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I've learned that the excess reagent is a reactant that is present that requires to be combined with the limiting reagent. And a limiting reagent is a reagent that limits the amount of product that was used up.

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Stoichiometry is the quantitative relation between the number of moles. In a balanced reaction, both sides of the equation have the same number of elements. The stoichiometric coefficient is the number written in front of atoms, ion and molecules in a chemical reaction to balance the number of each element on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.

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1) Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical processes that use standardized notation to efficiently communicate a chemical reaction.
2) In writing chemical equations, reactants are written on the left while the products are written on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which is read as yields, gives, or reacts to produce. And, two or more reactants or products are separated by a plus (+) sign.
3) In addition, the written equation should be balanced which means that the number of atoms of each element on both sides are equal.

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-A mole (symbol, mol) of a substance contains 6.02 * 10 ^ 23 representative particles.
-Moreover, it is the SI unit for the amount of substance, and 6.02 * 10 ^ 23 is called Avogadro's number.
- Avogadro's number is named after Amadeo Avogadro who helped clarify the differences between atoms and molecules.

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● Chemical reaction is a process by which substances interact to form new substances with chemical compositions. Chemical reactions can be classified into five types namely Decomposition reaction, Synthesis reaction, Single displacement reaction, Double displacement, and Combustion reaction.

● Take note that a single displacement and double displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element. Reactivity can be found using the arrow in the reactivity series.

● Remember that in balancing chemical equations, do not change the chemical formula of any substance already written in Polyatomic ions are balanced as a group.

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People who hike mountain ranges experience Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure. The oxygen's partial pressure decreases as total atmospheric pressure decreases. These people experience difficulty in breathing because the oxygen is having trouble moving around their bloodstream, due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure

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An example of ideal gas law is when working with the creation of airbags because when airbags are deployed they are immediately filled with different gases when inflated and one of the gases filled is nitrogen gas. The gases inside neutralizes the sodium to produce enough gas to not overflow.

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Individuals who ascend to high altitudes experience Dalton's law when they try to breathe. As they climb higher, oxygen's partial pressure decreases as total atmospheric pressure decreases in accordance with Dalton's law. Oxygen has a difficult time making it into the bloodstream when the gas's partial pressure decreases.

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Applications of Pressure in Daily Life

The area of the edge of a knife's blade is extremely small.

Syringes are used to take blood for blood tests.

When air is sucked out of a drinking straw, the air pressure inside if decreases and the atmospheric pressure outside forces the liquid to go inside the straw.

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Ideal gas law is useful in commercial buildings. Ventilation units must be installed in a commercial building where air ventilation is not otherwise adequate enough to maintain a balance between the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a building. Ideal gas laws are also employed in aeroplanes where a proper pressure balance both inside and outside must be maintained.

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- An example of application of ideal gas law is in an Airbag of a car. Upon vehicle crash, the airbag is filled with different gases to inflate it. It is inflated with nitrogen as they inflate. Through a reaction with a substance known as sodium azide, the nitrogen gas is produced. While sodium metal undergoes a reaction with potassium nitrate. neutralizing the sodium and enough gas is produced such that the airbag is inflated but not overfilled.

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Stoichiometry continues to be useful in many walks of life—a farmer determining how much fertilizer to use, figuring out how fast you have to go to get somewhere in a specific period of time, or just to make conversions between systems like Celsius and Fahrenheit.

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Ideal gas laws are used in explaining the mechanics of hot air balloons wherein proper mixture and balance are needed in order to inflate the balloon. In a hot air balloon, a torch is used to ignite the gases. This process triggers the release of gases that make  the balloon inflate, causing it to fly into the air.

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The effects of partial pressure on scuba divers are described by Dalton's law. While the total gas pressure rises as a diver descends, the partial pressure of each gas involved also rises, potentially causing harm to the diver's body if necessary precautions are not taken. According to Dalton's law, the partial pressure exerted by the nitrogen and oxygen that make up air will equal the total pressure of the air and will grow at the same time.

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Dalton's law is especially important in atmospheric studies. The atmosphere is made up mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapors. The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of each gas. The different partial pressures account for a lot of the weather that we experience.

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Jet airplanes flying at high altitudes need pressurization of the cabin such that the partial pressure of oxygen is sufficient for breathing, as the air pressure decreases at such altitude. Dalton's law is applied here.

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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure is applied in a jet aeroplane that is flying at a high altitude in which there is a need to pressurize the cabin wherein the partial pressure of oxygen suffices breathing as the air pressure decreases at such altitude.

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If a syringe is fully pushed, it is at neutral state and there's no air inside. When it's pulled back, the volume in the container is increasing then the pressure is reducing. Thus, they are inversely proportional. One decrease while the other increases. The liquid draws up into the syringe because it balances the pressure, making it equal to the pressure outside of the syringe.

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Ideal Gas laws particularly Boyle's Law is applied when deep sea fishes die when brought up to the surface. The pressure decreases as the fish are brought to the surface therefore, the volume of gases in their bodies increases, and pops bladders, cells, and membranes resulting them to die eventually.

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PRESSURE
~ Gas pressure is the result of billions of rapidly moving particles of gas simultaneously is colliding with an object

~Pascal (Pa), unit of pressure and stress in the meter-kilogram-second system. It was named in honor of the French mathematician-physicist Blaise Pascal (1623–62).

~Millimeter of Mercury (mmHg) or torr is the result of Torricelli's experiment to prove the presence of air, validating his belief that gas has mass.

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inside a can of carbonated soda manufacturers adds high pressure of carbon dioxide to the head space in order to ensure that more carbon dioxide will be absorbed into the soda itself. once the container is opened the pressure in the head space drops dramatically henry's law indicates that this drop in pressure will be reflected by corresponding drop in the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the soda. over time soda will release that gas and will go "flat"

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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure applies to the breathing of people who are climbing mountains. As they ascend to higher altitudes, they experience Dalton’s Law when they breathe. Oxygen’s partial pressures decrease as total atmospheric pressure decreases. It is difficult for oxygen to make it into the bloodstream when the gas pressure decreases. Thus, resulting in difficulty in breathing when people move into elevated places like mountains.

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> The volume of gas changes greatly with pressure and temperature. Gases are miscible and have low viscosity.
> The proportion of the actual yield and the theoretical yield is the percent yield.
> The physical behavior of gas can be described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount or the number of moles.

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An application of Dalton's law of Partial pressure can be seen in scuba diving. When a scuba diver dives, the increased pressure causes Nitrogen gas to dissolve in the blood. This allows a diver to predict how much gas will dissolve in their blood at a certain depth making them prepare breathing techniques for deep descents.

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1) Boyle's law states that at constant temperature and amount of gas, the volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the applied pressure.
2) Charles' law states that at constant pressure and amount of gas the volume occupied by a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (K).
3) Gay-Lussac's Law states that for a given mass of gas at a constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature.

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1) Avogadro was the first to postulate that elements could exist as molecules rather than single atoms.
2) Combined gas law was found In 1834 by French physicist Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron who combined the old gas laws into one single law.
3) Boyle's law was found by Robert Boyle in 1662, and afterwards independently by Edme Mariotte in 1679.

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People who ascend to high altitudes experience Dalton's law when they try to breathe. As they climb higher, oxygen's partial pressure decreases as total atmospheric pressure decreases in accordance with Dalton's law.

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Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the ideal gas law: . Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure that makes the gas want to expand. An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

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1. Pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit of  surface area.
2. Theoretical yield is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent is used in the reaction.
3. Actual yield is the actual amount of product produced from the reaction.

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1. The percent yield can be expressed as: percent yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100
2. Standard atmosphere (atm) is the larger unit of pressure and refers to the average pressure measured at sea level and 0°C.
3. The physical behavior of gas can be predicted using certain gas laws.

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1. There are five classifications of Chemical Reactions: Decomposition Reaction, Synthesis Reaction, Single Displacement Reaction, Double Displacement, and Combustion Reaction.
2. Stoichiometry is a way of relating the masses or volumes of the reactants and products of a chemical reaction to each other.
3. In determining the limiting and excess reagent, write the balanced equation for the chemical reaction, then calculate the available moles of each reactant in the chemical reaction. Use the balanced chemical equation to determine the mole of ratio of the reactants in the reaction. Compare the available ratio of each reactant to the moles required to complete the reaction.

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The ideal gas equation is PV=nRT

This means that for a given amount of gas, the temperature goes up as the gas is compressed into a smaller volume, and the temperature goes down as the gas is allowed to expand into a larger volume. For example, in a refrigerator, coolant gas is compressed causing its temperature to increase. The hot gas is passed through a radiator, allowing excess heat to escape, and then the gas is allowed to expand into the refrigerator. As it expands, it cools off and heat is drawn from the interior of the refrigerator.

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An application of ideal gas law are buildings and planes. Where air ventilation is insufficient to maintain a balance between the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a business structure, ventilation systems must be installed. In airplanes, where a proper pressure balance both inside and outside must be maintained, ideal gas laws are also used.