# data[].attributes.body
Proton dan neutron diibaratkan seperti rakyat yang berbilang kaum di malaysia. Walaupun berlainan bangsa, agama dan kaum, rakyat tetap sentiasa hidup bersatu padu dalam apa jua keadaan.

# data[].attributes.body
Electrons di dalam atom Argon ialah 18 sama seperti bilangan suku kaum yang ada di Malaysia iaitu 18 suku kaum manakala shell pula diibaratkan seperti ikatan semangat perpaduan dan bersatu-padu di dalam diri rakyat Malaysia walaupun berbeza agama dan kaum untuk mengekalkan keamanan negara.

# data[].attributes.body
As atomic structure shown in the picture above, you can see three different colours which are red,yellow and blue to indicate three different things in atomic structure which are protons, neutrons and electrons. These colours are similar to our Jalur Gemilang. Happy National Independence Day Malaysia!

# data[].attributes.body
as shown in the picture above, nucleon in the centre consists of proton and neutron. Both have different charges which makes them held together as nucleon.This can represent the bond between Malaysians.
HAPPY NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA !!

# data[].attributes.body
As shown in the picture above , atom consists of neutrons , electrons and protons . But in Malaysia , three of them can be called as Prime Minister , Cabinet of Malaysia and citizens . We also can see that there are different colours in the atomic structure and it represent  Malaysia practices mixed religion makes it have a unique Malaysian culture just like the unique atomic structure. Selamat Menyambut Hari Kebangsaan yang ke-64 !

# data[].attributes.body
Isotopes by definition is two or more atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons. This actually goes the same with variety of ethnics in Malaysia. Even though it differs like other country, but it has a lot of benefits. This can be proven by just looking at those ' makanan tradisional ' such as Nasi Lemak from Malays, Roti canai from Indian cuisine and Chee Cheong Fan from Chinese. Nevertheless we are different ethnics, we are always unite as one which goes the same with number of protons.

# data[].attributes.body
As shown as above center of an atom called nucleon consist of neutron and proton making a nucleon as the center of the atom . This can be shown as Malaysia goverment combined together with positivity of a base of Malaysia and electron being the people around it keeping the country neutral and stable as the result making a nation together and successfull country....HAPPY NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA !!!

# data[].attributes.body
https://g.co/kgs/ZC5H4L

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds.

Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of...

# data[].attributes.body
https://g.co/kgs/ppjezw

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds.

Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie was a French physicist and aristocrat who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has... Wikipedia

Known for : Wave nature of electrons; De Broglie-Bohm theory; de Broglie wavelength

Feb 28, 2021 · Information & Source Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, 7th duc de Broglie was a ...Duration: 1:02
Posted: Feb 28, 2021

Washington DC (Hagerstown MD), Virginia - From your IP address - Learn more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie was a French physicist and aristocrat who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has...

# data[].attributes.body
https://g.co/kgs/ftWTv5

# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The aufbau principle , from the German Aufbauprinzip ( building-up principle), also called the aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then they fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible. An example is the configuration for the phosphorus atom, meaning that the 1s subshell has 2 electrons, and so on.

Electron behavior is elaborated by other principles of atomic physics, such as Hund's rule and the Pauli exclusion principle. Hund's rule asserts that if multiple orbitals of the same energy are available, electrons will occupy different orbitals singly before any are occupied doubly. If double occupation does occur, the Pauli exclusion principle requires that electrons that occupy the same orbital must have different spins (+ and −).

Passing from one element to another of the next higher atomic number, one proton and one electron are added each time to the neutral atom. The maximum number of electrons in any shell is 2 n ², where n is the principal quantum number. The maximum number of electrons in a subshell (s, p, d, or f) is equal to 2(2l + 1) where l = 0, 1, 2, 3... Thus these subshells can have a maximum of 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons respectively. In the ground state, the electronic configuration can be built up by placing electrons in the lowest available subshell until the total number of electrons added is equal to the atomic number. Thus subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy, using two general rules to help predict electronic configurations:

1. Electrons are assigned to subshells in order of increasing value of n + l.

2. For subshells with the same value of n + l, electrons are assigned first to the subshell with lower n.

A version of the aufbau principle known as the nuclear shell model is used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

In neutral atoms, the approximate order in which subshells are filled is given by the n + l rule, also known as the:

Here n represents the principal quantum number and l the azimuthal quantum number; the values l = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to the s, p, d, and f labels, respectively. The subshell ordering by this rule is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, 5g, ... For example titanium ( Z = 22) has the ground-state configuration .

Other authors write the subshell always in order of increasing n, such as Ti ( Z = 22) . This can be called "leaving order", since if this atom is ionized, electrons leave approximately in the order 4s, 3d, 3p, 3s, etc. For a given neutral atom, the two notations are equivalent since only the subshell occupancies have physical significance.

Subshells with a lower n + l value are filled before those with higher n + l values. In the case of equal n + l values, the subshell with a lower n value is filled first. The Madelung energy ordering rule applies only to neutral atoms in their ground state. There are twenty elements (eleven in the d-block and nine in the f-block) for which the Madelung rule predicts an electron configuration that differs from that determined experimentally, although the Madelung-predicted electron configurations are at least close to the ground state even in those cases.

One inorganic chemistry textbook describes the Madelung rule as essentially an approximate empirical rule although with some theoretical justification, based on the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom as a many-electron quantum-mechanical system.

Exceptions in the d-block

The valence d-subshell "borrows" one electron (in the case of palladium two electrons) from the valence s-subshell.

A special exception is lawrencium ₁₀₃ Lr, where the 6d electron predicted by the Madelung rule is replaced by a 7p electron: the rule predicts , but the measured configuration is .

For example, in copper ₂₉Cu, according to the Madelung rule, the 4s subshell ( n + l = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the 3d subshell ( n + l = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts the electron configuration , abbreviated where [Ar] denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas. However, the measured electron configuration of the copper atom is . By filling the 3d subshell, copper can be in a lower energy state.

Exceptions in the f-block

The valence d-subshell often "borrows" one electron (in the case of thorium two electrons) from the valence f-subshell. For example, in uranium ₉₂U, according to the Madelung rule, the 5f subshell ( n + l = 5 + 3 = 8) is occupied before the 6d subshell ( n + l = 6 + 2 = 8). The rule then predicts the electron configuration where [Rn] denotes the configuration of radon, the preceding noble gas. However, the measured electron configuration of the uranium atom is .

All these exceptions are not very relevant for chemistry, as the energy differences are quite small and the presence of a nearby atom can change the preferred configuration. The periodic table ignores them and follows idealised configurations. They occur as the result of interelectronic repulsion effects; when atoms are positively ionised, most of the anomalies vanish.

The above exceptions are predicted to be the only ones until element 120, where the 8s shell is completed. Element 121, starting the g-block, should be an exception in which the expected 5g electron is transferred to 8p (similarly to lawrencium). After this, sources do not agree on the predicted configurations, but due to very strong relativistic effects there are not expected to be many more elements that show the expected configuration from Madelung's rule beyond 120. The general idea that after the two 8s elements, there come regions of chemical activity of 5g, followed by 6f, followed by 7d, and then 8p, does however mostly seem to hold true, except that relativity "splits" the 8p shell into a stabilized part (8p 1/2, which acts like an extra covering shell together with 8s and is slowly drowned into the core across the 5g and 6f series) and a destabilized part (8p 3/2, which has nearly the same energy as 9p 1/2), and that the 8s shell gets replaced by the 9s shell as the covering s-shell for the 7d elements.

The aufbau principle in the new quantum theory

The principle takes its name from German, , "building-up principle", rather than being named for a scientist. It was formulated by Niels Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli in the early 1920s. This was an early application of quantum mechanics to the properties of electrons and explained chemical properties in physical terms. Each added electron is subject to the electric field created by the positive charge of the atomic nucleus and the negative charge of other electrons that are bound to the nucleus. Although in hydrogen there is no energy difference between subshell with the same principal quantum number n, this is not true for the outer electrons of other atoms.

In the old quantum theory prior to quantum mechanics, electrons were supposed to occupy classical elliptical orbits. The orbits with the highest angular momentum are 'circular orbits' outside the inner electrons, but orbits with low angular momentum (s- and p-subshell) have high subshell eccentricity, so that they get closer to the nucleus and feel on average a less strongly screened nuclear charge.

A periodic table in which each row corresponds to one value of n + l (where the values of n and l correspond to the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers respectively) was suggested by Charles Janet in 1928, and in 1930 he made explicit the quantum basis of this pattern, based on knowledge of atomic ground states determined by the analysis of atomic spectra. This table came to be referred to as the left-step table. Janet "adjusted" some of the actual n + l values of the elements, since they did not accord with his energy ordering rule, and he considered that the discrepancies involved must have arisen from measurement errors. As it happens, the actual values were correct and the n + l energy ordering rule turned out to be an approximation rather than a perfect fit, although for all elements that are exceptions the regularised configuration is a low-energy excited state, well within reach of chemical bond energies.

In 1936, the German physicist Erwin Madelung proposed this as an empirical rule for the order of filling atomic subshells, and most English-language sources therefore refer to the Madelung rule. Madelung may have been aware of this pattern as early as 1926.

In 1945, American chemist William Wiswesser proposed that the subshells are filled in order of increasing values of the function

This formula correctly predicts both the first and second parts of the Madelung rule (the second part being that for two subshells with the same value of n + l, the one with the smaller value of n fills first). Wiswesser argued for this formula based on both the pattern of nodal and radial nodes and the influence of the core electrons on the valence orbitals.

In 1962 the Russian agricultural chemist V.M. Klechkowski proposed a theoretical explanation for the importance of the sum n + l, based on the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom. Many French- and Russian-language sources therefore refer to the Klechkowski rule. In 1979, D. Pan Wong used the same model to provide a theoretical justification for the second part of the Madelung rule.

In recent years it has been noted that the order of filling subshells in neutral atoms does not always correspond to the order of adding or removing electrons for a given atom. For example, in the fourth row of the periodic table, the Madelung rule indicates that the 4s subshell is occupied before the 3d. Therefore, the neutral atom ground state configuration for K is , Ca is , Sc is and so on. However, if a scandium atom is ionized by removing electrons (only), the configurations differ: Sc is , Sc⁺ is , and Sc ²⁺ is . The subshell energies and their order depend on the nuclear charge; 4s is lower than 3d as per the Madelung rule in K with 19 protons, but 3d is lower in Sc ²⁺ with 21 protons. In addition to there being ample experimental evidence to support this view, it makes the explanation of the order of ionization of electrons in this and other transition metals more intelligible, given that 4s electrons are invariably preferentially ionized. Generally the Madelung rule should only be used for neutral atoms; however, even for neutral atoms there are exceptions in the d-block and f-block (as shown above).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The aufbau principle , from the German Aufbauprinzip ( building-up principle), also called the aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then they fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied.

# data[].attributes.body
An atomic structure consists of proton,electron and neutron. the number of proton is equal to the number of electron. This can represent that all Malaysians are equal no matter what races or religions they are. Meanwhile, the shell occupied by electron can represent as the unity and bond of all Malaysians that can't be separate easily as long as they stay true to Rukun Negara. HAPPY 64th NATIONAL INDEPENDENT DAY OF MALAYSIA.

# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund's_rule_of_maximum_multiplicity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs. The rule, discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925, is of important use in atomic chemistry, spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry, and is often abbreviated to Hund's rule, ignoring Hund's other two rules.

The multiplicity of a state is defined as 2S + 1, where S is the total electronic spin. A high multiplicity state is therefore the same as a high-spin state. The lowest-energy state with maximum multiplicity usually has unpaired electrons all with parallel spin. Since the spin of each electron is 1/2, the total spin is one-half the number of unpaired electrons, and the multiplicity is the number of unpaired electrons + 1. For example, the nitrogen atom ground state has three unpaired electrons of parallel spin, so that the total spin is 3/2 and the multiplicity is 4.

The lower energy and increased stability of the atom arise because the high-spin state has unpaired electrons of parallel spin, which must reside in different spatial orbitals according to the Pauli exclusion principle. An early but incorrect explanation of the lower energy of high multiplicity states was that the different occupied spatial orbitals create a larger average distance between electrons, reducing electron-electron repulsion energy. However, quantum-mechanical calculations with accurate wave functions since the 1970s have shown that the actual physical reason for the increased stability is a decrease in the screening of electron-nuclear attractions, so that the unpaired electrons can approach the nucleus more closely and the electron-nuclear attraction is increased.

As a result of Hund's rule, constraints are placed on the way atomic orbitals are filled in the ground state using the Aufbau principle. Before any two electrons occupy an orbital in a subshell, other orbitals in the same subshell must first each contain one electron. Also, the electrons filling a subshell will have parallel spin before the shell starts filling up with the opposite spin electrons (after the first orbital gains a second electron). As a result, when filling up atomic orbitals, the maximum number of unpaired electrons (and hence maximum total spin state) is assured.

For example, in the oxygen atom, the 2p ⁴ subshell arranges its electrons as [↑↓] [↑] [↑] rather than [↑↓] [↑] [↓] or [↑↓] [↑↓][ ]. The manganese (Mn) atom has a 3d ⁵ electron configuration with five unpaired electrons all of parallel spin, corresponding to a ⁶S ground state. The superscript 6 is the value of the multiplicity, corresponding to five unpaired electrons with parallel spin in accordance with Hund's rule.

An atom can have a ground state with two incompletely filled subshells which are close in energy. The lightest example is the chromium (Cr) atom with a 3d ⁵4s electron configuration. Here there are six unpaired electrons all of parallel spin for a ⁷ S ground state.

Although most stable molecules have closed electron shells, a few have unpaired electrons for which Hund's rule is applicable. The most important example is the dioxygen molecule, O ₂, which has two degenerate pi antibonding molecular orbitals (π*) occupied by only two electrons. In accordance with Hund's rule, the ground state is triplet oxygen with two unpaired electrons in singly occupied orbitals. The singlet oxygen state with one doubly occupied and one empty π* is an excited state with different chemical properties and greater reactivity than the ground state.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity.

# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons, and later extended to all fermions with his spin-statistics theorem of 1940.

In the case of electrons in atoms, it can be stated as follows: it is impossible for two electrons of a poly-electron atom to have the same values of the four quantum numbers: n, the principal quantum number; ℓ, the azimuthal quantum number; , the magnetic quantum number; and , the spin quantum number. For example, if two electrons reside in the same orbital, then their n, ℓ, and values are the same; therefore their must be different, and thus the electrons must have opposite half-integer spin projections of 1/2 and −1/2.

Particles with an integer spin, or bosons, are not subject to the Pauli exclusion principle: any number of identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state, as with, for instance, photons produced by a laser or atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate.

A more rigorous statement is that, concerning the exchange of two identical particles, the total (many-particle) wave function is antisymmetric for fermions, and symmetric for bosons. This means that if the space and spin coordinates of two identical particles are interchanged, then the total wave function changes its sign for fermions and does not change for bosons.

If two fermions were in the same state (for example the same orbital with the same spin in the same atom), interchanging them would change nothing and the total wave function would be unchanged. The only way the total wave function can both change sign as required for fermions and also remain unchanged is that this function must be zero everywhere, which means that the state cannot exist. This reasoning does not apply to bosons because the sign does not change.

The Pauli exclusion principle describes the behavior of all fermions (particles with "half-integer spin"), while bosons (particles with "integer spin") are subject to other principles. Fermions include elementary particles such as quarks, electrons and neutrinos. Additionally, baryons such as protons and neutrons ( subatomic particles composed from three quarks) and some atoms (such as helium-3) are fermions, and are therefore described by the Pauli exclusion principle as well. Atoms can have different overall "spin", which determines whether they are fermions or bosons - for example helium-3 has spin 1/2 and is therefore a fermion, in contrast to helium-4 which has spin 0 and is a boson. As such, the Pauli exclusion principle underpins many properties of everyday matter, from its large-scale stability, to the chemical behavior of atoms.

"Half-integer spin" means that the intrinsic angular momentum value of fermions is (reduced Planck's constant) times a half-integer (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc.). In the theory of quantum mechanics fermions are described by antisymmetric states. In contrast, particles with integer spin (called bosons) have symmetric wave functions; unlike fermions they may share the same quantum states. Bosons include the photon, the Cooper pairs which are responsible for superconductivity, and the W and Z bosons. (Fermions take their name from the Fermi-Dirac statistical distribution that they obey, and bosons from their Bose-Einstein distribution.)

In the early 20th century it became evident that atoms and molecules with even numbers of electrons are more chemically stable than those with odd numbers of electrons. In the 1916 article "The Atom and the Molecule" by Gilbert N. Lewis, for example, the third of his six postulates of chemical behavior states that the atom tends to hold an even number of electrons in any given shell, and especially to hold eight electrons, thought to be typically arranged symmetrically at the eight corners of a cube. In 1919 chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that the periodic table could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner. Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of electron shells around the nucleus. In 1922, Niels Bohr updated his model of the atom by assuming that certain numbers of electrons (for example 2, 8 and 18) corresponded to stable "closed shells".

Pauli looked for an explanation for these numbers, which were at first only empirical. At the same time he was trying to explain experimental results of the Zeeman effect in atomic spectroscopy and in ferromagnetism. He found an essential clue in a 1924 paper by Edmund C. Stoner, which pointed out that, for a given value of the principal quantum number ( n), the number of energy levels of a single electron in the alkali metal spectra in an external magnetic field, where all degenerate energy levels are separated, is equal to the number of electrons in the closed shell of the noble gases for the same value of n. This led Pauli to realize that the complicated numbers of electrons in closed shells can be reduced to the simple rule of one electron per state if the electron states are defined using four quantum numbers. For this purpose he introduced a new two-valued quantum number, identified by Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck as electron spin.

The Pauli exclusion principle with a single-valued many-particle wavefunction is equivalent to requiring the wavefunction to be antisymmetric with respect to exchange. If and range over the basis vectors of the Hilbert space describing a one-particle system, then the tensor product produces the basis vectors of the Hilbert space describing a system of two such particles. Any two-particle state can be represented as a superposition (i.e. sum) of these basis vectors:

where each is a (complex) scalar coefficient. Antisymmetry under exchange means that . This implies when , which is Pauli exclusion. It is true in any basis since local changes of basis keep antisymmetric matrices antisymmetric.

Conversely, if the diagonal quantities are zero in every basis, then the wavefunction component

is necessarily antisymmetric. To prove it, consider the matrix element

This is zero, because the two particles have zero probability to both be in the superposition state . But this is equal to

The first and last terms are diagonal elements and are zero, and the whole sum is equal to zero. So the wavefunction matrix elements obey:

or

For a system with n > 2 particles, the multi-particle basis states become n-fold tensor products of one-particle basis states, and the coefficients of the wavefunction are identified by n one-particle states. The condition of antisymmetry states that the coefficients must flip sign whenever any two states are exchanged: for any . The exclusion principle is the consequence that, if for any then This shows that none of the n particles may be in the same state.

According to the spin-statistics theorem, particles with integer spin occupy symmetric quantum states, and particles with half-integer spin occupy antisymmetric states; furthermore, only integer or half-integer values of spin are allowed by the principles of quantum mechanics. In relativistic quantum field theory, the Pauli principle follows from applying a rotation operator in imaginary time to particles of half-integer spin.

In one dimension, bosons, as well as fermions, can obey the exclusion principle. A one-dimensional Bose gas with delta-function repulsive interactions of infinite strength is equivalent to a gas of free fermions. The reason for this is that, in one dimension, the exchange of particles requires that they pass through each other; for infinitely strong repulsion this cannot happen. This model is described by a quantum nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In momentum space, the exclusion principle is valid also for finite repulsion in a Bose gas with delta-function interactions, as well as for interacting spins and Hubbard model in one dimension, and for other models solvable by Bethe ansatz. The ground state in models solvable by Bethe ansatz is a Fermi sphere.

The Pauli exclusion principle helps explain a wide variety of physical phenomena. One particularly important consequence of the principle is the elaborate electron shell structure of atoms and the way atoms share electrons, explaining the variety of chemical elements and their chemical combinations. An electrically neutral atom contains bound electrons equal in number to the protons in the nucleus. Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state as other electrons, so electrons have to "stack" within an atom, i.e. have different spins while at the same electron orbital as described below.

An example is the neutral helium atom, which has two bound electrons, both of which can occupy the lowest-energy () states by acquiring opposite spin; as spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the two electrons are in different quantum states and do not violate the Pauli principle. However, the spin can take only two different values ( eigenvalues). In a lithium atom, with three bound electrons, the third electron cannot reside in a 1s state and must occupy one of the higher-energy 2s states instead. Similarly, successively larger elements must have shells of successively higher energy. The chemical properties of an element largely depend on the number of electrons in the outermost shell; atoms with different numbers of occupied electron shells but the same number of electrons in the outermost shell have similar properties, which gives rise to the periodic table of the elements.

To test the Pauli exclusion principle for the He atom, Gordon Drake carried out very precise calculations for hypothetical states of the He atom that violate it, which are called paronic states. Later, K. Deilamian et al. used an atomic beam spectrometer to search for the paronic state 1s2s ¹S ₀ calculated by Drake. The search was unsuccessful and showed that the statistical weight of this paronic state has an upper limit of 5x10 −6. (The exclusion principle implies a weight of zero.)

In conductors and semiconductors, there are very large numbers of molecular orbitals which effectively form a continuous band structure of energy levels. In strong conductors ( metals) electrons are so degenerate that they cannot even contribute much to the thermal capacity of a metal. Many mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical and chemical properties of solids are the direct consequence of Pauli exclusion.

The stability of each electron state in an atom is described by the quantum theory of the atom, which shows that close approach of an electron to the nucleus necessarily increases the electron's kinetic energy, an application of the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg. However, stability of large systems with many electrons and many nucleons is a different question, and requires the Pauli exclusion principle.

It has been shown that the Pauli exclusion principle is responsible for the fact that ordinary bulk matter is stable and occupies volume. This suggestion was first made in 1931 by Paul Ehrenfest, who pointed out that the electrons of each atom cannot all fall into the lowest-energy orbital and must occupy successively larger shells. Atoms, therefore, occupy a volume and cannot be squeezed too closely together.

A more rigorous proof was provided in 1967 by Freeman Dyson and Andrew Lenard ( de), who considered the balance of attractive (electron-nuclear) and repulsive (electron-electron and nuclear-nuclear) forces and showed that ordinary matter would collapse and occupy a much smaller volume without the Pauli principle.

The consequence of the Pauli principle here is that electrons of the same spin are kept apart by a repulsive exchange interaction, which is a short-range effect, acting simultaneously with the long-range electrostatic or Coulombic force. This effect is partly responsible for the everyday observation in the macroscopic world that two solid objects cannot be in the same place at the same time.

Dyson and Lenard did not consider the extreme magnetic or gravitational forces that occur in some astronomical objects. In 1995 Elliott Lieb and coworkers showed that the Pauli principle still leads to stability in intense magnetic fields such as in neutron stars, although at a much higher density than in ordinary matter. It is a consequence of general relativity that, in sufficiently intense gravitational fields, matter collapses to form a black hole.

Astronomy provides a spectacular demonstration of the effect of the Pauli principle, in the form of white dwarf and neutron stars. In both bodies, the atomic structure is disrupted by extreme pressure, but the stars are held in hydrostatic equilibrium by degeneracy pressure, also known as Fermi pressure. This exotic form of matter is known as degenerate matter. The immense gravitational force of a star's mass is normally held in equilibrium by thermal pressure caused by heat produced in thermonuclear fusion in the star's core. In white dwarfs, which do not undergo nuclear fusion, an opposing force to gravity is provided by electron degeneracy pressure. In neutron stars, subject to even stronger gravitational forces, electrons have merged with protons to form neutrons. Neutrons are capable of producing an even higher degeneracy pressure, neutron degeneracy pressure, albeit over a shorter range. This can stabilize neutron stars from further collapse, but at a smaller size and higher density than a white dwarf. Neutron stars are the most "rigid" objects known; their Young modulus (or more accurately, bulk modulus) is 20 orders of magnitude larger than that of diamond. However, even this enormous rigidity can be overcome by the gravitational field of a neutron star mass exceeding the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, leading to the formation of a black hole.

1. ^ "Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History". Special Collections & Archives Research Center - Oregon State University - via scarc.library.oregonstate.edu.

2. ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 41 (6): 868-934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30.

3. ^ Straumann, Norbert (2004). "The Role of the Exclusion Principle for Atoms to Stars: A Historical Account". Invited Talk at the 12th Workshop on Nuclear Astrophysics. arXiv:quant-ph/0403199. Bibcode:2004quant.ph..3199S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.251.9585.

4. ^ Pauli, W. (1925). "Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren". Zeitschrift für Physik. 31 (1): 765-783. Bibcode:1925ZPhy...31..765P. doi:10.1007/BF02980631. S2CID 122941900.

5. ^ A. G. Izergin; V. E. Korepin (July 1982). "Pauli principle for one-dimensional bosons and the algebraic Bethe ansatz" (PDF). Letters in Mathematical Physics. 6 (4): 283-288. Bibcode:1982LMaPh...6..283I. doi:10.1007/BF00400323. S2CID 121829553.

6. ^ Deilamian, K.; et al. (1995). "Search for small violations of the symmetrization postulate in an excited state of Helium". Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (24): 4787-4790. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.4787D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4787. PMID 10058599.

7. ^ Lieb, Elliott H. (2002). "The Stability of Matter and Quantum Electrodynamics". arXiv:math-ph/0209034. Bibcode:2002math.ph...9034L.

8. This realization is attributed by ^ Lieb, Elliott H. (2002). "The Stability of Matter and Quantum Electrodynamics". arXiv:math-ph/0209034. and by G. L. Sewell (2002). Quantum Mechanics and Its Emergent Macrophysics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05832-6. to F. J. Dyson and A. Lenard: Stability of Matter, Parts I and II (J. Math. Phys., 8, 423-434 (1967); J. Math. Phys., 9, 698-711 (1968) ).

9. As described by F. J. Dyson (J.Math.Phys. ^ 8, 1538-1545 (1967)), Ehrenfest made this suggestion in his address on the occasion of the award of the Lorentz Medal to Pauli.

10. ^ Dyson, Freeman (1967). "Ground‐State Energy of a Finite System of Charged Particles". J. Math. Phys. 8 (8): 1538-1545. Bibcode:1967JMP.....8.1538D. doi:10.1063/1.1705389.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons, and later extended to all fermions with his spin-statistics theorem of 1940.

# data[].attributes.body
The atom is the basic building block of chemistry .From here, we can assume concerned in every people attitude as an atom to chemistry that is Malaysia. All Malaysians have to be united by helping each other and that can make the country live in peace. The number of electrons in Boron atom is 5 .The count is same as our number of  'Rukun Negara' in Malaysia. Every Malaysian people should stand and follow the 'Rukun Negara' as well. HAPPY 64th NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY

MALAYSIA !!! .

# data[].attributes.body
Walaupun cuma satu atom, tetapi banyak proton, neutron dan elektron yang hadir. Begitu juga dengan rakyat Malaysia yang berbilang kaum dan bersatu padu berdiri di sebalik nama MALAYSIA.
MERDEKA!!!

# data[].attributes.body
This structured atom show us how important it is for every and each of the structure to do its work so that the atom can be functional. This reflects to our country itself Malaysia. Each person in this country have the responsibility to keep Malaysia as a free, harmony country. Happy Independence Day, Malaysia <3

# data[].attributes.body
Silikon yang mempunyai 14 proton dapat dikaitkan dengan bintang pecah 14 yang menunjukkan perpaduan 13 buah negeri dan sebuah kerajaan persekutuan.Ia juga dapat dikaitkan dengan 14 jalur merah dan putih yang menandakan keanggotaan yang sama dalam persekutuan bagi 13 buah negeri anggota dan wilayah persekutuan.Ini dapat disimpulkan bahawa negeri-negeri di Malaysia mempunyai semangat perpaduan yang tinggi,bersatu-padu dan seterusnya dapat menjadikan negara aman,harmoni dan maju.

# data[].attributes.body
Malaysia is just like the nucleus of an atom. Different sub particles of an atom, like proton and neutron indicate different races and religion in Malaysia. Although Neutron and Proton shows different properties, they can stay stably in the nucleus. Just like Malaysia with different races, we can stay peacefully and harmoniously. HAPPY 64th NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY OF MALAYSIA!!

# data[].attributes.body
The atomic strctures show that there are three different colour which is red,blue and yellow and the background is white.This is shown that the atomic structures have the same colour as our national flag which is Jalur Gemilang.Futhermore,eventhough they have different colour but they still stay together peacefully in the atomic structure.This is shown that in Malaysia,we also have different cultures and religion but we still can managed to live together without fighting.Lastly,as we can see in Bohr model of hydrogen energy level,if we which is Malaysian people can increase our unity,it will become positive while if we downgrades each other,it will become negative.HAPPY 64TH NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY OF MALAYSIA.

# data[].attributes.body
Electron melambangkan perdana menteri yang menjaga kedaulatan negara dan Proton ,nukleus dan neutron melambangkan rakyat berbilang kaum yang bersatu padu dalam menjaga keamanan negara

# data[].attributes.body
every electron in the rings is like the various races in Malaysia and in the middle it is the king who rules the country. if we want something to succeed we must help each other. same as the nucleus. if you want a nucleus you must mix protons and neutrons together. so the spirit of 1 Malaysia must be in you to continue to succeed❤💛💙💔🌙⭐🎆🎇

# data[].attributes.body
Nuclei attraction on the electrons symbolizes a government who does their part in managing a country with millions of citizens to establish peace and harmony. With a dedicated government leading a country, we are always in an orderly manner and civilized.
I am proud to be a MALAYSIAN!
HAPPY NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY!!!

# data[].attributes.body
What I can describe through this atomic structure is I think the protons and neutrons found in atoms reflect the racial differences found in Malaysia and the electrons that are in it can be likened to the attitude of Malaysians who share and tolerate each other despite different races and religions. Happy National Independence Day, Malaysia!

# data[].attributes.body
protons, neutrons and electrons are like malaysians who help each other and are united regardless of race and religion. They work together for isotope stability just like Malaysians who together defend the harmony of the country.

# data[].attributes.body
The electrons are like the Malaysia citizens who work together with the government to construct a harmonious, respectful and peaceful nation.
We as Malaysians have come together to help each other during the Covid-19 pandemic, regardless of races and religions, as well as compassionate frontline doctors, nurses and medical staff of all races have been showing in their care of patients in hospitals.
The spirit of unity makes us stand together like a stable atom.

# data[].attributes.body
First of all, I had no idea for doing this. But this is my personal opinion. Atomic structure is very unit that will be represent as a Malaysian culture.Which is an atom has proton, neutron and electron that complete each other in an atom. Same as Malaysia, we have chinese, Indian and Malay that live in one country, Malaysia peachfully and completely. For an atom, it can donate, receive or share electron. But in Malaysia, we do the same. We donate, receive and share any necessity thing like food for anyone that really need especially for this pandemic that many of Malaysians are lost their job because of MCO. I wanna use this opportunity to say that I'm proud to be malaysian. HAPPY 64th NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY.

# data[].attributes.body
As shown in the picture above, Nucleus is like the Malaysia. The electron is like the student overseas.They are still be proud as a malaysian and always help Malaysia a lot. This can represent the strong bond between Malaysia and Malaysian regardless of races. Happy Independence Day !!!

# data[].attributes.body
as shown in picture above, this structure show us how important it is for each structure to do their works. This is reflect to us, who are an Malaysian society came from variety races have to build a good relationship for make a perfect country. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY!!!

# data[].attributes.body
Molekul dapat diibaratkan seperti negara Malaysia yang mempunyai pelbagai kaum dan bangsa serta adat resam. Molekul wujud kerana adanya dua atau lebih atom sama seperti negara kita, Malaysia yang wujud kerana perpaduan pelbagai kaum seperti melayu, cina dan india. Tanpa penyatuan ini, pasti negara kita tidak dapat membentuk perpaduan yang kita kecapi hari ini. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY, MALAYSIA!

# data[].attributes.body
Hi all i am Izzat from M6T29. I actually have no idea when i got the task to combine hari kemerdekaan bertemakan malaysia prihatin with chapter 2 chemistry which is atomic structure.After i thought, i got the idea to selfie with my lego collection and draw the malaysian flag on my hand. The flag symbolizes this 54th independence day. Next, the lego is likes a small atom that needs to be attached to become a molecule. Similarly with the concerned malaysian theme, this lego needs to be assembled together to become a solid object  so, as malaysians we need to be united and caring like lego to make our country a strong and harmonious country. Thank you very much.

# data[].attributes.body
As shown in the picture above, this atom refers to Malaysian whether they are living in Malaysia or abroad, no matter how far the distance is from our own country. But still we must have the spirit of independence in ourselves, by this we can show how strong was our relationship bond between the Malaysian regardless of races and places. Hopefully everyone enjoy and HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY TO MALAYSIA!!!

# data[].attributes.body
Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus.The nucleus is made of one or more protons (positive charge) and a number of neutrons (neutral charge). The electrons (negative charge) of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by the electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by the nuclear force. Here, I want to show that although we have different culture, but it doesn't stop us to build bond together to make Malaysia become a better county. So, let build and strengthen our bond to bring the best future to our beloved country, Malaysia... HAPPY NATIONAL INDEPENDENT DAY MALAYSIA 64 TH🌺🌺

# data[].attributes.body
What I can describe based on this atomic structure is Boron has 5 proton just like ‘rukun negara’, which are 1. Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan 2. Kesetiaan kepada Raja dan Negara 3. Keluhuran Perlembagaan 4. Kedaulatan Undang-undang 5. Kesopanan dan Kesusilaan . Besides that, As a Malaysian we should help and respect each other just like the proton that stick together in the nucleus of an atom. HAPPY 64th INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA 🇲🇾 💜♾.

# data[].attributes.body
The element galodium has a proton number of 64 which is same as our 64th Independence day  with electronic configuration .  [Xe]. 4f ⁷. 5d ¹. 6s ²

# data[].attributes.body
An atom consists of two regions where the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom, which holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Based on this participation, it can be associated with the patriotic spirit among the Malaysian community. This atomic structure is also a symbol of cultural and social diversity in Malaysia. Happy 64th Independence Day to Malaysia

# data[].attributes.body
what is the difference between atomic structure and the people in Malaysia? haha the two are no different because we live in a multi-racial and multi-ethnic society that always works together to develop the country. MERDEKA !!!

# data[].attributes.body
There are three rules for atomic structure to function as a stable electronic configuration for each atom. The electrons are just like us, Malaysian citizen. Without those rules in Malaysia, we wouldnt have live as a harmonious and free country ! As the electrons works together to fill in the orbital from the lowest energy, so do we, together hands in hand working hard to be a better Malaysia each year ✨✨ #Malaysiaprihatin Happy 64th Independence day to our lovely Malaysia ❤️💛💙🤍🇲🇾

# data[].attributes.body
neutron and proton is like different ethnics in Malaysia. they are different but still live in the centre of nucleus together just like Malaysian that lives together harmoniously.

# data[].attributes.body
Bagaimana ikatan itu berlaku? ~Na menderma manakala Cl menerima elektron . Betul? Begitu jugalah rakyat Malaysia yg saling tolong menolong , bertolak ansur dan prihatin .. ada yg susah yg senang datang membantu x kira bangsa dan agama. Hal ini menyebabkan Malaysia menjadi negara yg lengkap seperti ikatan ion NaCl di atas. Selamat menyambut hari kemerdekaan yg ke-64 Malaysia Prihatin❤️

# data[].attributes.body
Terdapat nukleus , proton dan electron dalam satu atom dan ianya diibaratkan sebagai pemimpin kita yang dikenali sebagai perdana menteri dan seangkatan dengannya mempunyai ikatan yang kuat antara mereka dengan rakyat. Begitu utuhnya ikatan mereka seperti daya tarikan antara nukleus dengan elektron. Semakin kita dekat dan mengenali para pemimpin kita, semakin kuat cinta kita terhadap negara kerana kepimpinan dan kewibawaan mereka telah memerdekakan tanah air tercinta kita semua.Selain itu, elektron akan menjadi excited state kena menyerap tenaga. Maka samalah seperti negara kita mahu capai kejayaan, pemimpin dan rakyat haruslah bersatu hati dan bekerjasama antara satu sama lain untuk mencapai kejayaan .

# data[].attributes.body
If we look in the picture . It shown that Atomic structure need each other in for make bohr model.So it can be represent in our country Malaysia that many culture and religion but we are in the sky and earth .With that it also need teamwork and not bother each other racial sensitivity that will make our relationship to build harmony country.Lastly the chemistry is very close with our daily life so make our chemistry balanced equation .HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY!!!!

# data[].attributes.body
The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons while the electrons move around the nucleus in shell. The nucleus is the most dense part in the atomic structure, this can represent the government which plays the important role in Malaysia. The electrons can represent all Malaysians irrespective of their races, backgrounds. Happy 64th Independence day of Malaysia!

# data[].attributes.body
As you can see in the picture , it shown that atomic structure need each other to form as a structure.So this reflects to our country itself Malaysia.Just like Malaysian with different races, we can stay peacefully and harmoniously🤩🤩🤩😍🤩🥰🥰.COME'ONN🇲🇾🇲🇾🇲🇾🇲🇾🇲🇾 MALAYSIAAAA, MERDEKAAA🥰🤩😍🇲🇾

# data[].attributes.body
Like you can see in the picture,there are three different colour in the picture which is blue,yellow and purple.Each colour hold different name which is proton,neutron and electron.Same like us in Malaysia although we are from different races but we are one.
HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY
🇲🇾🇲🇾🇲🇾🤯🇲🇾🇲🇾🇲🇾

# data[].attributes.body
Silicon has 14 protons, which resemble the 14 stripes on the Malaysian flag that represent the 13 states of Malaysia and the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan. The subatomic particles (proton,neutron and electron) resemble the 3 main races In Malaysia; Malays, Chinese and Indians. Without these 3 subatomic particles (races), Malaysia wouldn't be as unique as it is today. Happy independence day Malaysia!

# data[].attributes.body
The atomic strctures show that there are many colour which is red,blue and yellow and the background is white.This is shown that the atomic structures have the same colour as our national flag which is Jalur Gemilang.Futhermore,eventhough they have different colour but they still stay together peacefully in the atomic structure.This is shown that in Malaysia,we also have different cultures and religion but we still can managed to live together without fighting.Lastly,as we can see in Bohr model of hydrogen energy level,if we which is Malaysian people can increase our unity,it will become positive while if we downgrades each other,it will become negative.HAPPY 64TH NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY OF MALAYSIA.

# data[].attributes.body
this atomic structure can remind us about Malaysia. Rakyat Malaysia dapat diibaratkan seperti neutron dan proton yang saling melengkapi. Neutron dan proton bergabung membentuk nucleon.Begitu juga negara Malaysia yang telah merdeka selama 64 tahun dengan adanya pelbagai kaum yang saling melengkapi antara satu sama lain. Dengan persepaduan yang kukuh kemerdekaan negara malaysia dapat dikekalkan sehingga hari ini.

# data[].attributes.body
what we can see in the picture above, protons and neutrons are different, but they bond to each other even though they are different, just like in malaysia, we have different races but can live in peace and harmony, i am so proud to be a malaysian! May Malaysia fulled with love, care and harmony :) Happppyy Independence Day Malaysia !!!

# data[].attributes.body
The first ionisation energy is the energy involved in removing one electrons from the outermost orbital of a neutral gaseous atom in its ground state. Valence electrons are closer to nucleus because attractions between the nucleus and the valence electrons are stronger. Across a period from left to right, the ionisation energy increases. More difficult to remove an electron from the atom. Same goes to our society, if we are always cooperate and having each other’s back, we will not easily destroy the bond that we build together between us although we have different culture. We will live in peace if we are always together. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA!

# data[].attributes.body
This atom portrays the strong bonding between the frontlines, citizens, and the leader of Malaysia. Electron represents the brave leadership who always protect the citizen with determination and sincere heart in every aspect including financially, mental health, or even health issues. The nucleus that includes the proton and neutron portrays all the commitment and support from all parties to ensure the slogan for Malaysia's 64th independence threshold celebration "Malaysia Prihatin" is a success and therefore, all of the youth or young people unite together to work towards establishing a harmonious country.

# data[].attributes.body
An atom is composed of two regions : the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom, which holds its electron in orbit around the nucleus. Ia menunjukkan bahawa rakyat Malaysia walaupun mempunyai pelbagai jenis agama dan bangsa tetapi mereka tetap bersatu dan menghormati satu sama lain untuk memastikan keistimewaan dan gahnya negara Malaysia. Selamat Hari Kemerdekaan yang ke-64 ! Proud to be Malaysian <3

# data[].attributes.body
Atomic model are existed long ago since this universe created, it has many elements inside of it, this shown that atomic model, is presented as Malaysia and the elements inside of it, presented the multicultural soceity in Malaysia, simply put, when atomic model are on ground state, it will remain calm and peace. So, if there is outsider, it will make the atom or molecule excited. It will make chaos inside Malaysia. So we need keep the peace last long in this country.

# data[].attributes.body
Pada pendapat saya, Struktur atom ini dapat saya tafsirkan sebagai proton dan neutron yang terdapat dalam atom dapat mencerminkan perbezaan kaum yang terdapat dalam Malaysia. Elektron yang ada didalamnya pula dapat dilihat dan juga sama dengan sikap rakyat Malaysia yang saling bekerjasama dan bertoleransi antara satu sama lain walaupun berlainan kaum, agama dan bangsa. Last but not least, Happy Independance Day, Malaysia.

# data[].attributes.body
Pada pendapat saya,elektron menggambarkan pelbagai kaum,agama dan etnik di Malaysia.Walaupun terdapat  kepelbagaian ,ia masih tetap bersama dan menjaga antara satu sama lain seperti di nuklues.
SELAMAT MENYAMBUT HARI KEMERDEKAAN YANG KE -64

# data[].attributes.body
The word “Merdeka” was inspired from the word “Mardjiker” that acquires the meaning of freed slave. Malaysia was once controlled by the hands of the British colonies and later on was set to be free on the 31st of August 1957. Up till this day, we continue to celebrate our Independence Day together as nations for the freedom that our ancestors has given us. Without them, we can’t possibly imagine what would happen to us up to this point of life. This story reminds me of how electrons are able to move around the nucleus of an atom. Nucleus is a part of an atom where it is heavy and positively charge that causes it to stay in a stationary position while electrons are light and negatively charge which consist of a lot of energy. In order to balance the energy, electron revolves around the nucleus due to the centripetal force and the centrifugal force to make electrons move freely. This kinda resembles that the nucleus sacrifices itself alongside with the forces related to enable the electrons to move freely around it and this situation relates to us where our freedom was due to our forefathers hard work.

# data[].attributes.body
i choose this picture because of the colors are same as our national flag. Blue color in our national flag symbolizes unity in Malaysia, while red symbolize courage and , good morning everyone sorry im sleepy

# data[].attributes.body
As we know, the structure of an atom has protons, neutrons, electrons and nucleus. Without the existence of one of the above structures, then it would not be complete as a single atom. As well as Malaysia, which complements each other despite different races. This is because, if one of the races in Malaysia doesn't like other races, of course Malaysia will not form a peaceful and developed country. Last but not least, happy independence day to all !

# data[].attributes.body
Di atas tangan saya terdapat 2 struktur atom yang mempunyai proton,elektron,neutron,dan nukleus.Bagi pendapat saya elektron sebagai pejuang-pejuang Malaysia kerana mereka sanggup berkorban diri mereka demi melindungi Tanah air ini dan jasa mereka sentiasa dikenang.Seterusnya,proton dan neutron merupakan rakyat yang berlainanan kaum,agama dan bangsa.Nukleus pula adalah pemimpin yang akan melindungi rakyat dan memberi hidup yang selesa kepada mereka.Oleh itu,pemimpin Malaysia dan pejuang-pejuang Malaysia haruslah kita mengingati kerana tanpa mereka nescaya Negara Malaysia tidak akan wujud  hingga sekarang.Sekian Terima kasih.Merdeka! Merdeka! Merdeka!

#MadamJgnShareDlmGroup

# data[].attributes.body
Atomic structure consist of three particles; protons, electrons and neutrons. The nucleus  of an atoms contain protons and neutrons. The three different colours of the sub particle of atoms symbolize there are different races and religion in Malaysia. Besides, the colours of this atomic structure is similar with our national flag, Jalur Gemilang.

HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA!!!!!!!!

# data[].attributes.body
atom show in figure above are stable even it consist of electron with negative charged and proton with positive charged, same goes to Malaysia even they are many races but we still can live peacefully. Happy Independence Day!!!!!

# data[].attributes.body
jalur gemilang dan quantum numbers mempunyai persamaan dari segi bilangan. quantum numbers terdiri daripada 4 iaitu Principal quantum number, Angular momentum quantum number, magnetic quantum number dan electric spin quantum number. setiap quantum number mempunyai perwakilannya tersendiri. sama juga seperti jalur gemilang. jalur gemilang mempunyai 4 warna dan setiap warna tersebut membawa maksud maksud yg berlainan (◠‿・)—☆

# data[].attributes.body
Atomic Orbital:-
An orbital is a three-dimensional region in space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron.

Principal Quantum Number (n):-
The value of n determines the energy of an orbital and there by the energy of the electron in that particular orbital
The principal quantum number may have only integral values: n= 1,2,3……,∞

Happy Independence Day Malaysia. May this day will bring unity and prosperity for all us. May the stories of bravery of our freedom fighters will always inspire you to achieve big things in your life.

# data[].attributes.body
As shown in the picture above , we can see that atomic structure consist of three different colour to show its protons , neutrons and electrons which is blue , yellow and red . These shows that atomic structure have the same colour as our Jalur Gemilang . HAPPY NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY !!

# data[].attributes.body
As shown at the diagram below, the atomic structure is remind  me for our country which is,Malaysia.It is because there some subatomic particles in one atom.It remind me about the variety of races in our country that compliment each other that make us become a one country.And if we remember the history of our country,our country is built as a result of unity between races without thinking about the differences between each other.I think that all from me.HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY!!

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the emission spectra, the continuous spectra shows all the wavelength colors. Each color mergers with no discrete or definite line that separate the colors. This also symbolizes the unity of Malaysians that will never separate us despite being different. On the other hand, line spectrum has discrete or definite lines which are separated by blank areas. This is similar to our Malaysians because even if we are away from our country, we still stand out as proud Malaysians. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY!!!

# data[].attributes.body
The nucleus of the atom which consists of protons and neutrons are like us, Malaysians. The electrons are like the lost, the last and the least as they need a hand to cling on to before losing themselves to hunger or any diseases. From here, we should picture the importance of the strong electromagnetic forces between the protons attracting the electrons shown above. We, Malaysians are like a unit of force which can pull everything together once we have put our mind into it. The government bodies are also like the nucleus. They were the one who introduced various economy stimulus packages to reduce the burden of the citizens of Malaysia during this trying times. Last but not least, Happy Independence Day, Malaysia!!!

Ali, Ah Kao dan Muthu bersama-------, very short lyrics plucked from a song.

# data[].attributes.body
The atomic structure above shows that the nucleus in the middle consists protons and neutrons while on the outside are electrons.This is related to the situation in Malaysia which is still united between the various races with a positive aura despite facing various negative threats nowadays but still controlled and kept away from the community..HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY#MALAYSIA PRIHATIN

# data[].attributes.body
Continuous spectrum consists all series of electromagnetic wavelength, all the wavelengths are presents and each colour merges into the next without a break. It sort of reminds me of Malaysia, our country filled with different races and cultures, it's what makes us stand out. It makes us unique, like the continuous spectrum, we have each other's back without a break too. that's how we got our independence, through integrity, our country is free of colonialization. although we have different opinions and cultural, like a rainbow, we shine. Happy National Independence Day Malaysia!

# data[].attributes.body
Neutron and proton represent different races in Malaysia. Although they are different, they are still together in the nucleus. Just like us Malaysians who live together peacefully 🇲🇾

# data[].attributes.body
The continuous spectrum consists of all radiation and wavelength which is different from the line spectrum. one of the properties of the continuous spectrum is the colour from the visible region merges into one another without separating by a blank line. We can take continuous spectra as an example of Malaysian who are able to live in unity even the citizens are from a variety of ethnicities and cultures.  Regardless of one's job, social status, and religion, we Malaysian are able to live together as one nation. The importance of unison acknowledges by our forefathers in order to get freedom for our country from colonization.
HAPPY 64TH INDEPENDENCE DAY#

# data[].attributes.body
As we know atomic structure containing nucleus,neutron,proton and electron which shown that varietious.Despite that it can still  form one complete atomic structure.This situation can be illustrated to the MALAYSIA who have multiracial of society but still can live happily together and forming a sovereign state.SELAMAT HARI KEBANGSAAN KE-64!!!!Malaysia Prihatin.

# data[].attributes.body
That is the basic structure of an atom. The large red orb in the center of the structure is the nucleus which contains neutrons and protons. The three smaller orbs orbiting the nucleus are subatomic particles smaller than both proton and neutron...which are called electrons. So let us stay strong together despite our differences just like those subatomic particles that make up an atom. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE TO EVERYONE WHO MADE IT THIS FAR WITH ME.

# data[].attributes.body
Malaysia is just like the nucleus of an atom. Different sub of atom like electron, neutron and proton indicates different races and religion in Malaysia. although they shows different properties, they still can stably stay in the formed of atomic structure. Just like us Malaysia with different races, we can still be happy and stay together. HAPPY 64th NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY OF MALAYSIA!

# data[].attributes.body
This atomic structure shows how united all Malaysians. The electrons that always orbit symbolize national fighters who always protect the people and the country from the colonizers. While protons and neutrons symbolize a multi -racial society that can live together in the nucleus peacefully.

# data[].attributes.body
As we can see above in the diagram that is an atomic structure consist of protons and neutrons which are different from each other. Even though they are different from each other they tend to bond to each other. This same goes to the people in Malaysia which are from different races but can live in harmony and peace. We need to stay even more stronger so that our country stay peace and harmony just like proton and neutron. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA

# data[].attributes.body
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. Each alphabet in electronic configuration is important because we can know about the electron from them. It is similar to all the multi races in our country. Each of races is important because all of us resembles Malaysia.Happy Independence Day!

# data[].attributes.body
Malaysia like the nucleus of the atom.Different sub particles of an atom like proton and neutron indicate different races and religion in Malaysia. Even we are different races we still work together,stay peacefully and harmoniously. Happy Independence Day Malaysia.

# data[].attributes.body
Happy National Day! As how you can see the the merge of Neutron,Electron and Protons in an atom of one molecule that's how our country nowdays. We all united to achieve the independence together. Also an atom can be study and create anything from it as Atomic bomb and Quantum Principle to calculate energy generated.

# data[].attributes.body
The atomic structure consists of protons, neutrons and electrons makes up the structure of an atom. Similarly,  three main races makes up a truly Malaysian community. Protons, electrons and neutrons are held together by a strong force to form an atom of an element. Hence, this represents all the races in Malaysia living in harmony with one another and being tolerant and respectful towards each other. Thus, being held together by the force of love and unity. Selamat hari kemerdekaan ke-64 everyone!

# data[].attributes.body
As shown in the picture above , atom consists of neutrons , electrons and protons . But in Malaysia , three of them can be called as Prime Minister , Cabinet of Malaysia and citizens . We also can see that there are different colours in the atomic structure and it represent  Malaysia practices mixed religion makes it have a unique Malaysian culture just like the unique atomic structure. Selamat Menyambut Hari Kebangsaan yang ke-64 !

# data[].attributes.body
An atom is composed of different subatomic particles which is electron, proton and neutron. It is quite similar with our country, Malaysia, which is made up of different ethnics. Although the subatomic particles are different from each other, they always stay together by forming bonds, just like the ethnics in Malaysia which is different from one another, but they live together peacefully. I am proud to be a Malaysian ! KITA BERBEZA, TAPI KITA BERSATU, KERANA KITA ANAK MALAYSIA! SELAMAT HARI KEMERDEKAAN !

# data[].attributes.body
The nucleus in the middle symbolize the united nation in Malaysia that have different races but always come together through thick and thin. The electron represent the spirit of patriotism in all Malaysian. Happy independence day MALAYSIA.

# data[].attributes.body
Each orbit has a different shape but its function is the same i.e. it is a physical area where electrons can be counted for their existence. So just like us in Malaysia even though we are multi-racial but we are same , we are Malaysian people. Thus it is our responsibilities to take care of each other and make sure the peace of Malaysia

# data[].attributes.body
Atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus in which the protons and neautron are present. This can be compared to our Jalur Gemilang which is Anak bulan and Bintang 14 bucu in dark blue space. The electron as red and white strip. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY!!

# data[].attributes.body
hi, my name is khairul bariyyah, actually I do not know how to associate Independence Day with this learned sub topic. But i'll try. In one atom in a chemical there are a lot of particles, and the combined particles that make an atom, out of an atom, it's going to produce something else. this can be attributed to our country of diverse nations that are united into a sovereign and well-known nation around the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the picture, you can see that an atom is made up of nucleus, proton, nucleon and electron. To associate this with Merdeka day, i would say that just like an atom, Merdeka was achieved through many negative and positive events like protons and electrons. Althought it is needed in order to build a goverment.

# data[].attributes.body
As an atom it composed of different subatomic such electron, proton and neutron. What I can relate this atom with our beloved country Malaysia, it is likely us the people of the country that consist of many ethnics. Even we live in many ethnics, we always have the strong bond between us just like the bond between the atomic structure. LIVE IN PEACEFULLY AND FULL OF JOY. IM A PROUD MAAYSIAN <3

# data[].attributes.body
Happy 64th Independence Day Malaysia!!!
The continuous spectrum above which consists of various colors are beautiful to see when they're beautifully merged together. This is parallel to the citizen of Malaysia where live together happily and peacefully in a country called MALAYSIA. The reason why I'm saying this is because this continuous spectrum is produced by rainbow which everyone love and excited to see. This spectrum also produced by the light from bulb. The light is the indication that Malaysia shine on the world stage being a multiracial country. Keep shining Malaysia!!! ♡♥♡♥♡♥♡♥

# data[].attributes.body
This structural atom demonstrates how critical it is for each structure to do its purpose in order for the atom to function. Everyone in this country has a role to play in keeping Malaysia a peaceful country. Happy Independence Day Malaysia!

# data[].attributes.body
The atomic structure arelike Malaysia because the Proton and neutron shows that Malaysian peoplr areGoverment with multiracial are unite to solve ciri zen problem belong to this pandemic. The electron shows that citizen are always them to support them for build the modern country in the future

# data[].attributes.body
This picture shows that protons electrons and neutrons need each other to hold the nucleus together just like us malaysians who have different etnic such as malays, chinese and indian which compliment each other. i hope malaysia will recover from this pandemic so that we can do our routine as ususal. HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY MALAYSIA!!!