around the unvaccinated need to be vaccinated.
𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻:
•Feelings are often immune to facts.But we can't hide from the reality of what anti-vaccine conspiracies do.They kill babies too young to be vaccinated,healthy children that are just unlucky,and they bring serious diseases back from the verge of extinction.And the biggest side effects of vaccines is fewer dead children.Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have to eradicate the monsters that most of us have already forgotten.𝗟𝗲𝘁'𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗯𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘁𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗸🦾!!!

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What is a vaccine? (Chua Jia Lin and Chua Jia Ying)

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What is a vaccine? (Chua Jia Lin and Chua Jia Ying)

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Vaccine

What is a vaccine?

Immunization:

-the process of becoming immune to, or protected against a disease usually by receiving a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate your immune system to protect you against certain diseases so you wont get sick or get an infection.

Immune system:

-Defend your body from harmful germs such as bacteria and viruses 🦠

•Plasma cells

Make molecules called antibodies, these antibodies lock on only to germs that have it specific antigen, this marks the germs for destruction.

•other immune cells

Attack the germs that has these antibodies.

-once the infection is gone, some of the immune cells become memory immune cells.

In the future if the same type of germ infects your body AGAIN, the memory immune cells will be ready to destroy it so you don't get sick. This is called natural immunity. In many cases it will last your whole lifetime!

What does vaccines contain?

Vaccines often contain a small amount of weakened or killed germs, but some contain genetic material such as RNA or DNA that provide instructions for your body's own cells to make the germ's antigen. Usually, you receive a vaccine as a shot. Inside your body, the germ particles in the vaccine teach your immune cells to attack these germs. This process doesn't make you sick

The main types of vaccines include: -live attenuated vaccines

-inactivated vaccines

-toxoid vaccines

-subunit and conjugate vaccines

-mRNA vaccines

-viral vector vaccines

Live attenuated vaccines

-use alive but weakened germs. They're most like a natural infection and provide a strong disease immunity, examples are the measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, and flu nasal spray vaccines.

mRNA vaccines 💉

-Instead of using germs or toxins, mRNA vaccines contain a special type of RNA called messenger RNA or mRNA. mRNA instructs your cells to make the germ's antigen, which triggers an immune response

Inactived vaccines -use inactive or killed germs.You may need several doses or booster shots over time, examples are the hepatitis A,flu(shot),polio,rabies vaccines.

Toxoid vaccines

-Protect against harmful  substances made by germs called toxins, they used weekend versions of the toxins called toxoids.You may need booster shots to mantain protection against diseases examples are the diphtheria and tetanus parts of DTaP vaccine.

Subunit/Conjugate vaccines

-Use only a specific part of a germ,they provide strong immunity to that key part of the germ. These vaccines may also require booster shots,examples are the pertussis parts of the DTaP vaccine,hepatitis B vaccine.

Viral vector vaccines

-Use DNA or mRNA to instruct cells to make germ's antigen.The genetic material is wrapped in a different safe virus to take the instructions into to your cells.These vaccines do not change your dna examples are certain COVID-19 vaccines.

It's important to know that vaccines not only protect you but your community as well,many diseases that vaccines prevent are spread from person to person when only a few people  in your community are vaccinated. The risk of a disease outbreak is high but if most people are vaccinated much less likely for a disease to spread,this is called community or herd immunity. Herd immunity is especially important to protect people who can't be vaccinated. This includes people with weakened immune systems serious allergies or other health conditions.

Vaccines protect you,your family and your community from diseases that can be dangerous or even deadly.

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Can You Actually Boost Your Immune System ? (Sheila & Anne)

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Can You Actually Boost Your Immune System ? (Sheila & Anne)

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The things that Dr. Jen Gunter mentions at the end of the video are highly important to a healthy immune system, have enough sleep and a balanced diet.

Sleep, eat and exercise are the most effective way to bring our body to top form, but it is not easily achieved to get in good habits. We can just do it every favour you can so it works at its optimal level, like she said, not boosted, just get top condition.

We can do exercising to keep fit and prevent the occurrence of obesity. We can limit sugary drinks to prevent risk of heart disease. Eat a balanced diet full of whole grain, vegetables, fruits and lean protein, avoid oily food and drink more water.

Based on the video, we can't actually strengthen our immune system. It's not like a muscle that we can strengthen by feeding it lots of antioxidants and supplements. Its protect us from the bacteria, viruses, fungi and toxins.It's also an elegant network of cells, tissues and organs.

The most thing to be incredible for our immune system is vaccines. It contain a weakened or inactive part of a pathogen. Instead of boosting the immune system overall, they give the system exactly what its need to respond to a specific pathogen quickly and aggressively.

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3 Tips To Boost Your Confidence (Sarah & Joyce)

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3 Tips To Boost Your Confidence (Sarah & Joyce)

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What is confidence?
Take the belief that you are valuable, worthwhile,.and capable, also known as self-esteem, add in the optimism that comes when you are certain of your abilities, and then empowered by these, act courageously to face a challenge head-on.

Factors that impact confidence:
1. What you're born with, such as your genes, which will impact things like the balance of neurochemical in your brain.
2. How you're treated. This includes the sosial pressures of your environment.
3. The part you have control over, the choices you make, the risks you take, and how you think about and respond to challenges and setbacks.

Tips to boost your confidence:
1. A quick fix. You can even strike a powerful pose or give yourself a pep talk.
2. Believe in your ability to improve. If you have a growth mindset and think your abilities can improve, a challenge is an opportunity to learn and grow. It also turns out, on average, people who have a growth mindset are more successful, getting better grades, and doing better in the face of challenges.
3. Practice failure. Face it, you're going to fail sometimes. Everyone does. We must learn how to try different strategies, ask others for advice, and persevere. So, think of a challenge you want to take on, realize it is not going to be easy, accept that you will make mistakes, and be kind to yourself when you do.

Give yourself a pep talk, stand up and go for it. The excitement you will feel knowing that whatever the result, you will have gained greater knowledge and understanding. This is confidence.

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How Sleep Affects Your Emotions (Melinda & Hana)

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How Sleep Affects Your Emotions (Melinda & Hana)

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Getting enough sleep , and the right  type of sleep , is vital for our overall health and wellbeing. While you sleep , your body works to support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health. And for children and young people , sleep is how their bodies and minds grow and develop.
However, sleep deprivation may increase reactivity of the amygdala. Amygdala is our emotioned control centre. Which shown emotionally negative images like anger , frustration , irritrability , depression and sadness. Sleep deprivation had disrupted the connection between the amygdala and medical prefrontal cortex.