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He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company and became one of the wealthiest men. He was also a robber baron, because of the monopolization of oil. He lowers his prices and then he destroyed opposing companies. He made secret agreements with railroads to ship his oil in return for discounts and would also spy on other companies. His oil company overpowered all the other oil companies in America since his oil company made up 90% of the oil companies in America.

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                      Coal Miners Strike of 1902

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                      Coal Miners Strike of 1902

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It began after mine operators refused to work in the coal mines and requested for better wages, a shorter workweek, and recognition of their union had also been denied. Coal prices doubled as production dropped. As the autumn began and negotiations between the owners and the miners were ineffective, President Theodore Roosevelt feared that there would be a coal shortage. Eventually, the miners returned to work after both sides agreed to settle the strike and resulted in a victory for the hard-coal miners with a 10% increase in wages and lower hours in their working day.

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This process allowed citizens of many U.S. states to place new legislation on a popular ballot, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote.

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This was a process which was legalized allowing voters to petition to have an elected official removed from office. This is in essence the modern day impeachment. It also allows the public to keep a look out on the government officials and also ensures the officials do not become corrupt while in office out of fear of recall.

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These were enacted to ensure privacy at a ballot box when voting so party bosses do not know who anyone voted for. This is a crucial reform because it ensures an unbiased and unaltered opinion of the general public. It elects the candidate who won the race not because of intimidation but only for their strategies and ideas.

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This law provides consumer's perspective on concerns including child labor, privacy, food safety, and medication information. They would issue a white label to businesses, defend in-house workers (mainly families) from being taken advantage of by employers, boost the Meat Inspection Act of 1904 and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, and set standards for minimum wages and maximum working hours.

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This act helped to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer and more affordable. It also dealt with helping the security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.

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Tenement house reforms helped with initiating new construction, cleaning the streets, creating parks and playgrounds, tearing down rear tenements, and cutting more than 40,000 windows through interior walls to let in light.

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Streetcars and trolleys were the popular forms of transit in major cities that provided a way for people to travel cheaply within the city. Elevated railways allowed passengers to travel cheaply and more efficiently throughout the city and its suburbs.

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This act implemented the recommendations of the farming commissions to help small farmers and ranchers by making it easier for farmers to secure loans, obtain credit, restore free enterprise and a competitive market for agriculture.

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In 1911, the Triangle shirtwaist Company factory burned, killing 145 workers. It's one of the most infamous incidents in American industrial history, as the deaths were largely preventable, most of the victims died as a result of neglected safety features and locked doors within the factory building.

This brought widespread attention to the dangerous conditions of factories, and led to a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers.

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It legalized an income tax that would vary based on the income of an individual or corporation. The tax would range from 1% (around $4,000 annual revenue) to 6% (around $500,000 annual revenue). This form of taxation supplied the government with a higher revenue than tariffs ever supplied.

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17th Amendment - Direct Election of Senators

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17th Amendment - Direct Election of Senators

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This amendment allowed voters to cast direct votes to U.S. senators and also allowed regular voters to vote for the Senators and that there would be 2 Senators from each state. Each would serve 6 year terms. This eliminated the corruption of the Representatives voting for the Senators. Voters have the option to vote now and things are much more fair.

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This law was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. It had helped the economy by taking a rise due to economic regulations. Also by railroad companies making reasonable rates. It also made the railroad companies extremely competitive over the markets.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909

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The purpose of this organization was to ensure that all African-Americans had their political, educational, social, and economic equality of their rights. They helped build schools, fed poor African-American families, and one of their main goals that they were focused on ending was against lynching.

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The movement was an organized public effort in the U.S. that aimed to stop the practice of lynching. Lynching was used as a tool to repress African Americans.

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This case essentially established the constitutionality of racial segregation. It ruled that segregation in public accommodations, in Homer’s Plessy’s case a railroad car, did not violate the 14th amendment’s Equal Protection clause.

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This act preserved ancient indian ruins and antiques, on federal land in the west. It also allowed presidents to claim land and protect them, naming them National Monuments. This law impacts us today because the government now has the power to punish people for taking or destroying antiques without permission. This became a method to protect land that faced immediate threats.

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The law specified that the new service was to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life that they're in and leave them well for future generations.

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A difference between Conservationists and preservationists is that Conservationists seek to regulate human use while preservationists try to eliminate human impact altogether. Gifford Pinchot and John Muir both helped with preserving the wildlife by advocating for the improvement and protection of nature outside the cities and maintaining resources such as the forests for the use by humans. Modern wildlife management includes regulating hunting and providing habitats to maintain maximum, sustainable, and balanced predator/prey populations.

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This policy prohibits the trafficking of wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally possessed, transported, or sold. It regulates the import of any species protected by international or domestic law and prevents the spread of invasive, or non-native, species.

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This law's purpose was to fund irrigation projects in Western land that were extremely dry, so they could be productive. This Act irrigated the west through a series of dams on waterways and allowed the farmers access to irrigation and was the only thing that made cultivating the land possible.

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In the mid to late 19th century, natural resources were heavily exploited, especially in the West. Land speculators and developers took over large tracts of forests and grazing land. Mining companies practiced improper and wasteful mining practices. American industrialization, the expansion of railroads into the West, and the rise of large corporations led to the widespread destruction of areas of the Plains, as well as increased pollution of land and water.

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A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote. Many Southern states enacted poll tax laws as a device for restricting voting rights. Some states had required people to pay to vote, which effectively disenfranchised large numbers of African-American people, who were disproportionately poor.

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Labor Unions, sought to promote to the interests of workers against the big businesses, corporations, and banking magnates.

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This law helped out the consumers who were being deceived and lied to about their products by companies. Companies that produced food and drugs could no longer make “false claims” or mislabel their products and deceive the public. This act had helped the consumers in the U.S as they benefited from the improved food quality and knowledge of what their product was made of.

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Roosevelt responded to public anger over the abuses in the food-packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. It would prevent adulterated meat products from being sold and to ensure that animals are slaughtered under sanitary conditions.

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She was a social reformer and political activist who defended the rights of working women and fought for children's rights, making sure that no child had to work and go through any of the things they would have had to go through if they did work.

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Jane was inspired by social reformers in London, and she came back to America with the intention of finding the poorest neighborhood in Chicago. She and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, founded Hull House in Chicago, moved into it, and began offering instructions and helping immigrants, women, and children adapt to life in the United States. She also felt strongly about women's rights.

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He reorganized several major railroads, dominated corporate and industrial consolidation. He and his partners had invested in many large corporations soon he was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business.

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He was known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal.

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He was a writer and conservationist. He wrote 300 articles and one of his books, “Our National Parks'', caught the attention of the president at the time Theodore Roosevelt.

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He was one of several naturalists whom Theodore Roosevelt knew because of his role in the evolving conservation movement of the early twentieth century. In April 1903, he and Roosevelt toured Yellowstone Park together and Burroughs wrote about it in “Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt”, published in 1906.

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The 19th Amendment was passed, giving women the right to vote in elections. Ida B. Wells led a campaign against the lynching of African Americans. Jane Addams established a settlement house that educated and provided services for local immigrants. Florence Kelley fought for laws that protected women in the workplace.

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They were used to keep people of color, and sometimes poor whites, from voting, and they were administered at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration. These discriminatory practices were not outlawed until the 1950s and later.

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They were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. They were passed by legislatures in southern states that legally segregated the South. First came the deliberate disenfranchisement of African Americans which denied them of an education, put in “white only” and “colored only” signs, humiliated and dehumanized them.

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A primary in which members of a party nominate its candidates by direct vote. Political parties usually choose their candidates in closed-door meetings or at political conventions. As a result of this process, a few influential people were often able to manipulate the party's choice of candidates. Progressives believed that this process led to political corruption and kept elections from being truly democratic.

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Tenements were small overcrowded apartments for poor families, lacked indoor plumbing, and housed several families in a few tiny rooms. There were laws that now helped poor families in tenement houses such as a garbage removal company, passing the Tenement Law that required indoor plumbing, better ventilation, and the installation of lighting.

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They were organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants, often including education, healthcare, childcare, and employment resources.

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When officials bring to a court of law cases where they believe companies have been illegally working together to reduce competition and control prices.

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Passed in 1890, and named after Ohio Senator, John Sherman. It requires the federal government to investigate trusts in order to eliminate monopolies. The purpose of the Act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

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He helped expand the power of the federal government to impose regulations on private industry and implement protections for workers, consumers, and the natural environment. He had also gone after trusts and monopolies for stifling competition and fixing prices.

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Muckrakers were the literary leaders of progressivism. They consisted of writers who exposed abuse and corruption in industries through books and magazine articles.
Ex: The Jungle by Upton St. Claire, The Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffen, and How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis.

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An organization that works to win elections so that it can exercise power. The machine also provided valuable services to immigrants and other poor people in cities.

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He was a famous political cartoon creator who used political cartoons and forums to inform readers of criminal activity. Creating the "Tammany Tiger'' to describe Tweed and his Tweed Ring, public outrage set in and Tweed's cycle of corruption took a turn.

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Steffens helped cleaned up government corruption in several big cities with his publishing's. He exposed corruption and flaws in the government and businesses. His published his municipal investigations and exposure in magazines and newspapers, magazine articles, and even books, the best form of media at the time. He wrote books about the corruption he exposed, on of the books he wrote was called The Shame of Cities.

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It's a collection of articles written by Lincoln Steffens for McClure's Magazine. The articles were written to expose corruption in city governments. Steffens wanted to expose the corruption by the political machines. The corruptions included stealing tax money and taking bribes.

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He was the boss/king of political machines. He ran New York in the late 1860s and early 1870s. He was a business man since he was a kid and became incredibly wealthy through dishonest means, using Tammany Hall to gain his wealth. He also obtained incredible amounts of money by stealing from New York City.

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A “muckraker” who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil and became an early pioneer of investigative journalism. Published The History of the Standard Oil Company, exposing Rockefeller and his methods to build his oil empire (1904).

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Corporate Bosses pursued unethical and unfair business practices aimed at eliminating competition and increasing profits. Corporations would also lower wages down, giving workers longer hours (overtime), and make them work in terrible conditions since they needed to keep costs down and profits high in a competitive market. Corporations also had Trusts, the organization of several businesses in the same industry and by joining forces, the trust controls production and distribution of a product or service, thereby limiting competition.

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Factory workers, many of them recent immigrants, were frequently subjected to brutal and perilous working and living conditions. Labor unions also supported restrictions on immigration and blamed immigrants for low wages and harsh working conditions in factories across the nation.

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The author of "The Jungle". He exposed the filthy conditions that were happening in the meat packing plants (1906). From then on, laws such as the Meat Inspection Act were passed thanks to his novel.

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A Danish immigrant who was a “muckraking" journalist, and social documentary photographer. He wrote an essay called “How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York”, exposing the poor living conditions to the middle and upper classes.

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Political corruption was rampant, as business leaders spent significant amounts of money ensuring that the government did not regulate the activities of big business and they more often than not got what they wanted. Politicians in the major cities controlled their power through various political machines.

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An African-American woman, activist, journalist, and suffragist, was another influential female muckraker. In the 1890s, she became involved in anti-lynching activism. In 1892, she published Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases, which detailed the systematic disenfranchisement of Southern blacks and even some poor whites. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.

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These groups were against corporate greed and also exposed big businesses for their corruption and greediness.

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He was a member of the Progressive Movement that used his camera to take photos of children working in terrible conditions. Photos that he took and published to the public had changed their perception of child labor in the U.S. Eventually, it pressured state legislatures to change the child labor laws.

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This book brought attention to the lives of the immigrants in the United States. It was intended to dramatize working conditions, NOT food safety. It also shows the poverty and the unpleasantness living and working conditions. This book had a significant impact on society, instead of helping out the working class, the book made the public aware that the plants were filthy and dangerous, posing a threat to the public.

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               Worker/Immigration Protections

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               Worker/Immigration Protections

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Through settlement houses and other urban social work, reformers helped factory workers and their families and urged employers to eliminate dangerous working conditions and other abuses. Muckrakers gave nation‑wide publicity to accidents and unsafe conditions by investigating the mistreatment of the workers. The Child Labor Law was put in place as well as regulations that were passed to help workers such as working mothers financial aid, public accident insurance, workplace safety regulations, pushed for an eight-hour workday, and safer conditions.

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There were instances of customers getting contaminated meat (that was rat) and sawdust, as well as squirrels in a can. Most, if not all of consumers didn’t have any way of knowing what was actually inside their food. Consumers also had to put up with poisonous chemicals, polluted air, automobile accidents, and defective products from factories and companies.

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There were fingers and other body parts getting destroyed by acid or torn off in the factory during work hours and disgusting conditions in the meatpacking industry that workers had to be subjected to such as contaminated meat that carried diseases. Children were also getting subjected to working for long hours (overtime) in unsanitary conditions.

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There was no plumbing or any air condition. Harsh living conditions as well. There was also hardly any room to fit in. People also died of diseases like tuberculosis, yellow fever, smallpox, and typhoid.

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The real reason for slavery was the fact that it was very easy to get people to work for you in very labor attentive crops. Segregation had mainly affected the African-American population in the U.S. Many southern states had instituted literacy requirements for African-Americans. Some states had required people to pay to vote, which effectively disenfranchised large numbers of African-American people, who were disproportionately poor. The Progressive Movement hadn’t done too much nor protested about stopping this issue from ever continuing.

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                        Progressive Era Reform

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                        Progressive Era Reform

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The Progressive Era was an attempt to bring reforms to society. There was a need for change due to a lack of government regulation. Big businesses wanted to make as much money as possible and political machines controlled the government. There were many different parts of society that needed reform during the progressive movement, such as the meatpacking industry, the government, the oil industry, the housing conditions, and many other industries. (1890-1914).