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Tie, kuriem kārtojami kādi parādi vispārīgajā bakterioloģijā, skatīt e-studijas.

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Tiešsaistē ar zinātnieku: Tehnoloģijas pret Covid-19

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👇 saite zemāk 👇 Latvijas Jauno zinātnieku apvienība turpina distancēties un iepazīties ar zinātniekiem! Uz pirmo sarunu 2021. gadā, kura notiks 14. janvārī. Šoreiz aicinot uz sarunu Dr. sc. ing....

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Latvijas Biomedicīnas pētījumu un studiju centrs - LV BMC

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Kas Covid-19 vakcīnām vēderā?: Pfizer & BioNTech | #BMC_Zinātnieki_skaidro

BMC Jaunie Zinātnieki apvienojuši spēkus, lai uzsāktu jaunu video rubriku – “BMC Zinātnieki skaidro”. Šis un vēl vairāki nākamie... | By Latvijas Biomedicīnas pētījumu un studiju centrs - LV BMC | Facebook

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60K views, 470 likes, 33 loves, 192 comments, 1K shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Latvijas Biomedicīnas pētījumu un studiju centrs - LV BMC: #BMC_Zinātnieki_skaidro

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Updated on 30 August 2021.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting you against harmful diseases, before you come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

Vaccines train your immune system to create antibodies, just as it does when it's exposed to a disease. However, because vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at risk of its complications.

Most vaccines are given by an injection, but some are given orally (by mouth) or sprayed into the nose.

Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with your body's natural defenses to build protection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds. It:

Recognizes the invading germ, such as the virus or bacteria.

Produces antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced naturally by the immune system to fight disease.

Remembers the disease and how to fight it. If you are then exposed to the germ in the future, your immune system can quickly destroy it before you become unwell.

The vaccine is therefore a safe and clever way to produce an immune response in the body, without causing illness.

Our immune systems are designed to remember. Once exposed to one or more doses of a vaccine, we typically remain protected against a disease for years, decades or even a lifetime. This is what makes vaccines so effective. Rather than treating a disease after it occurs, vaccines prevent us in the first instance from getting sick.

Vaccines protect us throughout life and at different ages, from birth to childhood, as teenagers and into old age. In most countries you will be given a vaccination card that tells you what vaccines you or your child have had and when the next vaccines or booster doses are due. It is important to make sure that all these vaccines are up to date.

If we delay vaccination, we are at risk of getting seriously sick. If we wait until we think we may be exposed to a serious illness - like during a disease outbreak - there may not be enough time for the vaccine to work and to receive all the recommended doses.

If you have missed any recommended vaccinations for you or your child, talk to your healthcare worker about catching up.

Without vaccines, we are at risk of serious illness and disability from diseases like measles, meningitis, pneumonia, tetanus and polio. Many of these diseases can be life-threatening. WHO estimates that childhood vaccines alone save over 4 million lives every year.

Although some diseases may have become uncommon, the germs that cause them continue to circulate in some or all parts of the world. In today's world, infectious diseases can easily cross borders, and infect anyone who is not protected

Two key reasons to get vaccinated are to protect ourselves and to protect those around us. Because not everyone can be vaccinated - including very young babies, those who are seriously ill or have certain allergies - they depend on others being vaccinated to ensure they are also safe from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Vaccines protect against many different diseases, including:

Some other vaccines are currently under development or being piloted, including those that protect against Zika virus or malaria, but are not yet widely available globally.

Not all of these vaccinations may be needed in your country. Some may only be given prior to travel, in areas of risk, or to people in high-risk occupations. Talk to your healthcare worker to find out what vaccinations are needed for you and your family.

Nearly everyone can get vaccinated. However, because of some medical conditions, some people should not get certain vaccines, or should wait before getting them. These conditions can include:

Chronic illnesses or treatments (like chemotherapy) that affect the immune system;

Severe and life-threatening allergies to vaccine ingredients, which are very rare;

If you have severe illness and a high fever on the day of vaccination.

These factors often vary for each vaccine. If you're not sure if you or your child should get a particular vaccine, talk to your health worker. They can help you make an informed choice about vaccination for you or your child.

All the ingredients of a vaccine play an important role in ensuring a vaccine is safe and effective. Some of these include:

The antigen. This is a killed or weakened form of a virus or bacteria, which trains our bodies to recognize and fight the disease if we encounter it in the future.

Adjuvants, which help to boost our immune response. This means they help vaccines to work better.

Preservatives, which ensure a vaccine stays effective.

Stabilisers, which protect the vaccine during storage and transportation.

Vaccine ingredients can look unfamiliar when they are listed on a label. However, many of the components used in vaccines occur naturally in the body, in the environment, and in the foods we eat. All of the ingredients in vaccines - as well as the vaccines themselves - are thoroughly tested and monitored to ensure they are safe.

Vaccination is safe and side effects from a vaccine are usually minor and temporary, such as a sore arm or mild fever. More serious side effects are possible, but extremely rare.

Any licensed vaccine is rigorously tested across multiple phases of trials before it is approved for use, and regularly reassessed once it is introduced. Scientists are also constantly monitoring information from several sources for any sign that a vaccine may cause health risks.

Remember, you are far more likely to be seriously injured by a vaccine-preventable disease than by a vaccine. For example, tetanus can cause extreme pain, muscle spasms (lockjaw) and blood clots, measles can cause encephalitis (an infection of the brain) and blindness. Many vaccine-preventable diseases can even result in death. The benefits of vaccination greatly outweigh the risks, and many more illnesses and deaths would occur without vaccines.

More information about vaccine safety and development is available here.

Like any medicine, vaccines can cause mild side effects, such as a low-grade fever, or pain or redness at the injection site. Mild reactions go away within a few days on their own.

Severe or long-lasting side effects are extremely rare. Vaccines are continually monitored for safety, to detect rare adverse events.

Scientific evidence shows that giving several vaccines at the same time has no negative effect. Children are exposed to several hundred foreign substances that trigger an immune response every day. The simple act of eating food introduces new germs into the body, and numerous bacteria live in the mouth and nose.

When a combined vaccination is possible (e.g. for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus), this means fewer injections and reduces discomfort for the child. It also means that your child is getting the right vaccine at the right time, to avoid the risk of contracting a potentially deadly disease.

There is no evidence of any link between vaccines and autism or autistic disorders. This has been demonstrated in many studies, conducted across very large populations.

The 1998 study which raised concerns about a possible link between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism was later found to be seriously flawed and fraudulent. The paper was subsequently retracted by the journal that published it, and the doctor that published it lost his medical license. Unfortunately, its publication created fear that led to dropping immunization rates in some countries, and subsequent outbreaks of these diseases.

We must all ensure we are taking steps to share only credible, scientific information on vaccines, and the diseases they prevent.

Virtually all cervical cancer cases start with a sexually transmitted HPV infection. If given before exposure to the virus, vaccination offers the best protection against this disease. Following vaccination, reductions of up to 90% in HPV infections in teenage girls and young women have been demonstrated by studies conducted in Australia, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

In studies, the HPV vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective. WHO recommends that all girls aged 9-14 years receive 2 doses of the vaccine, alongside cervical cancer screening later in life.

If you have questions about vaccines be sure to talk to your healthcare worker. He or she can provide you with science-based advice about vaccination for you and your family, including the recommended vaccination schedule in your country.

When looking online for information about vaccines, be sure to consult only trustworthy sources. To help you find them, WHO has reviewed and 'certified' many websites across the world that provide only information based on reliable scientific evidence and independent reviews by leading technical experts. These websites are all members of the Vaccine Safety Net.

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Vaccines and immunization: What is vaccination?

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Updated on 30 August 2021. Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting you against harmful diseases, before you come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

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The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) are kind of brilliant at a science level. I’ve had a few people in my real non-Twitter life ask me to explain how it works so I’m going to try my best here in this thread while I’m waiting for a patient to show.

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The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) are kind of brilliant at a science level. I’ve had a few people in my real non-Twitter life ask me to explain how it works so I’m going to try my best here in this thread while I’m waiting for a patient to show.

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The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) are kind of brilliant at a science level. I’ve had a few people in my real non-Twitter life ask me to explain how it works so I’m going to try my best here in this thread while I’m waiting for a patient to show.
— WheatNOil (@WheatNOil) December 17, 2020

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The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) are kind of brilliant at a science level. I’ve had a few people in my real non-Twitter life ask me to explain how it works so I’m going to try my best here in this thread while I’m waiting for a patient to show.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) are kind of brilliant at a science level. I’ve had a few people in my real non-Twitter life ask me to explain how it works so I’m going to try my best here in this thread while I’m waiting for a patient to show.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) are kind of brilliant at a science level. I’ve had a few people in my real non-Twitter life ask me to explain how it works so I’m going to try my best here in this thread while I’m waiting for a patient to show.

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Slide Box

This virtual slide box contains 307 microscope slides for the learning histology.

Cells and Tissues

Tissues are classified into four basic types: epithelium, connective tissue (includes cartilage, bone and blood), muscle, and nervous tissue.

Organ Systems

Organs are assembled from the four basic types of tissues and have cells with specialized functions.

Quiz

These slides contain tissue sections that are easily confused with each other.

Copyright © 2005-2023. T. Clark Brelje and Robert L. Sorenson. All rights reserved.

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The virtual slide box contains 275 microscope slides for the learning histology.

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Shapes of Bacteria: Bacteriology (study of bacteria) is a major part in Microbiology. The prokaryotic kingdom consists of unicellular microscopic microorganisms called bacteria.

Bacteria or a bacterium (sing.) are simple single-celled organisms that lack organized nucleus and any chlorophyll pigments but they possess a rigid cell wall. The rigidity of its cell wall determines the shape of a bacterium. It also endows the bacterium with flexibility and other added advantages.

Bacteria are grouped into 2 major groups namely Gram +ve or Gram -ve based on the response to Gram's stain. There are several distinguished features can be identified by Gram's stain. The main difference between them is that Gram positive bacteria contain single-layered cell wall whereas, Gram negative bacteria contain double-layered cell wall.

The average size of a bacterium is about 2 µm (microns or micrometers). They can be found in various shapes and sizes. In this article, we will explore different shapes of bacteria, examples, and diseases caused by bacteria.

Shapes of Bacteria

Based on the shape of the bacterial cell, bacteria can be mainly classified into four major categories namely:

Spherical bacteria or Coccus

Rod-shaped bacteria or Bacillus

Spiral bacteria

Filamentous bacteria.

Apart from these four main categories, there are other odd-shaped bacteria such as the following shapes namely:

Box-shaped bacteria (arcula) or rectangular

Appendaged bacteria

Pleomorphic bacteria

Star-shaped

Sheathed

Stalked

Spindle-shaped

Lobed

Trichome-forming

Considering the arrangement of bacteria, they may either be in pairs ( diplo), in grape-like clusters ( staphylo), or in chains ( strepto). On an average, the diameter of a spherical bacterial cell ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 µm and between 0.25 and 1 µm for rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria.

These bacteria are round, flattened cells adjacent to each other. They can be found in different arrangements, namely, diplococci (in pairs), tetrads (arrangement of groups of four), streptococci (in pairs), and staphylococci (in clusters).

Diplococci Bacteria: These bacteria are usually found in pairs as two joined cells. The name originates from the word diplo meaning double and coccus meaning berry. One example of diplococci strains is Neisseria gonorrhea. A typically gram-negative bacterium causes a sexually transmitted infection called gonorrhea. Another example of diplococcus strain is Moraxella catarrhalis that is a gram-negative bacterium that causes infections of the respiratory system.

Tetrad Bacteria: They are formed when the bacterium divides into two planes to form a square of four bacteria called a tetrad. Examples of tetrad-forming bacteria are Aerococcus, a urinary tract pathogen, Pediococcus, and Tetragenococcus, both of which ferment foods. Aerococcus urinae is an emerging cause of urinary tract infections, which was previously thought to be non-pathogenic (i.e., harmless) and a clinically insignificant urinary contaminant.

Staphylococci Bacteria: The term staphylococcus comes from the word Staphylo meaning grape-like clusters and coccus, meaning berry. The arrangement of staphylococci resembles cells aggregating in grape-like structure. These are universally present on mucous membranes and on the skin, usually characterized as gram-positive facultative aerobes. An important example is that of Staphylococcus aureus that is frequently implicated in food poisoning. It is found in the nose, respiratory tract and on the skin. Another example of this species is Staphylococcus epidermis that is normally found on the skin and is a part of the normal skin flora. It is known to be non-pathogenic but can be rendered pathogenic (i.e., harmful) in immunosuppressed individuals.

Streptococci Bacteria: The term streptococcus originates from the words " strepto" meaning chains and coccus, meaning berry. The arrangement of streptococcus resembles cells in chains, attached to one another. This species causes a variety of conditions in humans. An example of streptococci bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes, known to cause rheumatic fever, tonsillitis, strep throat and other respiratory infections. Another example of this bacteria is Streptococcus bovis that causes urinary tract infections.

Sarcinae Bacteria: These bacteria are usually non-motile, with sizes between 1.8 and 3.0 µm in diameter. This arrangement is formed when bacteria divide into three perpendicular planes forming packets of 8 or more cells. It is pathogenic which is usually implicated in gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroparesis or gastric ulcers.

Rod-shaped bacteria can be found in several arrangements such as diplo (in pairs), strepto (in chains), cocco (oval), or in palisade arrangement.

Diplobacilli Bacteria: Diplobacilli are short rod-shaped bacteria that occur in pairs. As the name suggests, there are two individual bacilli arranged side by side with each other. An example of diplobacilli bacteria is Coxiella burnetii which is an intracellular gram-negative pathogen and causes a disease known as Q fever. Another example is that of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis that causes chronic nasal infection in humans.

Streptobacilli Bacteria: Streptobacilli are gram-negative bacteria that occurs as rods in chains. The name streptobacilli originates from the word " strepto" meaning chain and " bacilli" meaning " rod-shaped". Species from this genus of bacteria are known to be pathogenic. An example of streptobacilli bacteria includes Streptobacillus moniliformis that is the causative agent of rat-bite fever.

Coccobacilli Bacteria: Coccobacilli bacteria are called so because of their shape intermediates between rod-shaped and spherical. They are short rods that can easily be mistaken for spherical bacteria. The species of this genus are pathogenic, causing infections of the vagina, like Gardnerella vaginalis; or causing influenza-like Haemophilus influenzae. Chlamydia trachomatis, also a coccobacillus, is known to cause a sexually transmitted infection called Chlamydia.

Palisade Bacteria: This particular arrangement is formed during the process of cell division when the bacteria or bacilli bend at the area of the division leading to the formation of a palisade-like arrangement. This bacteria resembles a picket fence or Chinese letters. A common example of a palisade bacteria is that of Corynebacterium diphtheria, which is the causative agent of diphtheria.

These bacteria are often found in helical or spiral arrangements such as Vibrio (comma-shaped), Spirilla (spiral), and Spirochete s (rigid helical body). Some spiral bacteria use flagella for movement.

Vibrio Bacteria: These are comma-shaped, usually gram-negative bacteria which are not completely bent or twisted. They are implicated in food-borne illnesses or diseases. The shape of the bacteria resembles a comma. A common example for this species is Vibrio cholera, the causative agent of Cholera. Other strains of Vibrio bacteria are non-cholera strains and cause other types of illnesses.

Spirilla Bacteria: This type of bacteria is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria that are gram-negative and flagellated. Spirillum minus is an example of spirilla bacteria that are implicated in rat-bite fever. This genus consists of free-living aquatic forms of bacteria such as Aquaspirillum and Oceanospirillum.

Spirochete Bacteria: This arrangement of spiral bacteria resembles long helically coiled cells. They are pathogenic and are known to cause serious diseases in humans. An example of this type of bacteria is Treponema pallidum which is known to cause syphilis. The borellia species cause Lyme disease in humans.

The Filamentous bacteria are long thin filament-like bacteria that can branch and form networks called mycelium. An example is Candidatus savagella that is found in the gut of animals like rodents, fish, etc. and can be important to immune development.

Other Odd-Shaped Bacteria

The following odd-shaped bacteria also exist in the world of bacteria which are enumerated below:

The first odd shape bacteria is a rectangular-shaped bacteria, which is also known as an arcula. Bacterial species of this genus include Haloarcula vallismortis or Haloarcula marismortui. They are extremely halophilic and grow at temperatures between 40 Celsius and 45 Celsius . They are not pathogenic and are not known to cause any diseases.

Appendaged or budding bacteria are a heterogeneous collection of microbes or bacteria. They differ from other bacteria in their mode of reproduction (i.e., budding). They can be non-motile. However, the motile forms are usually flagellated. The best examples of appendaged bacteria are Hypomicrobium and Rhodomicrobium.

This term refers to the ability to change or alter the size and shape under the stress of pressure of environmental factors. One example is Mycoplasma pneumonia, which is the causative agent of pneumonia. Another example of a pleomorphic pathogen is Mycoplasma genitalium, found in ciliated epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tract that causes sexually transmitted infections.

The star-shaped bacteria is an unusually shaped bacteria that resembles a flat, six-pronged star. An example of this species is Stella which is found in freshwater, soil, and sewage. Examples include Stella humosa and Stella vacuolata. These are found in the soil when decomposition is underway.

These bacteria are arranged in filament form, wrapped or covered in a sheath-like structure. They are aquatic bacteria and are found widely in nature, particularly in slow-running water. Examples of sheathed bacteria include Leptothrix, Crenothrix, and Clonothrix.

These are unusually shaped cells that have a stalk originating from one end of the bacteria. This arrangement is formed when the bacteria divides unevenly or asymmetrically. An example of this species is Caulobacter crescentus. It is a gram-negative bacteria which is found and lakes and streams and is used to study many aspects of microbiology like regulation of cell cycle etc.

Spindle-shaped or Fusiform Bacteria

These bacteria have a streamlined or fusiform appearance, which is tapered at both ends and bulged in the middle. An example of this species is Fusobacterium necrophorum which is the causative agent in Lemierre's syndrome.

Lobed Bacteria

The arrangement of this bacteria species is lobe-like. Examples of lobed bacteria include the genus Sulfolobus. These are found mostly in volcanic springs and are acidophiles and thermophiles. The cell shape is irregular, and they are flagellated. Sulfolobus solfataricus was found and isolated from the Solfatara volcano. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is another example of this type. These bacteria are also found in hot springs.

Trichome-forming bacteria

Some bacteria form structures called trichomes which are essentially a chain of vegetative cells. The trichome can sometimes be enclosed in a sheath-like structure. An example of this type of bacteria include the species Thiothrix nivea, that is a sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.

Function of Shapes in Pathogenesis

Peptidoglycan is essentially a polymer that contains repeated glycan strands composed of Beta-(1,4) linkages between N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) sugars that are covalently associated with NAM-peptides. Changes to this polymer configuration or thickness affect bacterial morphology and shape.

By modifying the number of cross-linkages in the peptidoglycan layer, the curvature of the bacterial cell shape can be controlled. Additionally, the process of peptidoglycan synthesis and processing also serves as an important checkpoint from where the bacterial cell assumes a particular shape. Processing of peptidoglycan polymer usually accounts for the rod-shaped bacilli like shape.

Genetic changes in proteins that form the peptidoglycan layer also leads to changes in shape and morphology of the bacterial cell. One such example is that of the spiral bacteria Caulobacter crescentus. This bacterium is curved and not helical, due to a mutation present in the crescentin protein that is involved in peptidoglycan structure formation.

Further studies have elucidated that bacterial shape affects the pathogenicity of the microorganism. One such hypothesis states that the helical shape of Helicobacter pylori. H.pylori's pathogenicity is hugely dependent on its motility. The helical shape of this bacteria is found to enhance its motility.

Also, some bacteria can change their morphology under environmental conditions or stress or during the process of pathogenicity. Therefore, shape and morphological traits are thought to be a selective factor in evolution. Bacterial shape, thus, is an important factor that decides not only the phenotypical features of the species but also its pathogenicity.

The shape is not only a phenotypic feature but is affected by, and in turn affects pathogenicity, evolution and adaptability, nutrient uptake, motility and perhaps a host of other features.

As we probe more into bacterial morphology and adaptations, can we one day be able to correlate other important factors such as antibiotic resistance?

One of the current issues at hand is the rapid development of antibiotic resistance towards some of the deadly strains of bacteria.

Perhaps, a dig into this subject, could open new insights and provide evidence of a relationship between bacterial shape and drug resistance.

References

"Bacterial morphology: Why have different shapes?". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"DIPLOCOCCI - Definition and synonyms of diplococci in the English dictionary". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"What Is a Tetrad in Microbiology? | Sciencing". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Sarcinae | definition of sarcinae by Medical dictionary". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Vibrio Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Spirillum | genus of bacteria | Britannica.com". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Haloarcula Marismortui - microbewiki". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Mycoplasma Genitalium STD: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Sulfolobus solfataricus - microbewiki". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

"Thiothrix nivea - microbewiki". Accessed February 10, 2018. Link.

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Shapes of Bacteria | Bacteria Shapes and Arrangements | Biology Explorer

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The prokaryotic kingdom consists of unicellular microscopic microorganisms called bacteria. Bacteria or a bacterium (sing.) are simple single-celled organisms that lack any chlorophyll pigments. The rigidity of its cell wall determines the shape of a bacterium. Explore 13 different shapes of bacteria in this page.

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Atgriezeniskā saite 8.12. teorētiskajam darbam

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Atgriezeniskā saite 8.12. teorētiskajam darbam

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Mājasdarbs (2.3.gr) Marta Fela un Linda Ginta Guka

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Mājasdarbs (2.3.gr) Marta Fela un Linda Ginta Guka

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Bakterioloģijas mājas darbs - Marta, Linda

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3.PD tiek kārtots pa trim studentiem vienlaicīgi - katrs savā telpā.

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L.K.Spuriņa
D.A.Pūdža
S.Brūdere

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Malači, you did it! Pirmais mikrobioloģijas semestris ir izdzīvots.
Tie, kuri vēlas jau laicīgi izglītoties, nākamajā semestrī tēmu bloks sakārtots šādi :
1. Gram(+) koki
2. Gram(+) nūjiņas
3. Gram(-) Enterobacteriaceae nūjiņas
4. Gram(-) ne-Ent nūjiņas
5. Speciālās baktērijas

🧠🦠🥽🥼🧤🧫🔬🧬💊☣️

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Ieva Lūka un Betija Ezerkalne

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Studentiem, kuriem jābrauc pāri pusei Latvijas

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Studentiem, kuriem jābrauc pāri pusei Latvijas

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Jūsu kursa vecākā ir informējusi mani, ka starp jums esot cilvēki, kuriem praktiskā darba kārtošana radot sarežģījumus. Neviens no šiem cilvēkiem pēdējo divu nedēļu laikā nav rīkojies, lai šādas problēmas risinātu. Vai tā ir taisnība? Kas notiek?

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Labvakar. Mēs ar 2.1 grupu tagad mēģinam sastadīt plānu, pēc kura cilvēki dosies kārtot praktisko darbu. Nodarbība sākas 12:30, vai Jums ir kāds priekšlikums, kā mums labāk nākt, kādā secībā? Mēs 12 cilvēki nevaram iekļauties 90 minutēs

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K. Apele
D. Gaigule
P. Ducmanis

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Labvakar! 2.3 grupas 3 PD kārtošanas secība.

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Laura C, Kristofers Ņ., Viktorija I.

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Jeļizaveta A, Agnese A.V, Rihards R

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līdz svētdienas plkst. 20:00

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Visi teorētiskie pārbaudes darbi tiek kārtoti tiešsaistē! Bez izņēmumiem.

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Kurā dienā un cikos notiks darbu rakstīšana? Kā jūs vienojāties?

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COVID-19 UniProt resource

Cellosaurus Cell culture for SARS-Cov-2

Nextstrain Genomic epidemiology of SARSCoV2

Coronaviruses 101: Focus on Molecular Virology by Britt Glaunsinger, University of California

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Philippe Le Mercier, Chantal Hulo, Patrick Masson (content); Edouard de Castro (software)

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COVID-19 UniProt resource Cellosaurus Cell culture for SARS-Cov-2 Nextstrain Genomic epidemiology of SARSCoV2 Coronaviruses 101: Focus on Molecular Virology by Britt Glaunsinger, University of California

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Dārgie jaunieši, vai jūs zinājāt, ka par tiešsaistes testiem arī jāmaksā kā par rakstisko darbu? Es to šodien uzzināju.
No nākamās tiešsaistes rakstīšanas reizes man jums būs jāuzrāda maksājums.

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1) tīrkultūra? ; 2) potenciālais patogēns? ;3) koloniju morfoloģija?

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2.3.1 gr izmeklējamās baktērijas pavadrakstam.
Ruta- Leptospira sp.
Marta- Brucella abortus
Megija- Streptacoccus pneumoniae
Evita- Bacillus Anthracis
Jānis- Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
Linda- Moraxella bovis
Emīls-Salmonella enteridis
Emīlija- Staphylococcus aureus
Laima- Mycrobacterium paraturbeculosis

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IMViC Time-lapse (Indole, MR-VP and Citrate)

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Par 30.10. pieņemšanas laikiem un iespējām kārtot parādus sazinieties ar pasniedzēju Agri Zirnīti šīs dienas (29.10.) laikā 11:00 - 12:00.

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Kristofers- Pasteurella spp.
Arta- Leptospira interrogans
Laura C.- Pseudomona aeruginosa
Anete- Escherichia coli
Ieva- Chlamydophila pecorum
Lizete- Mycobacterium bovis
Sofija- S.zooepidemicus
Agnese- Streptococcus agalactiae
Betija- Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Laura Č.- Listeria monocytogenes
Alise- Borrelia spp.
Viktorija- Brucella abortus

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LBTU - Latvijas Biozinātņu un tehnoloģiju universitāte

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Uz 13.10. lekciju rekomendējam sagatavot pavadrakstu, lai spējat pierakstīt visas svarīgās detaļas un komentārus.

Uz nākamo nodarbību katrai grupai sagatavot sarakstu ar BAKTERIĀLU infekciju veidiem, to izmeklējamo paraugu veidiem, ko sūtīs uz laboratoriju infekcijas gadījumā, kā arī ierosinātāju. Grupas ietvaros bakteriālās infekcijas nedrīkst atkārtoties.

Pēc mācībspēka apstiprinājuma, gatavosiet korekti aizpildītu parauga pavadrakstu (skat. e-studijas), kurus nodosiet līdz 16.10.

Ja kādam ir iespēja sagādāt izmeklējamo paraugu no dzīvnieka ar aizdomām uz BAKTERIĀLU infekciju, iepriekš laicīgi ar mācībspēku saskaņojot parauga iegūšanas un transportēšanas nosacījumus, to drīkst darīt.

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Ļoti labas kvalitātes nelietots medicīniskā apģērba komplekts personai uz 38/40 izmēru. Piedāvāju visu komplektu par apelsīnu sulu Don Simon.

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Mikroskopa veids = gaismas/elektronu/stereo/konfokālais utt.

Mikroskopijas metode (režīms) = eļļas imersija/tumšā redzes lauka/saspiestā piliena/imūnfluorescences utt.

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Genetic is the science that deals with heredity. Thus, it is the study of the mechanisms by which different characteristics are passed on from parents to offsprings (progeny).

Gene. Genes are genetic determinants and thus control heredity and determine properties of the organism. The genes are functional units of the chromosomes. Synthesis of protein components and enzymes of a cell is regulated by genes. DNA is responsible for both gene function and replication. By replication heredity or stability of a type is maintained. An organism containing a normal gene is known as 'wild type'. Genes may rarely mutate (change) resulting in heritable variations called mutations (See chapter 8). The changed organism is called a mutant.

Genotype. It is the genetic determinant of a cell.

Phenotype. This is the structural and physiological manifestations of the organism due to a particular genotype.

Genome. Genome is the entire set of genes and thus is the totality of genetic information in an organism.

Genes are carried on :
1. Bacterial chromosome. Chromosomes carry most prokaryotic genes. Genes essential for bacterial growth are carried on chromosome. It is present in all bacteria. Only one chromo-some is present in a bacterial nucleoid. Bacterial chromosome is a single circle containing about 4000 kbp (kilobase pairs) of DNA. DNA is a double stranded helical structure. A molecule of DNA consists of many mononucleotides. A mononucleotide consists of a molecule of sugar, a molecule of phosphate and a molecule of base. In each strand of DNA, molecules of phosphate and sugar alternate, and one of the four bases present in DNA is attached with the sugar. The four bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. A base of a strand joins with its complementary base of the other strand. Adenine is always complementary to thymine, and guanine to cytosine. During cell division, duplication of chromosome occurs so that each daughter cell receives an identical set.

2.Plasmid. Certain bacteria contain plasmids. Plasmids carry genes associated with specialized function. These are extra-chromosomal genetic elements. Plasmid is a circular double stranded DNA having several to 100 kbp. Plasmids replicate autonomously and they code for functions which are normally not indispensable. In some cases, plasmids may be transferred from one cell to another and thus may carry sets of specialized genetic information through a population, e.g. Drug resistance plasmids (R factors) may render diverse bacteria resistant to antimicrobial drugs.

3.Transposon. Transposons are genetic elements with DNA sequences of several kbp. They can migrate from one genetic

locus to another. Transfer of transposons can occur between one plasmid to another, or between plasmid and chromosome within a bacterial cell. The process is called transposition. Transposons carry genes for specialized functions, e.g. antibiotic resistance. Transposons do not contain genetic information for their replication.

NOTE: Bacteria infected with bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) contain the genes of the phage. Lysogenic bacteria are the bacteria which contain nonlytic prophage state of temperate phages.

1. Loss of capsule formation by capsulated bacteria.
2. Change in colony characters.
Transfer of DNA is widespread among bacterial cells. In intercellular transfer, the genetic material passes from the donor cell to the recipient cell. It leads to genetic diversity of bacteria. Intercellular transfer of DNA between bacterial strains can occur by conjugation, transduction and transformation.

1. Conjugation
In conjugation, a suitable donor cell (male) comes near a recipient cell (female), establishes direct cell-to-cell contact and transfers genetic material. Plasmids are most frequently transferred by conjugation. Plasmids can also mobilize portions of chromosome for transfer. This is mediated by a fertility or F factor which is carried on a plasmid. Sex pilus is responsible for the attachment of donor (F*) cell and recipient cell (F) in bacterial conjugation (mating) process. Cell with sex pilus is the male and without sex pilus is the female bacteria.

Example: Transfer of antibiotic resistance can occur by conjugation. Transfer of drug resistant plasmid is called R-factor (Resistance plasmid). This occurs via sex pilus from the male (donor) cell to the female (recipient) cell.

2.Transduction
Transduction is phage-mediated. In transduction, genetic material of donor bacterial cell is enclosed in a bacterial virus (phage) and transferred to the recipient cell.

3.Transformation
In transformation, the recipient cell directly takes up naked DNA released from the donor cell altering its genotype. It can occur in the medium. Natural transformation also can occur.

3. Change in fermentation activity.
4. Loss of sensitivity to antibiotics.
5. Loss of sensitivity to bacteriophage (Bacterial virus).

TRANSFER OF GENE

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Genetic is the science that deals with heredity. Thus, it is the study of the mechanisms by which different characteristics are passed on from parents to offsprings (progeny). Gene. Genes are genetic determinants and thus control heredity and determine properties of the organism. The genes are functional units of the chromosomes.

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The Role of Your Parents

The instructions necessary for you to grow throughout your lifetime are passed down from your mother and father. Half of your genome comes from your biological mother and half from your biological father, making you related to each, but identical to neither. Your biological parents' genes influence traits like height, eye color, and disease risk that make you a unique person.

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A introduction to basic concepts in genomics to help you understand your genome, how it works, and how it impacts your health.

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Ja šīs lapas līdz piektdienas plkst. 16:00 netiks paņemtas, tās tiks likvidētas.

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Par iespēju praktizēties laboratorijā rīt - sk. e-studijas. Ja teorētiskā atbildēšana ir jūsu nodarbību laikā, rakstiet, meklēsim risinājumu.

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The Gram Stain: Identify and differentiate bacteria Virtual Lab | Labster

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Join doctors in revealing a pathogen that is causing a patient to be critically ill. Perform the Gram stain on a sample collected from the patient and use microscopy to identify the presence of bacteria to help guide the proper antibiotic treatment.

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The Gram Stain

The gram stain is the most frequently used stain in a clinical microbiology laboratory and is usually the first step in identifying bacteria. Based on differences in cell wall components, bacteria are categorized as either gram-positive (stains dark purple) or gram-negative (stains pink). In addition to the gram reaction, the morphology and configuration of the bacteria can be observed, i.e., gram-positive coccus in chains or gram-negative rod.

- Click to open the module
- Module instructions Gram Stain

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The Gram Stain - Virtual Interactive Bacteriology Laboratory

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The Gram Stain The gram stain is the most frequently used stain in a clinical microbiology laboratory and is usually the first step in identifying bacteria. Based on differences in cell wall components, bacteria are categorized as either gram-positive (stains dark purple) or gram-negative (stains pink).

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Uzmanību - šodien D korpusā nebūšu pieejama veselības stāvokļa dēļ.
Centīšos nodrošināt pieņemšanas laiku pirmdienā.

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procedures for identifying pathogens and diagnosing infection

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Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing Infection - ppt video online download

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Clinical Microbiology Methods of identifying unknown microbes fall into three categories: Phenotypic - observable microscopic and macroscopic characteristics Genotypic - genetic make up Immunological - serology; antibody-antigen reactions

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Microbiology pictures - photo gallery of medically important bacteria. Microbiology in pictures, bacteria images and photographs with texts. On-line photo atlas of bacteria.

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photo gallery of bacteria, microbiologyinpictures.com, on-line photo atlas of bacteria, medically important bacteria

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New names of taxa within the classification category phylum

During October 2021, an article was published by A. Oren och G.M. Garrity, in which new names are proposed for a number of taxa within the classification category phylum. This has resulted in many discussions in social media about whether it was really necessary to make these changes, which have created confusion among microbiologists and other professionals who come into contact with bacteriology.
Published 2022-09-28. Read more...

This database contains information about 277 species (and subspecies) of importance in veterinary bacteriology. These species belong to 100 genera and you can click on Genus to select a genus from the alphabetical list. You can also use the search facility on the left. Enter just a few letters from the word/name you are looking for; there is no need to enter a complete word.

You can click on an arbitrary taxonomic level (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus) on the blue bar to view the groups that are included in VetBact and you can then click on a specific category. For example, if you first clicked on "Order", you can then click on a specific order such as Spirochaetales to list the categories at the level below, in this case families.

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New names of taxa within the classification category phylum During October 2021, an article was published by A. Oren och G.M. Garrity, in which new names are proposed for a number of taxa within the classification category phylum.

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https://ej.uz/VMFBMV

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Lūdzu "like" šo postu, ja vispār viņu redzi :D

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Uztaisīt īssaiti un publicēt šeit, lai visi redz.