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1) Crabs have thick exoskeleton and we know them as shells.
2) Female crabs are bigger than male crabs.
3)They use their single pair of claws to defend themselves.
4)The hermit crab doesn't have a strong shell of its own so it borrows them from discarded shells!

I love crabs that are cooked in spicy sambal or marinated in sauce!

Submitted by Miss Diyan

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1. They do not have their own shell.
2. The look for other creatures' shells to live in.
3. They must look for a bigger shell when they grow bigger in size.

Ms Diana
2G

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1.Hermit crab do not have their own shell 2.They can grow bigger and they can grow sizes3.They must look for a bigger shell

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1. They must look for a bigger shell when they grow bigger in size.
2.Hermit crabs change shells.
3.They can go underwater.

Ravier Tan

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1.They can grow bigger in size and they must change shells when they grow bigger.2.They always find shells so they can protect theirselfs.3.They can pinch people.

Low An Kai

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1.Clams main food consists algae, phytoplantkon, nutrients in water.
2.They can grow up to 4 feet.
3.They live in saltwater seafloors.
4.Their predators are eels, snails and starfish.
5.There are 100 species of starfish.
6.The colors of them are brown, yellow, red, blue, green, orange and pink.

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turtle 1.They can go underwater. 2.Some of the turtles can swim. 3.They eat anything. Ravier Tan    

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turtle 1.They can go underwater. 2.Some of the turtles can swim. 3.They eat anything. Ravier Tan    

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SOME TURTLE LIVE IN DIFFRENT OCAN AND SEA .TURTLES BORN THEIR BABYS AT THE BEACH AND THE ILAND NEAR TO THE PALM TREE .SOME TURTLES ARE VERY HEAVY LIKE 10KG THE BABYS SIZE IS LIKE 2 OR 1KG.TURTLES CAN BE ANBANDON AND SOME CAN BE ADOPTED AS A PET . TURTLES HAVE SHELLS TO PROTECT THEM ALSO BABY TURTLE HAVE SHELLS TO PROTECT THEM.BY AGNES CLASS 2G

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1.Hermit crabs don`t have their shell so they will find another shell to protect themselves so when
here is danger so they can live in the shell .

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1)HERMIT CRABS DO NOT HAVE THEIR OWN SHELLS
2)HERMIT CRABS HAVE TO FIND THEIR OWN SHELLS
3)HERMIT CRABS LIVE ON SAND

JORAM LOW

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1. hermit crabs Use other creatures shell when they grow amelda 2G

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1hermit crabs are born witch no shell they fine shells at the beach 2they will grow but the shell does not grow with them 3they will line up to exchange shells 4form small to big.

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1.

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1.some lobsters have different colour
2)

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1.They live in other shell.

Aden Tan

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1.Turtles lay their eggs on the beach.Turtles can be ado

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1.turtle

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1)The clams body has two siphon-like tubes.
2) Clams feed and breathe by drawing water and food particles into one tube and expel waste-filled water out the other.
3)Some clams are among the longest-lived species in the world.

Gwyneth Kok

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1.

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1:Some Clams

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1.Only the largest sea predators can takle a leatherback successfully.
2.The olive ridley sea turtle,also called the Pafic Ridley,is one of the smallest species of sea turtles.
3.The pig-nosed turtle is unlike any other spicies of freshwater turtle.
Cheong Chee Min
2G

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1.When the hermit crab grows in size it finds a larger shell .
2.Land hermit crabs bury themselves for many weeks while they moult and consume their exoskeleton.
3.Hermit crabs often have sea anemones on the shell they live in.
Zia Qaireen

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Turtles                                          1)Turtles lay their eggs on the beach.

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Turtles                                          1)Turtles lay their eggs on the beach.

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2)After that when the eggs hatch the baby turtles crawl to the sea.3)When they grow up they fend for themselves.Jett Tan Kai Swee

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1. The upper shell of the turtle is called the carapace. The lower shell that encases the belly is called the plastron. The carapace and plastron are joined together on the turtle's sides by bony structures called bridges.

2. Sea turtles (Chelonioidea) are turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Artic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans.

3.Green sea turtles are the world's largest species of hard-shelled sea turtle. While most individuals weigh about 300 to 400 pounds (136 to 181 kilograms)

/ ADELLE TEO 2G /

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1. Leatherback turtles are the worlds biggest turtles on earth.
2.Green sea turtles can live up to 80 years in the wild.
3. Leatherback's shell is leathery that it feels almost rubbery.
Roselle Nwai Oo
2G

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1. Hermit crabs are omnivorous scavengers, eating microscopic mussels and clams, bits of dead animals, and macroalgae.
2. Hermit crabs have a curled tail with a hook that enables their bodies to fit inside these borrowed shells.
3. Hermit crabs don’t breed well in captivity, and so the numerous land hermit crabs seen in pet stores and tourist shops are taken from the wild, which is considered an unsustainable practice.

- Lucas Quek 2G-

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1. All species of turtle are on endangered listing.

2. Water pollution such as unwanted plastic bags in the ocean is one of the cause of turtles' extinction as they mistakenly treat it as jellyfish.
3.Baby turtles crawl to the ocean by themselves after hatched and might be eaten by seagull.
4.Turtles are reptiles and yet they are a good swimmers.
5.Mother turtles lay eggs on beach and they will return to the same beach every year to lay eggs.
6. Big-headed turtle has a very big head that it cannot be pulled back into the shell.
7. Turtles are omnivores as they do eat fruits, plants like algae and insects too!
<Reeanne Wee- 2G>

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1.Sea turtles

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1:Some crabs have a bigger pincher than the other pincher.                            2:Sometimes crabs go higher by swimming using there legs by paddling up to go higher.
3:All crabs have ten legs altogether five on the left and five on the right.     4:All crabs walk sideways.               Danish 2G

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Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting " tail" ( abdomen), usually hidden entirely under the thorax ( brachyura means "short tail" in Greek). They live in all the world's oceans, in freshwater, and on land, are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and have a single pair of pincers on each arm. They first appeared during the Jurassic Period.

Gecarcinus quadratus, a land crab from Central America

Crabs are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, composed primarily of highly mineralized chitin. Behind their pair of chelae (claws) are six walking legs and then two swimming legs. The crab breathes through gills on its underside; gills must be at least moist to work.

Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimeters wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span up to 4 m (13 ft). Several other groups of crustaceans with similar appearances - such as king crabs and porcelain crabs - are not true crabs, but have evolved features similar to true crabs through a process known as carcinisation.

Crabs are found in all of the world's oceans, as well as in fresh water and on land, particularly in tropical regions. About 850 species are freshwater crabs.

The underside of a male (top) and a female (bottom) individual of Pachygrapsus marmoratus, showing the difference in shape of the abdomen

Crabs often show marked sexual dimorphism. Males often have larger claws, a tendency that is particularly pronounced in the fiddler crabs of the genus Uca ( Ocypodidae). In fiddler crabs, males have one greatly enlarged claw used for communication, particularly for attracting a mate. Another conspicuous difference is the form of the pleon ( abdomen); in most male crabs, this is narrow and triangular in form, while females have a broader, rounded abdomen. This is because female crabs brood fertilised eggs on their pleopods.

Crab (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) on Istrian coast, Adriatic Sea

Crabs attract a mate through chemical ( pheromones), visual, acoustic, or vibratory means. Pheromones are used by most fully aquatic crabs, while terrestrial and semiterrestrial crabs often use visual signals, such as fiddler crab males waving their large claws to attract females. The vast number of brachyuran crabs have internal fertilisation and mate belly-to-belly. For many aquatic species, mating takes place just after the female has moulted and is still soft. Females can store the sperm for a long time before using it to fertilise their eggs. When fertilisation has taken place, the eggs are released onto the female's abdomen, below the tail flap, secured with a sticky material. In this location, they are protected during embryonic development. Females carrying eggs are called "berried" since the eggs resemble round berries.

When development is complete, the female releases the newly hatched larvae into the water, where they are part of the plankton. The release is often timed with the tidal and light/dark diurnal cycle. The free-swimming tiny zoea larvae can float and take advantage of water currents. They have a spine, which probably reduces the rate of predation by larger animals. The zoea of most species must find food, but some crabs provide enough yolk in the eggs that the larval stages can continue to live off the yolk.

Female crab Xantho poressa at spawning time in the Black Sea, carrying eggs under her abdomen

A Grapsus tenuicrustatus climbing up a rock in Hawaii

Each species has a particular number of zoeal stages, separated by moults, before they change into a megalopa stage, which resembles an adult crab, except for having the abdomen (tail) sticking out behind. After one more moult, the crab is a juvenile, living on the bottom rather than floating in the water. This last moult, from megalopa to juvenile, is critical, and it must take place in a habitat that is suitable for the juvenile to survive.

Most species of terrestrial crabs must migrate down to the ocean to release their larvae; in some cases, this entails very extensive migrations. After living for a short time as larvae in the ocean, the juveniles must do this migration in reverse. In many tropical areas with land crabs, these migrations often result in considerable roadkill of migrating crabs.

Once crabs have become juveniles, they still have to keep moulting many more times to become adults. They are covered with a hard shell, which would otherwise prevent growth. The moult cycle is coordinated by hormones. When preparing for moult, the old shell is softened and partly eroded away, while the rudimentary beginnings of a new shell form under it. At the time of moulting, the crab takes in a lot of water to expand and crack open the old shell at a line of weakness along the back edge of the carapace. The crab must then extract all of itself - including its legs, mouthparts, eyestalks, and even the lining of the front and back of the digestive tract - from the old shell. This is a difficult process that takes many hours, and if a crab gets stuck, it will die. After freeing itself from the old shell (now called an exuvia), the crab is extremely soft and hides until its new shell has hardened. While the new shell is still soft, the crab can expand it to make room for future growth.

Carpilius convexus consuming Heterocentrotus trigonarius in Hawaii

Crabs typically walk sideways (hence the term crabwise), because of the articulation of the legs which makes a sidelong gait more efficient. Some crabs walk forward or backward, including raninids, Libinia emarginata and Mictyris platycheles. Some crabs, like the Portunidae and Matutidae, are also capable of swimming, the Portunidae especially so as their last pair of walking legs are flattened into swimming paddles.

Crabs are mostly active animals with complex behaviour patterns such as communicating by drumming or waving their pincers. Crabs tend to be aggressive toward one another, and males often fight to gain access to females. On rocky seashores, where nearly all caves and crevices are occupied, crabs may also fight over hiding holes. Fiddler crabs (genus Uca) dig burrows in sand or mud, which they use for resting, hiding, and mating, and to defend against intruders.

Crabs are omnivores, feeding primarily on algae, and taking any other food, including molluscs, worms, other crustaceans, fungi, bacteria, and detritus, depending on their availability and the crab species. For many crabs, a mixed diet of plant and animal matter results in the fastest growth and greatest fitness. Some species are more specialised in their diets, based in plankton, clams or fish.

Crabs are known to work together to provide food and protection for their family, and during mating season to find a comfortable spot for the female to release her eggs.

A short video on catching and exporting shellfish in Wales.

Crabs make up 20% of all marine crustaceans caught, farmed, and consumed worldwide, amounting to 1.5 million tonnes annually. One species, Portunus trituberculatus, accounts for one-fifth of that total. Other commercially important taxa include Portunus pelagicus, several species in the genus Chionoecetes, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), Charybdis spp., Cancer pagurus, the Dungeness crab ( Metacarcinus magister), and Scylla serrata, each of which yields more than 20,000 tonnes annually.

In some crab species, meat is harvested by manually twisting and pulling off one or both claws and returning the live crab to the water in the knowledge that the crab may survive and regenerate the claws.

Crab masala from Karnataka, India

Crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in many different ways all over the world. Some species are eaten whole, including the shell, such as soft-shell crab; with other species, just the claws or legs are eaten. The latter is particularly common for larger crabs, such as the snow crab. In many cultures, the roe of the female crab is also eaten, which usually appears orange or yellow in fertile crabs. This is popular in Southeast Asian cultures, some Mediterranean and Northern European cultures, and on the East, Chesapeake, and Gulf Coasts of the United States.

In some regions, spices improve the culinary experience. In Southeast Asia and the Indosphere, masala crab and chilli crab are examples of heavily spiced dishes. In the Chesapeake Bay region, blue crab is often steamed with Old Bay Seasoning. Alaskan king crab or snow crab legs are usually simply boiled and served with garlic or lemon butter.

For the British dish dressed crab, the crab meat is extracted and placed inside the hard shell. One American way to prepare crab meat is by extracting it and adding varying amounts of binders, such as egg white, cracker meal, mayonnaise, or mustard, creating a crab cake. Crabs can also be made into a bisque, a global dish of French origin which in its authentic form includes in the broth the pulverized shells of the shellfish from which it is made.

Imitation crab, also called surimi, is made from minced fish meat that is crafted and colored to resemble crab meat. While it is sometimes disdained among some elements of the culinary industry as an unacceptably low-quality substitute for real crab, this does not hinder its popularity, especially as a sushi ingredient in Japan and South Korea, and in home cooking, where cost is often a chief concern. Indeed, surimi is an important source of protein in most East and Southeast Asian cultures, appearing in staple ingredients such as fish balls and fish cake.

Whether crustaceans as a whole experience pain or not is a scientific debate that has ethical implications for crab dish preparation. Crabs are very often boiled alive as part of the cooking process.

Reconstruction of Eocarcinus, the earliest known crab

The earliest unambiguous crab fossils date from the Early Jurassic, with the oldest being Eocarcinus from the early Pliensbachian of Britain, which likely represents a stem-group lineage, as it lacks several key morphological features that define modern crabs. Most Jurassic crabs are only known from dorsal (top half of the body) carapaces, making it difficult to determine their relationships. Crabs radiated in the Late Jurassic, corresponding with an increase in reef habitats, though they would decline at the end of the Jurassic as the result of the decline of reef ecosystems. Crabs increased in diversity through the Cretaceous and represented the dominant group of decapods by the end of the period.

The crab infraorder Brachyura belongs to the group Reptantia, which consists of the walking/crawling decapods ( lobsters and crabs). Brachyura is the sister clade to the infraorder Anomura, which contains the hermit crabs and relatives. The cladogram below shows Brachyura's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al., 2019.

Brachyura is separated into several sections, with the basal Dromiacea diverging the earliest in the evolutionary history, around the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic. The group consisting of Raninoida and Cyclodorippoida split off next, during the Jurassic period. The remaining clade Eubrachyura then divided during the Cretaceous period into Heterotremata and Thoracotremata. A summary of the high-level internal relationships within Brachyura can be shown in the cladogram below:

There is a no consensus on the relationships of the subsequent superfamilies and families. The proposed cladogram below is from analysis by Tsang et al, 2014:

The infraorder Brachyura contains approximately 7,000 species in 98 families, as many as the remainder of the Decapoda. The evolution of crabs is characterised by an increasingly robust body, and a reduction in the abdomen. Although many other groups have undergone similar processes, carcinisation is most advanced in crabs. The telson is no longer functional in crabs, and the uropods are absent, having probably evolved into small devices for holding the reduced abdomen tight against the sternum.

In most decapods, the gonopores (sexual openings) are found on the legs. Since crabs use their first two pairs of pleopods (abdominal appendages) for sperm transfer, this arrangement has changed. As the male abdomen evolved into a slimmer shape, the gonopores have moved toward the midline, away from the legs, and onto the sternum. A similar change occurred, independently, with the female gonopores. The movement of the female gonopore to the sternum defines the clade Eubrachyura, and the later change in the position of the male gonopore defines the Thoracotremata. It is still a subject of debate whether a monophyletic group is formed by those crabs where the female, but not male, gonopores are situated on the sternum.

Numbers of extant and extinct (†) species are given in brackets. The superfamily Eocarcinoidea, containing Eocarcinus and Platykotta, was formerly thought to contain the oldest crabs; it is now considered part of the Anomura.

A crab divination pot in Kapsiki, North Cameroon.

Both the constellation Cancer and the astrological sign Cancer are named after the crab, and depicted as a crab. William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse drew the Crab Nebula in 1848 and noticed its similarity to the animal; the Crab Pulsar lies at the centre of the nebula. The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature, especially the sea, and often depicted crabs in their art. In Greek mythology, Karkinos was a crab that came to the aid of the Lernaean Hydra as it battled Heracles. One of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories, The Crab that Played with the Sea, tells the story of a gigantic crab who made the waters of the sea go up and down, like the tides. The auction for the crab quota in 2019, Russia is the largest revenue auction in the world except the spectrum auctions. In Malay mythology (as related by Hugh Clifford to Walter William Skeat), ocean tides are believed to be caused by water rushing in and out of a hole in the Navel of the Seas ( Pusat Tasek), where "there sits a gigantic crab which twice a day gets out in order to search for food".

The Kapsiki people of North Cameroon use the way crabs handle objects for divination.[citation needed ]

The term crab mentality is derived from a type of detrimental social behavior observed in crabs.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting " tail" ( abdomen), usually hidden entirely under the thorax ( brachyura means "short tail" in Greek). They live in all the world's oceans, in freshwater, and on land, are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and have a single pair of pincers on each arm.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Sea  turtles have roamed the earth's oceans for the last 110 million years.
2.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Sea Turtles are omnivorous, they eat other animals like fish and plants.

2. There are 7 existing species of sea turtles

3. the turtles are present in the U.S, Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesian water

4. Sea turtles lay their eggs on the beach during nesting season

5. Some turtles which had very large head could not retract their head into its shell

# data[].attributes.body
1.Leatherback turtles are the only turtles species in the world that does not have a hard shell and scales .
2.Leatherback turtles are named for their tough skin that resembles rubbery leather.
3.Leatherback turtles swim over 10,000 miles a year to reach their nesting grounds.
Humaira

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1.turtles lays about 150 at a time.
2.the biggest turtle is the leatherback turtle.
3.All turtles eat jellyfish.

# data[].attributes.body
1)They molt to get bigger.    2)They are rare.
3)They can live up to 40 to
50 years in the wild.
Jett Tan

# data[].attributes.body
1.Leatherback turtles are the only turtle without a hard shell .
2.They spend most of their time in  water.
3.It can weigh more than 900 kg.

Sarah Lim

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1. THEY CAN LIVE I WATER AS LONG AS THEY WANT.
2.IF SOMEONE GO TO IT WILL JUMP AND RUN AWAY.
3.THEY CAN HIDE UNDER THE SAND SO IT WILL BE HARD TO FIND.
TAN ADEN 2G

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Clams can run and jump underwater

# data[].attributes.body
You are dumb

# data[].attributes.body
1. They can live to be 100 years old.
2. Lobsters have to shed their shells in order to grow.
3. They chew their food in their stomach.

Neo Jayden 2G