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8.1 (khac huy)
Federalists did not form an ideological group from the start. When all else was equal, Federalists shared a set of beliefs. True to form, numerous people embraced the new chief positions created by the main Congress. In July 1789, Congress passed the Legal Executive Demonstration, which established a High Court of six justices led by those who were interested in the new administration.

These opponents, who were mainly referred to as Enemies of Federalists, didn't form an ideological party, but they did cooperate in asking for security for personal privileges. When Hamilton began office in 1789, the government's debt was more than $53 million.

He proposed that the new central government honor all of its promises at face value, including all paper money given by the Confederacy and the states during the war. Hamilton wanted rich American banks with a lot of paper money to contribute in a real sense from now on, as well as government help for the new public governance.

The "Report on the Industrial Facilities," Hamilton's third report to Congress, emphasized the need to increase income in order to pay interest on the public obligation. Hamilton advocated burdening American-made bourbon, using his sacred right to the burden.

By bypassing the secretary of the depository's arrangement, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson believed the national government had overstepped its bounds. Madison thought Hamilton's deal was unethical and unfriendly. Hamilton's approach appeared to stimulate wealth inequity and be paradoxical to the average American, in his opinion.

The 1790 Naturalization Demonstration defined citizenship in unmistakable racial terms. To become a citizen of the United States of America, a foreigner must be a "free white man" of "good character." Full citizenship, including the right to vote, is also restricted. New Jersey progressives drafted a constitution in 1776 that extended the right to vote to unmarried women with property worth £50.

8.3:Partisan Politics(D.Đức)
THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS
The war between Great Britain and France in the 1790s shaped U. To Federalist president John Adams, relations with France posed the biggest problem. Directory ruled France from 1795 to 1799. American envoys that the United States must repay all outstanding debts owed to France, lend France 32 million guilders , and pay a £50,000 bribe before any negotiations could take place. X, Y, and Z in letters that President Adams released to Congress, outraged the American public and turned public opinion decidedly against France . These 1798 war measures, known as the Alien and Sedition Acts, aimed to increase national security against what most had come to regard as the French menace.

The Revolution of 1800 refers to the first transfer of power from one party to another in American history, when the presidency passed to Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson in theDemocratic-Republican Parties waged a mudslinging campaign unlike any seen before.Jefferson viewed participatory democracy as a positive force for the republic, a direct departure fromAmerican farmer could be trusted to make good decisions
American farmer could be trusted to make good decisions. Jefferson had cheered the French Revolution, even when the French republic instituted the Terror to ensure the monarchy would not return. By 1799, however, he had rejected the cause of France because of his opposition to Napoleon’s seizure of power and creation of a dictatorship. Instead, he promoted agriculture through the sale of western public lands in small and affordable lots.
Early in Jefferson’s term, controversy swirled over President Adams’s judicial appointments of many Federalists during his final days in office
When Jefferson took the oath of office, he refused to have the commissions for these Federalist justices delivered to the appointed officials. Jefferson also wanted to bolster trade in the West, seeing the port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River.The purchase of Louisiana came about largely because of circumstances beyond Jefferson’s control, though he certainly recognized the implications of the transaction.

8.4 ( Bảo Lâm )
- During the Napoleonic Wars, which lasted from 1803 to 1815, both France and England declared open season on American ships. England was the worst offender. In 1807, a British warship was attacked.

- The Embargo Act of 1807: forbade American ships from leaving port until Britain and France stopped seizing them on the high seas. American commerce ground to a halt.The United Kingdom and France were both hurted.

-Another underlying cause:  British support for native resistance to U.S.  White settlers in the American western territories had besieged the Indians Under Jefferson, two Indian policies existed: forcing Indians to adopt American ways of agricultural life, or aggressively driving Indians into debt in order to force them to sell their lands.

- The seizure of American ships and sailors, combined with British support for Indian resistance, prompted fervent calls for war against the United Kingdom. In June 1812, Congress authorized the president to declare war on Britain.

- Initially, the war was disastrous for the United States. In August 1812, the United States lost Detroit to the British and their Indian allies. By the end of the year, the British had taken control of half of the Northwest. However, the following year, US forces won several battles. Indian resistance began to wane, allowing white settlement in Indiana and Michigan.

- The British gaining an advantage during the Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon's French army on the run, Britain could now divert skilled combat troops from Europe to fight in the United States.

-With the end of the war in Europe, Britain was eager to bring the war in the Americas to a close as well. In 1814, British and American diplomats met in Ghent to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. In 1814, British and American diplomats met in Ghent to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. The War of 1812 was deeply unpopular in New England because it exacerbated the region's economic dependence on maritime trade. The convention permanently tarnished the Federalist Party and led to its demise.

- Due to slow communication, the final battle of the War of 1812 occurred after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, effectively ending the war. Andrew Jackson distinguished himself in the war by defeating the Creek. Jackson rose to national prominence as a war hero in the 1820s, emerging as the leader of the new Democratic Party.

8.2 quang anh
The events of 1793 and 1794 challenged into the traditional understanding of the French Revolution. Jefferson and Madison, according to Federalists, would lead the United States down a similar road. In 1793, Edmond-Charles Genêt visited the United States to establish an alliance with the American government. He was given permission by France to issue letters of marque allowing ships and men to participate in piracy. The Spanish were prompted by Jay's Deal to arrange a treaty of their own, allowing American trade to pass via New Orleans. The Democratic-Republicans' suspicions were confirmed by Jay's Treaty. The Federalists solidified the notion that they supported aristocracy and monarchy. The French Revolution, unlike the American Revolution, sparked slave revolts in the Caribbean. In 1971, thousands of enslaved individuals banded together in 1791 to destroy the slave system. Toussaint L'Ouverture rose to prominence as the battle against Spain and England progressed. The tax's supporters stated that it helped to stabilize the economy and that the expense could easily be passed on to consumers. Whiskey rebels used violence and intimidation to oppose unfair policies. To put down the revolt, Washington created a thirteen-thousand-man militia. White settlers flowed west of the Appalachian Mountains after the War of Independence. Between 1785 and 1795, there was a state of war on the frontier between the settlers and the Native Americans. From 1785 andto 1795, there was a state of war on the frontier between these settlers and Native Americans.

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8..1 khang
FEDERALISTS IN POWER

Supporters of the 1787 federal Constitution adhered to a decidedly British notion of social hierarchy. For them, political participation continued to be linked to property rights, which barred many citizens from voting or holding office. Women, blacks, and native peoples had to know their place as secondary to white male citizens, they argued. Attempts to impose equality, they feared, would destroy the republic.

Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist, as secretary of the treasury and Thomas Jefferson to be secretary of state. Edmond Randolph, a Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, was named attorney general. In July 1789, Congress also passed the Judiciary Act, creating a Supreme Court of six justices headed by those who were committed to the new national government.

In 1789, Congress passed its first major piece of legislation by placing a duty on imports under the 1789 Tariff Act. Intended to raise revenue to address the country's economic problems, the act was a victory for nationalists. Congress also placed a fifty-cent-pert on duty (based on materials transported, not the weight of a ship) on foreign ships coming into American ports. The act was designed to give the commercial advantage to American ships and goods.

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

Many Americans opposed the 1787 Constitution because it seemed a dangerous concentration of power that threatened the rights and liberties of ordinary U.S. citizens. These opponents, known collectively as Anti-Federalists, did not constitute a political party, but they united in demanding protection for individual rights. Several states made the passing of a bill of rights a condition of their acceptance of the Constitution; Rhode Island and North Carolina rejected the Constitution.

Adopted in 1791, the Bill of Rights was one of the first ten amendments to the Constitution and outlined many of the personal rights state constitutions already guaranteed. The adoption of this bill softened Anti-Federalists' opposition to the new federal government and gave it greater legitimacy among those who otherwise distrusted the new centralized power created by men of property.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S PROGRAM

Hamilton was an ardent nationalist who believed a strong federal government could solve many of the new country's financial ills. Born in the West Indies, Hamilton had worked on a St. Croix plantation as a teenager and oversaw the accounts at a young age. He knew the Atlantic trade very well and used that knowledge in setting policy for the United States. In the early 1790s, he created the foundation for the U.S. financial system.

In 1789, when Alexander Hamilton took up his post as President of the United States, the federal debt was over $53 million and the states had a combined debt of around $25 million. The United States had been unable to pay its debts in the 1780s and was therefore considered a credit risk by European countries. Hamilton wrote three reports offering solutions to the economic crisis brought on by these problems.

The Report on Public Credit

Hamilton's Report on Public Credit was delivered in January 1790, addressing the pressing need of the new republic to become creditworthy. He recommended that the new federal government honor all its debts, including all paper money issued by the Confederation and the states during the war. Hamilton especially wanted wealthy American creditors who held large amounts of paper money to be invested, literally, in the future and welfare of the national government.

Hamilton designed his "Report on Public Credit" to ensure the survival of the new and shaky American republic. He knew the importance of making the United States financially reliable, secure, and strong. Hamilton's plan to convert notes to bonds worked extremely well to restore European confidence in the economy. It also proved a windfall for creditors, especially those who had bought state and Confederation notes at far less than face value.

The Report on a National Bank

Hamilton proposed a Bank of the United States, an institution modeled on the Bank of England. The bank would issue loans to American merchants and bills of credit. It would also serve as a repository of government revenue from the sale of land. President Washington signed legislation creating the bank in 1791.

The Report on Manufactures

Hamilton's initiatives marked the beginning of an American capitalism, making the republic creditworthy, promoting commerce, and setting for the nation a solid financial foundation. His policies also facilitated the growth of the stock market, as U.S. citizens bought and sold federal government's interest-bearing certificates. In the long run, Hamilton's financial program helped to rescue the United States from its state of near bankruptcy in the late 1780s.

THE DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY AND THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM

Madison argued that it turned the reins of government over to a class of speculators. Jefferson thought urban life widened the gap between wealthy few and an underclass of landless poor workers. In 1783 Jefferson wrote, "Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God".

Jefferson turned to his friend Philip Freneau to help organize the publication of the National Gazette as a counter to the Federalist press. From 1791 until 1793, when it ceased publication, Freneau’s partisan paper attacked Hamilton's program and Washington's administration. "Rules for Changing a Republic into a Monarchy," written by Freneau, is an example of the type of attack aimed at the national government, and especially at the  Federalist Party.

The American Revolution was inspired by the British Parliament's attempt to impose its will on the colonies in 1760s and 1770s. The 1787 federal constitution, written in secret by fifty-five wealthy men of property and standing, ignited fears of a similar menacing plot. Opposition to the Federalists led to the formation of Democratic-Republican societies, composed of men who felt policies of the Washington administration were designed to enrich the few while ignoring everyone else.

Artisans, merchants and planters formed the core of the Federalist leadership; members of Democratic-Republican societies in cities like Philadelphia and New York came from the ranks of artisans. These citizens saw themselves as acting in the spirit of 1776, this time not against the haughty British but against what they believed to have replaced them. They published their views, held meetings to voice their opposition, and sponsored festivals and parades.

DEFINING CITIZENSHIP

he 1790 Naturalization Act defined citizenship in stark racial terms. To be a citizen of the American republic, an immigrant had to be a "free white person" of good character. By excluding slaves, free blacks, Indians, and Asians from citizenship, the act laid the foundation for the United States as a republic of white men. Full citizenship that included the right to vote was restricted as well. Many state constitutions directed that only male property owners or taxpayers could vote. In 1776, the fervor of the Revolution led New Jersey revolutionaries to write a constitution extending voting rights to unmarried women.

8.3 Bao Anh, Minh Anh
(Bao Anh) THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS - THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
The war between Great Britain and France in the 1790s shaped U.S. foreign policy. To Federalist president John Adams, relations with France posed the biggest problem. The complicated situation in Haiti, which remained a French colony in the late 1790s, also came to the attention of President Adams. Most of the American ships cruised the Caribbean, giving the United States the edge over France in the region. The Alien and Sedition Acts raised constitutional questions about the freedom of the press provided under the First Amendment.
(Minh Anh)
THE REVOLUTION OF 1800 AND THE PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON

The revolution of 1800 was the first transfer of power from Federalist to Democratic-Republican Parties (Thomas Jefferson)

The election did prove, the Federalist and Democratic-Republican waged a mudslinging campaign unlike any before due to the divided Federalist

Alexander Hamilton, wrote a lengthy letter to attacking Federalist -> Democratic-Republicans happily reprinted the letter

Jefferson viewed participatory democracy as a positive force for the republic, a direct departure from Federalist views.

Jefferson had cheered the French revolution, but he had rejected -< his opposition to napoleon’s seizure of power and creation of dictatorship

In 1804, he promoted agriculture instead of urban commercial development.

He distrust cities and instead envisioned a rural republic of land owning white men, yeomen republican farmers. Exporting its agriculture without urbanisation and industrialization. → American yeomen buy their votes with promises of property.
He insisted on limited federal government as well as limited taxes, the congress approved, taxes of whiskey and rum.

He slashed the size of the Navy that Adams had worked to build up.

Lead the US into war against the muslim barbary states in 1801 overseas

PARTISAN ACRIMONY

The numerous Federalists were appointed by president Adams, but Jefferson refused these Federalist commissions when he took the oath of office. → William Marury, who is one of Adams's appointees, petitioned the supreme court. After deciding the case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, he found that Congress’s Judicial Act of 1789 would not have given the Supreme Court. The notion of judicial review was developed by Marshall, which strengthened the court by claiming its right to scrutinise the actions of Congress and the president. Jefferson denied.

The animosity between 2 parties exploded into open violence in 1804. On june 11, Burr shot and Hamilton was wounded

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

In 1803 the US bought the Louisiana territory from France with 15 million $, the size of the US was doubled. Jefferson wanted to bolster the trade in the west, building port of New Orleans and the Mississippi river for American agricultural commerce

Until 1801, Spain had controlled New Orleans and the US didn’t need to pay customs duties. In 1802, the US needed to pay after the Spanish had ceded Louisiana to France

Black slaves in the French colony of Haity had successfully overthown the plantation regime, Napoleon couldn’t restore the empire in France and Indian war. The emperor sold Louisiana and the Mississippi in early 1803

Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis and Willian Clark to explore the new western land from 1804 to 1804.
The Louisiana Purchase helped Jefferson win reelection in 1804.

8.4 hùng
-          France and England, engaged in the Napoleonic Wars between 1803 and 1815. England was the major offender. The issue came to a head in 1807 the HMS Leopard, a British warship, fired on a U.S, The British then boarded the ship and took four sailors. Jefferson chose what he thought was the best and responded to the crisis through the economic means of a sweeping ban on trade. This law prohibited American ships from leaving their ports until Britain and France stopped seizing them on the high seas.

-          Another underlying cause of the War of 1812 was British support for native resistance to U.S. Under Jefferson, two Indian policies existed: forcing Indians to adopt American ways of agricultural life, or aggressively driving Indians into debt in order to force them to sell their lands. In 1809, Tecumseh, a Shawnee war chief, His brother, Tenskwatawa, was a prophet among the Shawnee who urged a revival of native ways and rejection of Anglo-American culture, including alcohol. William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, attempted to eliminate the native presence by attacking Prophetstown,

-          The impact of British influences on America resulted in strong cries for war against the United Kingdom. Congress gave the president authority to declare war on the United Kingdom in June 1812.

-          Britain took control of Detroit and part of the Northwest in August 1812. The United States won the Battle of Lake Erie the next year. The Battle of the Thames, which took place in Ontario, put an end to Native American resistance.

-          In the Napoleonic Wars, he continued to acquire the upper hand. When British forces landed in Washington in July 1814, President Madison and his wife were forced to escape for their lives. He resumed his assault on Baltimore, but was repulsed by American soldiers, prompting Fancis Scott Key to compose "The Star-Spangled Banner." To terminate the war, Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814. The Hartford Convention in December 1814 showed Federalist outrage over the dominance of enslaved Virginia (Jefferson and Madison). The conference tarnished the Federalist Party and contributed to its demise.

-          Due to slow communication, the last battle in the War of 1812 happened after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed ending the war. Jackson had distinguished himself in the war by defeating the Creek  Indians before invading Florida in May of that year, he moved his
force of Tennessee fighters to New Orleans to defend the strategic port against British. On January 8, 1815, Jackson’s forces devastated the British, killing over two thousand. New Orleans and the vast Mississippi River had been successfully defended. in the 1820s,  Jackson emerged as the head of the new Democratic Party
Duc Minh 8.2
The events of 1793 and 1794 challenged the simple interpretation of the French Revolution. Federalists argued that Jefferson and Madison would lead the U.S. down a similar path. Democratic-Republicans saw the events as a necessary evil for eliminating monarchy. The controversy in the United States intensified when France declared war on Britain and Holland. Edmond-Charles Genêt traveled to the United States in 1793 to negotiate an alliance with the U.S. government. France authorized him to issue letters of marque authorizing ships and their crews to engage in piracy. His actions arm American privateers with captured British ships in American ports with soldiers. Jay's Treaty led the Spanish to negotiate a treaty of their own that allowed American commerce to flow through New Orleans. Jay's Treaty confirmed the fears of Democratic-Republicans, who saw it as a betrayal of republican France. The Federalists cemented the idea that the Federalists favored aristocracy and monarchy. Unlike the American Revolution, the French Revolution inspired slave rebellions in the Caribbean. In 1791, thousands of enslaved people joined together to overthrow the system of slavery. Toussaint L'Ouverture emerged as the leader in the fight against Spain and England. In 1794, angry citizens rebelled against the federal officials enforcing the federal excise law. Trouble erupted in four western Pennsylvania counties in an uprising known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Supporters of the tax argued that it helped stabilize the economy and its cost could easily be passed on to the consumer. Whiskey rebels used violence and intimidation to protest policies they saw as unfair. They tarred and feathered federal officials, intercepted the federal mail, and intimidated wealthy citizens. Washington responded by creating a thirteen-thousand-man militia to put down the rebellion. After the War of Independence, White settlers poured into lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. From 1785 to 1795, a state of war existed on the frontier between these settlers and Native Americans. Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to bring the Western Confederacy to heel.
duc minh 8.2
The events of 1793 and 1794 challenged the simple interpretation of the French Revolution. Federalists argued that Jefferson and Madison would lead the U.S. down a similar path. Democratic-Republicans saw the events as a necessary evil for eliminating monarchy. The controversy in the United States intensified when France declared war on Britain and Holland. Edmond-Charles Genêt traveled to the United States in 1793 to negotiate an alliance with the U.S. government. France authorized him to issue letters of marque authorizing ships and their crews to engage in piracy. His actions arm American privateers with captured British ships in American ports with soldiers. Jay's Treaty led the Spanish to negotiate a treaty of their own that allowed American commerce to flow through New Orleans. Jay's Treaty confirmed the fears of Democratic-Republicans, who saw it as a betrayal of republican France. The Federalists cemented the idea that the Federalists favored aristocracy and monarchy. Unlike the American Revolution, the French Revolution inspired slave rebellions in the Caribbean. In 1791, thousands of enslaved people joined together to overthrow the system of slavery. Toussaint L'Ouverture emerged as the leader in the fight against Spain and England. In 1794, angry citizens rebelled against the federal officials enforcing the federal excise law. Trouble erupted in four western Pennsylvania counties in an uprising known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Supporters of the tax argued that it helped stabilize the economy and its cost could easily be passed on to the consumer. Whiskey rebels used violence and intimidation to protest policies they saw as unfair. They tarred and feathered federal officials, intercepted the federal mail, and intimidated wealthy citizens. Washington responded by creating a thirteen-thousand-man militia to put down the rebellion. After the War of Independence, White settlers poured into lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. From 1785 to 1795, a state of war existed on the frontier between these settlers and Native Americans. Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to bring the Western Confederacy to heel.

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8.2 (Phương Anh)
The French Revolution helped harden the political divide in the United States in the 1790s. Democratic-Republicans seized on the French struggle against monarchy as a harbinger of a larger republican movement. To the Federalists, the French Revolution represented pure anarchy, especially after the execution of the French king.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution, which began in 1789, further split American thinkers into different ideological camps, deepening the political divide between Federalists and their Democratic-Republican foes. The American Revolution served as an inspiration for French revolutionaries. The controversy in the United States intensified when France declared war on Great Britain and Holland in February 1793. Washington declared the United States neutral in 1793, but Democratic- Republican groups denounced neutrality and declared their support of the French republicans. The Federalists used the violence of the French revolutionaries as a reason to attack Democratic-Republicanism in the United States, arguing that Jefferson and Madison would lead the country down a similarly disastrous path.

THE CITIZEN GENÊT AFFAIR AND JAY’S TREATY

Edmond-Charles Genêt traveled to the United States in 1793 to negotiate an alliance with the U.S. government. France empowered Genêt to issue letters of marque authorizing ships and their crews to engage in piracy. The Citizen Genêt affair, as it became known, spurred Great Britain to instruct its naval commanders in the West Indies to seize all ships trading with the French. Great Britain seized hundreds of American ships and cargoes, increasing the possibility of war between the two countries. Jay's Treaty of 1794 was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain. The British would turn over the frontier posts in the Northwest, American ships would be allowed to trade freely in the West Indies, and the United States agreed to assemble a commission charged with settling colonial debts U.S. citizens owed British merchants. Jay's Treaty led the Spanish to negotiate a treaty that allowed American commerce to flow through their port of New Orleans. It confirmed the fears of Democratic-Republicans, cementing the idea that the Federalists favored aristocracy and monarchy.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION’S CARIBBEAN LEGACY

Unlike the American Revolution, which ultimately strengthened the institution of slavery and the powers of American slaveholders, the French Revolution inspired slave rebellions in the Caribbean, including a 1791 slave uprising in the French colony of Saint-Domingue . White refugee planters from Haiti and other French West Indian islands, along with slaves and free people of color, left the Caribbean for the United States and for Louisiana, which at the time was held by Spain. The presence of these French migrants raised fears, especially among Federalists, that they would bring the contagion of French radicalism to the United States. In addition, the idea that the French Revolution could inspire a successful slave uprising just off the American coastline filled southern whites and slaveholders with horror.

THE WHISKEY REBELLION

The Whiskey Rebellion erupted in western Pennsylvania in 1794 over the issue of a tax on whiskey, an important part of Hamilton's financial program. In 1791, Congress had authorized a tax of 7.5 cents per gallon of whiskey and rum; most citizens paid without incident. But angry citizens rebelled against the federal officials in charge of enforcing the federal excise law. Whiskey rebels used violence and intimidation to protest policies they saw as unfair. They tarred and feathered federal officials, intercepted the federal mail, and intimidated wealthy citizens.

Washington responded by creating a thirteen-thousand-man militia, drawn from several states, to put down the rebellion. This force made it known that the national government would do everything in its power to ensure the survival of the United States.

WASHINGTON’S INDIAN POLICY

After the War of Independence, white settlers poured into lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. From 1785 to 1795, a state of war existed on the frontier between these settlers and Indians. Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to bring the Western Confederacy to heel. The Western Confederacy eventually gave up their claims to Ohio.

8.2
FEDERALISTS IN POWER

supporters of the 1787 federal constitution, known as Federalists, adhered to a decidedly British notion of social hierarchy. To these supporters of the Constitution, the idea that all were equal appeared. .Women, blacks, and native peoples, had to know their place as secondary to white. George Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury. Thomas Jefferson was named secretary of state. Edmond Randolph was named attorney general. Congress passed its first major piece of legislation, the 1789 Tariff Act. The act was a victory for Federalists who favored a robust federal government.

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

Many Americans opposed the 1787 Constitution because it seemed a dangerous concentration of power. States made passing of a bill of rights a condition for acceptance of the Constitution. Federalists followed through on their promise to add such a bill in 1789, when Congress approved the Bill of Rights. The adoption of the Bill of Rights softened the Anti-Federalists’ opposition to the Constitution and gave the new federal government greater legitimacy among those who otherwise distrusted the new centralized power created by men of property during the secret 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention

ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S PROGRAM

Hamilton was George Washington's secretary of the treasury. He wrote three reports offering solutions to economic crisis brought on by debt. Hamilton created the foundation for the U.S. financial system in the early 1800s. In 1789, when Hamilton took up his post, the federal debt wasover $53 million.
8.2 (Ngọc)
THE EMBARGO OF 1807

From 1803 through 1815, France and England fought the Napoleonic Wars, which resulted in an open season for American ships. Since the Royal Navy forced American sailors into duty, England has been the worst abuser. The problem arose in 1807 when the British cruiser HMS Leopard fired on a US Navy ship, the Chesapeake, off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia. The Embargo Act of 1807, which Jefferson considered was the best of his limited alternatives, allowed him to respond to the situation economically by imposing a broad trade embargo. American trade came to a near-complete standstill as a result of the embargo.
The premise of the embargo was to shut off all trade, which damaged Britain and France, in order to stop the seizures at sea. However, it was American trade that bore the brunt of the blow. For example, American farmers were unable to sell their products abroad, and seaport communities saw a significant increase in unemployment and bankruptcies. Between 1808 and 1809, American commercial activity fell by 75%.

The embargo was difficult to enforce, especially in the states bordering British Canada. Smuggling was common. The embargo's difficulties, according to Jefferson, were caused by a lack of enforcement. Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act of 1808 at the end of his second term, lifting the unpopular trade embargoes except with Britain and France. James Madison, a Democratic-Republican, was chosen by American voters in the 1808 election. Madison took on Jefferson's foreign policy difficulties with the British And the French.

TECUMSEH AND THE WESTERN CONFEDERACY
Another factor that contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 was British assistance for native opposition to the United States' western expansion. For many years, white settlers in the American western lands had besieged the Indians who lived there. There were two types of Indian policy under Jefferson: pushing Indians to adopt American agricultural practices or forcefully driving Indians into debt to force them to relinquish their lands. Tecumseh, a Shawnee war leader, revitalized the Western Confederacy in 1809. Tenskwatawa, his brother, was a Shawnee prophet who advocated for the rebirth of native customs and the rejection of Anglo-American society. The governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, sought to eliminate the native population in 1811 by invading Prophetstown, a Shawnee hamlet. In the Battle of Tippecanoe that followed, US soldiers headed by Harrison destroyed the village and discovered solid evidence that the British had provided the Western Confederacy with firearms, despite prior treaty provisions.

THE WAR OF 1812
The impact of British influences on America resulted in strong cries for war against the United Kingdom. Congress gave the president authority to declare war on the Great Britain in June 1812.
Britain took control of Detroit and part of the Northwest in August 1812. The United States won the Battle of Lake Erie the next year. The Battle of the Thames, which took place in Ontario, put an end to Native American resistance.
In the Napoleonic Wars, he continued to acquire the upper hand. When British forces landed in Washington in July 1814, President Madison and his wife were forced to escape for their lives. He resumed his assault on Baltimore, but was defeated by American soldiers, prompting Fancis Scott Key to compose "The Star-Spangled Banner."
The Treaty of Ghent ended the war between Britain and the United States in December 1814. The December 1814 Hartford Convention showed Federalist outrage at the authority of enslaved Virginians (Jefferson and Madison). The Federalist Party's reputation was tarnished by the convention, which contributed to its demise.
EPILOGUE : THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
The last fight of the War of 1812 took place after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, due to poor communication. Andrew Jackson had made a name for himself in the war by defeating the Creek Indians in March 1814 and then conquering Florida in May of the same year. He sent his troop of Tennessee warriors to New Orleans after capturing Pensacola to safeguard the important port against British invasion. A group of battle-hardened British veterans of the Napoleonic Wars attempted to capture the port on January 8, 1815. The British were destroyed by Jackson's soldiers, who killed almost 2,000 people. The huge Mississippi River Valley and New Orleans had been successfully protected. The Battle of New Orleans propelled Jackson to national recognition as a military hero almost instantly. He became the leader of the fledgling Democratic Party in the 1820s.
8.1 (mai anh - "the reported on a national bank - defining citizenship")
Hamilton’s bank proposal generated opposition however, Hamilton again involved the Constitution’s implied powers, president Washington backed his position and signed legislation creating the bank in 1791. The third report “report on manufactures” addressed the need to raise revenue to pay the interest on the national debt. With support of Washington, the entire Hamilton economic program received the necessary support in Congress to be implemented which helped to rescue the US from its states of near bankruptcy and marked the beginning of an American capitalism. To Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton’s programs seemed to encourage economic inequalities and work against the ordinary American yeoman. Newspapers in the 1790s became enormously important in American culture as partisans attempted to sway public opinion. Opposition to the Federalists led to the formation of Democratic – Republican societies. The Democratic – Republican’s political efforts against the Federalists were a battle to preserve republicanism, to promote the public good against private self interest. There was a consensus among men on the issue of who qualified and who did not as a citizen. By excluding slaves, free blacks, Indians, Asian from citizenship, the act laid the foundation for the United States as a republic for white men. Full citizenship that included the right to vote was restricted as well, particularly women.

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8.1 cong huan

Federalists didn't, from the start, create an ideological group. All things being equal, Federalists held specific shared suppositions. For sure, true to form, many accepted the new chief posts the principal Congress made. In July 1789, Congress likewise passed the Legal executive Demonstration, making a High Court of six judges headed by the individuals who were focused on the new public government.

These rivals, referred to by and large as Enemies of Federalists, didn't comprise an ideological group, yet they joined in requesting security for individual privilegesIn 1789, when Hamilton took up his post, the government obligation was more than $53 million.

He suggested that the new central government honor every one of its obligations, including all paper cash gave by the Confederation and the states during the conflict, at face esteem. Hamilton particularly needed rich American banks who held a lot of paper cash to be contributed, in a real sense, from here on out and government assistance of the new public government.

The third report Hamilton submitted to Congress, called the "Report on the Industrial facilities," addressed the need to raise income to pay interest on the public obligation. Utilizing his sacred right to burden, Hamilton proposed burdening American-made bourbon.

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson felt the national government had surpassed its position by passing the secretary of the depository's arrangement. Madison observed Hamilton's arrangement unethical and hostile. As far as he might be concerned, Hamilton's program appeared to energize financial disparity and be contradictory to the normal American man.

The Naturalization Demonstration of 1790 characterized citizenship in unequivocal racial terms. To turn into a resident of the republic of the US of America, a foreigner should be a "free white man" of "good person." Full citizenship including the option to cast a ballot is likewise limited. In 1776, Progressive enthusiasm drove New Jersey progressives to compose a constitution stretching out the option to cast a ballot to unmarried ladies who claimed property worth £50.

8.2 : kiên
The excesses of the French revolutionaries, as well as the slave insurrection in the French colony of Haiti, alarmed the Federalists, who feared that similar radicalism and slave revolts would occur on American. Through Jay's Treaty, they hoped to improve their ties with the British. As a result of Jay's Treaty, Pinckney's Treaty strengthened US-Spanish ties and opened the Spanish port of New Orleans to American trade. the Federalists mediated Jay's Treaty, they were apprehensive of the Democratic-Republicans who had a more view of the French Revolution. the ideological difference was brought to a climax in western Pennsylvania when whiskey distillers, many of whom were Democrats, protested a federal tax on their product. The rebellion was put down by Washington, who commanded a strong army. despite their disagreements on many matters, the majority of White citizens felt that removing Native Americans from the frontier was important.
8.3: Mạnh Hưng
THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS

In 1790, the war between Great Britain and France shaped U. In 1797, Adams fought a solution for solving a conflict with France. And he sent envoys to negotiate terms. In the court of public opinion, the Federalists appeared to have been correct in their interpretation of France, while the pro-French Republican-Democrats had been misled. The complicated situation in Haiti, which was still a French colony in the late 1790s, also caught the attention of President Adams.
THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

During the Quasi-War, a surge of anti-French sentiment prompted Congress to approve many measures that weakened Federalist power over time. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 were enacted to strengthen national security in the face of what many saw as a threat from France. The resolutions presented the concept of nullification, or the right of states to overturn congressional acts, and advanced the states' rights argument. When President Adams was able to obtain the Treaty of Mortefontaine in 1800, the Quasi-War with France was finished.
PARTISAN ACRIMONY
Around the begining of nineteenth century, political peaced. During his final days in office, he was surrounded by federalists. Jefferson refused to have the commissions for these Federalist justices given to the appointed officials when he took the oath of office. When one of Adams' nominees, William Marbury, was nominated to serve as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, he petitioned the Supreme Court for an explanation from Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison. In the case of Marbury v. Madison, which was decided in 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall concluded that Marbury had a legal right to a remedy.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
River was so important with American agricultural commerce. Jefferson's mind, famers needed to send their product to Missippi River, New Orlens than sold them to European traders. Until 1801, Spain controlled New Orleans. They cooperated with American and had given the right to traffic goods in the port without taxes. In 1802, American lost their permission which had given by Spain.

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8.1 Le Vy
FEDERALISTS IN POWER

Federalists hold the power, they did not believe the Revolution had changed the traditional social roles between women and men, or between whites and other races. For the supporters of the Constitution, it was ludicrous that all were equal. They argued that women, blacks, and native peoples were placed as secondary to white male citizens.-> The U.S was not created to be a democracy.

Alexander Hamilton was appointed to be a leading Federalist-a secretary of the treasury, Thomas Jefferson was the secretary of state and Henry Knox was the secretary of war. They, as the new government, created a Supreme Court. They placed a duty on imports to raise revenue.

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

Many Americans opposed since this threatened the rights and liberties of ordinary U.S citizens. Those were known as Anti-Federalists, united in demanding protection for individual rights. The Congress approved the Bill of Rights since it was considered to be able to outline many of the personal rights state constitutions already guaranteed.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S PROGRAM

Alexander Hamilton, who was in charge of the accounts at a young age, was an ardent nationalist. He believed a strong federal government could solve many of the new country’s financial ills. However, the U.S began mired in debt, it was over 53 million pounds. Hamilton wrote three reports offering solutions to the economic crisis.

To pay these debts, Hamilton proposed that the federal government sell bonds. These bonds would have the backing of the government and yield interest payments. He designed his “Reports on Public Credit” to ensure the survival of the new and shaky American republic. His purpose was to cite the goal of “doing justice to the creditors of the nation”. However, Hamilton’s program ignited a heated debate in Congress. One of the opposers was James Madison, who questioned the fairness of a plan that seemed to cheat poor soldiers.

South Carolina state with a large debt, supported Hamilton’s plan, while North Carolina state with less debt, did not. In fact, Hamilton’s plan worked extremely well to restore European confidence in the U.S company. But it immediately generated controversy about the size and scope of the government.

THE REPORT ON A NATIONAL BANK

Hamilton suggested the creation of a Bank of the United States, modeled after the Bank of England. The bank would provide loans and bills of credit to American businesses. It would also act as a holding area for government land-sale proceeds. In 1791, President George Washington signed legislation establishing the bank.

8.2 (Thuy Anh)
* THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY
- The French Revolution, which began in 1789, further divided American thinkers into different systems of thought
camps, deepening political divisions: the Federalists >< their Democratic-Republican enemies
- The revolution in France appeared mostly in the U.S to reject corrupt monarchy, which inspired by the American Revolution
-  The absolute monarchy of Louis XVI was replaced by a constitution the monarchy (1791)
- France was proclaimed a Republic (1792): Republican liberty + U.S creed => ushering in a new era in France
- French Revolutionary ushered victory of the republican government over the monarchy
- "The Terror" (1796): a period of extreme violence against perceived enemies of the revolutionary government
- Revolutionary govern representative democracy >< abolish Catholicism:  replacing by the Cult of the Supreme Being
- Revolutionary govern used weapons to kill those who oppose them >< Federalists viewed these excesses with growing alarm => fearing this might infect the minds of citizens at home
- Federalists considered them a crime necessary to abolish the monarchy and aristocratic culture that favors the privileges of a hereditary ruling class
- France declared war on Great Britain and Holland (February 1793) => The controversy in the U.S intensified
- France requested that the United States make a large repayment of the money it had borrowed from France to fund the Revolutionary War => Britain: hostile act & U.S: neutral
- But some Americans supported French => used the  violence of the French revolutionaries as a reason to attack Democratic-Republicanism in U.S
* THE CITIZEN GENÊT AFFAIR AND JAY’S TREATY
- In 1793, the revolutionary French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S to negotiate an alliance with the U.S. government: given "letters of marque"
- He immediately began commissioning American privateer ships and organizing volunteer American militias to attack Spanish holdings => threatened to put U.S and Britain into a war
- The Citizen Genêt affair: Britain instructed its naval commanders in the West Indies to seize all ships trading with the French & captured hundreds of American ships
and their cargoes => increasing the possibility of war between the two countries
- To cease tense, Britain ended its seizure of American
ships and offered to pay for captured cargoes
- Hamilton recommended to Washington that the U.S negotiate
- The resulting 1794 agreement, known as Jay’s Treaty
+, The British would turn over the frontier posts in the Northwest
+, American ships would be allowed to trade freely in the
West Indies
+, The British navy’s practice of forcing or “impressing” American sailors to work and fight on British warships
- >< Spanish feared as Jay's Treaty signaled an alliance U.S & Britain => Pinckney’s Treaty
+, American farmers could move in greater numbers to the Ohio River Valley to transport to East Coast markets
- Jay’s Treaty confirmed the fears of Democratic-Republicans, who saw it as a betrayal of republican France, cementing the idea that the Federalists favored aristocracy and monarchy
* THE FRENCH REVOLUTION’S CARIBBEAN LEGACY
- The French Revolution inspired slave rebellions in the Caribbean, including slave uprising in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti)
- In 1794, French revolutionaries abolished slavery in the French empire, and both Spain and England attacked Saint-Domingue, hoping to add the colony to their own empires.
- Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former domestic slave, aligned  himself with France, hoping to keep Spain and England at bay
- Events in Haiti further complicated the partisan wrangling in the U.S => migrants
- The idea that the French Revolution could inspire a successful slave uprising just off the American coastline filled southern whites and slaveholders with horror
* THE WHISKEY REBELLION
- A major domestic test of the new national government in 1794 over the taxation of whiskey, an important part of  Hamilton's financial program => 1791, enforced taxes laws
- Troubles broke out in four counties of western Pennsylvania in an uprising called the Whiskey Revolt  as these farmers depended on selling Whiskey:
- Ppl in Pennsylvania viewed the new tax as further proof that the new national government  favored the commercial classes on the eastern seaboard at the expense of farmers in the West >< Tax advocates argue that it helps stabilize the economy and its costs could easily be passed on to the consumers, not the distillery farmer
- Angry citizens rebelled against the federal officials
in charge of enforcing the federal excise law:
+, Used violence and intimidation to protest policies they saw as unfair
+, Began negotiations with British and Spanish representatives => to secure their support for independence from the U.S
+, Contacted their backcountry neighbors in Kentucky
and South Carolina, circulating the idea of secession
- The whiskey rebels aligned themselves with the Democratic Republican Party
- Washington created an army to quell the rebellion
- It is also known that both domestically and the European powers looked to the collapse of the new republic, that this nation govern would do everything in its power to ensure the survival of the U.S
* WASHINGTON’S INDIAN POLICY
- Relations with the Indians were an important issue for Washington's administration
- Some citizens agree: The Indians support the white settlement >< not a citizen (according to the Naturalization Act, 1790)
- After the War of Independence, white settlers poured into the lands west of Appalachian Mountains => a state of war existed on the border between the settlers and Indians living in Ohio territory (1785-1795)
- In both 1790 and 1791, Shawnee and Miami
had defended their lands against the whites >< Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to bring the Western Confederacy—a loose alliance of tribes—to heel
- At the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the Western Confederacy renounced their claim to Ohio

8.4 Ngọc Linh
THE EMBARGO OF 1807 ( causes)

- During the Napoleonic Wars, which lasted from 1803 to 1815, both France and England declared open season on American ships.

- England was the worst offender.

- In 1807, a British warship was attacked.

-> The Embargo Act of 1807: forbade American ships from leaving port until Britain and France stopped seizing them on the high seas.

-> Result:

+ American commerce ground to a halt.

+ The United Kingdom and France were both hurted.

TECUMSEH AND THE WESTERN CONFEDERACY (causes)

-Another underlying cause:  British support for native resistance to U.S.

+ White settlers in the American western territories had besieged the Indians

+ Under Jefferson, two Indian policies existed: forcing Indians to adopt American ways of agricultural life, or aggressively driving Indians into debt in order to force them to sell their lands.

THE WAR OF 181 2

- The seizure of American ships and sailors, combined with British support for Indian resistance, prompted fervent calls for war against the United Kingdom. In June 1812, Congress authorized the president to declare war on Britain.

- Initially, the war was disastrous for the United States. In August 1812, the United States lost Detroit to the British and their Indian allies.

+ By the end of the year, the British had taken control of half of the Northwest. However, the following year, US forces won several battles.

-> Indian resistance began to wane, allowing white settlement in Indiana and Michigan.

- The British gaining an advantage during the Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon's French army on the run, Britain could now divert skilled combat troops from Europe to fight in the United States.

-With the end of the war in Europe, Britain was eager to bring the war in the Americas to a close as well.

+In 1814, British and American diplomats met in Ghent to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent.

+In 1814, British and American diplomats met in Ghent to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent.

-The War of 1812 was deeply unpopular in New England because it exacerbated the region's economic dependence on maritime trade.

-The convention permanently tarnished the Federalist Party and led to its demise.

EPILOGUE: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

- Due to slow communication, the final battle of the War of 1812 occurred after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, effectively ending the war.

-Andrew Jackson distinguished himself in the war by defeating the Creek

-> Jackson rose to national prominence as a war hero in the 1820s, emerging as the leader of the new Democratic Party.

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Dũng 8.1(1)
In June 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the federal Constitution, and the new plan for a strong central government went into effect.
FEDERALISTS IN POWER
Federalists did not, at first, compose a political party. Instead, Federalists held certain shared assumptions. Indeed, as expected, many assumed the new executive posts the first Congress created. In July 1789, Congress also passed the Judiciary Act, creating a Supreme Court of six justices headed by those who were committed to the new national government.
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
These opponents, known collectively as Anti-Federalists, did not constitute a political party, but they united in demanding protection for individual rights, and several states made the passing of a bill of rights a condition of their acceptance of the Constitution. ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S PROGRAM financial system. He understood that a robust federal government would provide a solid financial foundation for the country. In 1789, when Hamilton took up his post, the federal debt was over $53 million.
He recommended that the new federal government honor all its debts, including all paper money issued by the Confederation and the states during the war, at face value. Hamilton especially wanted wealthy American creditors who held large amounts of paper money to be invested, literally, in the future and welfare of the new national government. These bonds would have the backing of the government and yield interest payments. Hamilton’s program ignited a heated debate in Congress.
One of those who opposed Hamilton’s 1790 report was James Madison, who questioned the fairness of a plan that seemed to cheat poor soldiers. Not surprisingly, states with a large debt, like South Carolina, supported Hamilton’s plan, while states with less debt, like North Carolina, did not.

Quang 8.1 (2)
The Report on a National Bank

As treasury secretary, Hamilton hopes to further stabilize the US economy by creating a national bank. He issued his "Report on the National Bank" in December 1790, proposing the Bank of America, an institution modeled after the Bank of England. The bank would issue loans to American merchants and bills (federal bank notes would circulate as money) and act as a repository of government revenue from land sales. Shareholders will own the bank, along with the federal government. But it also caused protests.

The Report on Manufactures

The third report Hamilton submitted to Congress, called the "Report on the Factories," addressed the need to raise revenue to pay interest on the national debt. Using his constitutional right to tax, Hamilton proposed taxing American-made whiskey. So, to get rid of the old colonial system, Hamilton advocated taxing all imports to stimulate production of American-made goods.

THE DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY AND THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson felt the federal government had exceeded its authority by passing the secretary of the treasury's plan. Madison found Hamilton's plan immoral and offensive. Jefferson, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Washington to stop the creation of a national bank. He argues that rural areas offer more opportunities for property and virtue. Jefferson believed that self-sufficient, property-owning republicans or Yeoman farmers were the keys to the success and longevity of the American republic. To him, Hamilton's program seemed to encourage economic inequality and be antithetical to the average American man.

DEFINING CITIZENSHIP

The Naturalization Act of 1790 defined citizenship in explicit racial terms. To become a citizen of the republic of the United States of America, an immigrant must be a “free white man” of “good character.” Full citizenship including the right to vote is also restricted. In 1776, Revolutionary fervor led New Jersey revolutionaries to write a constitution extending the right to vote to unmarried women who owned property worth £50. This radical renewal continued until 1807, when New Jersey restricted the right to vote to free white males.
8.2( Bách)
In 1777, America and France won over Britain at Saratoga.  In 1789 to 1790 the French revolution emerged mostly in the United States as part of a new chapter in the rejection of the corrupt monarchy in favor of a constitutional monarchy.  In 1792 France was declared a republic.  N In 1793, the French king was executed and the next two years were a period of crisis for France when Catholicism was abolished, replaced by the Sect of the Supreme or the hereditary ruling class, etc.  In 1793 the dispute between France and the United States intensified when France declared war on England and the Netherlands when the United States failed to provide the aid owed to France earlier and remained neutral.  In 1793 France sent Edmod-Charles Genet to ally with the United States.  Genet went to Charlestom, South Carolina and still operated private American ships and organized American volunteer militias to attack Spanish garrison areas.  Washington denounced Genet knowing it would affect the possibility of war between the United States and Great Britain.  Britain also released American ships and offered to pay only for the seized goods.  Jay's treaty signed in 1794 allowed Britain to turn over its border posts in the Northwest, and American ships would freely trade with the West Indies.  In 1791 Congress levied a whiskey tax and trouble happened in Pennsylvania affecting distillers, so they joined forces with the Democratic-Republican Party against federal taxes on their product.  .  Washington, however, led a large force of troops to quell the uprising, demonstrating the Federalist's intransigence toward mob action.  Although divided on many issues, a majority of white citizens agreed on the need to eliminate the native presence on the border.

Trang Linh 8.3
France declared its 1778 treaty with the United States null and void, and as a result, France and the United States waged an undeclared war-or what historians refer to as the Quasi-War-from 1796 to 1800.
The French foreign minister sent emissaries who told the American envoys that the United States must repay all outstanding debts owed to France, lend France 32 million guilders, and pay a £50,000 bribe before any negotiations could take place. News of the attempt to extract a bribe, known as the XYZ affair.
Most of the American ships cruise the Caribbean, giving the United States the edge over France in the region.
The Revolution of 1800 refers to the first transfer of power from one party to another in American History, when the presidency passed to Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 election. The peaceful transition calmed contemporary fears about possible violent reactions to a new party taking the reins of government. The passing of political power from one political party to another without bloodshed also set an important precedent.
The resolutions introduced the idea of nullification, the right of states to nullify acts of Congress, and advanced the argument of states' rights.
Jefferson responded to the capture of American ships and sailors by pirates off the coast of North Africa by leading the United States into war against the Muslim Barbary States in 1801, the first conflict fought by Americans overseas.
One of Adams's appointees, William Marbury, had been selected to be a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, and when his commission did not arrive, he petitioned the Supreme Court for an explanation from Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison.
Jefferson, who wanted to expand the United States to bring about his "Empire of liberty," realized his greatest triumph in 1803 when the United States bought the Louisiana territory from France.
In 1802, the United States lost its right to deposit goods free in the port, causing outrage among many, some of whom called for war with France.
The great expansion of the United States did have its critics especially northerners who feared the addition of more slave states and a corresponding lack of representation of their interests in the North.