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- life of a typical Vietnamese rice farmer
- importance of good deeds and moral behaviour
- strengthen nationalism.
- affirmation of stability and prosperity

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Health risks faced by puppeteers.

What?
- Performance stages are natural bodies of water
- Puppeteers have to stand waist-deep in the water for prolonged periods of time
- Endure water-borne diseases, rheumatism, leeches etc.
- Likely to catch colds, fall ill, get hypothermia

How to prevent/minimize risks?

- Puppeteers drank fermented nước mắm ("fish sauce")

- First clothing layer: Wet suits

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Example: Water Puppet Show in Hanoi, Vietnam (Short video) 

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Example: Water Puppet Show in Hanoi, Vietnam (Short video) 

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- In the past consisted of families and locals of the village
- Now people travel from all over the world to Vietnam
- Although there is a language barrier, the dancing puppets along with the music and various effects create a performance that is still enjoyable

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- Only performed by male farmers in the past
- Now accompanied by music and singing
- The puppets, music, singing and visual effects create a beautiful show

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How can this art form be preserved? (future prospects) 

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How can this art form be preserved? (future prospects) 

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Conservation:
1) Performance components
2) Presentation
3) Public relations and Advertising
4) Performance times and Events

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- Initially performed by farmers to entertain families
- Nowadays, performed by trained professionals in theatres and during festive occasions

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Cultural continuity of Chèo music in water puppetry shows.

Why?
- Very important factor
- Allows audiences to feel the emotions brought about in the performances
- Sense of connection to the story and characters
- Increases the overall amount of excitement and drama
- Maintain popularity in Northern Vietnam

How?
1) Conservation
2) Restoration
3) Adaptation
4) New composition

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Water puppets can move delicately like ballet dancers

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Water puppets can move delicately like ballet dancers

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https://photo-cms-vovworld.zadn.vn/w730/uploaded/vovworld/asfzyrvslys/2016_06_10/water%20puppets%20move%20dedicately%20like%20ballet%20dancers_thanglongwaterpuppet_copy.jpg

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- Started in northern region, spread across Vietnam (expansion) --> popular form of entertainment

Past: Shows did not have music
Now: Shows are accompanied by an orchestra with narration

Past: art form taken very seriously, secrets kept within family
Now: puppeteers train 3 years before performing, methods still remain a secret

Past: puppets could only do simple actions
Now: New ideas, techniques (steel-wielding, pulleys)  --> easy to control --> better performances

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- Manipulation of detailed figures made of lacquered wood using bamboo poles or track mechanisms
- Waist-deep in the pool’s water
- Hidden behind a temple-like façade covered with a bamboo screen in their staging house
-  Vietnamese orchestra provides background music accompaniment.
- Their performance extends elements from the rich tradition of Phuong
- Phuong: secret societies of village puppeteers who cultivated this art in the Red River Delta to celebrate temple and village festivals

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- Origin: Villages of the Red River Delta area of Northern Vietnam in the 10th century
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- Rice paddies/fields
- Entertain family and locals

The water aspect of it holds high importance:
1. Nourishment
2. Symbolizes rebirth
3. Connection to heritage.

The rice aspect of it:
1. Vital part of rituals
2. Good social relations through rice spirits

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https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/tourism-keeps-vietnam-s-ancient-water-puppets-afloat-3761556.html