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-  Child Labor in General
- Jobs that the Children Had
-  Women in Workforce
- Working Conditions

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- Child Labor is the use of young children to be used as servants for low pay but a lot of work. Children were a essential part of a company's success.
- Children would work long hours, on little rest and terrible working conditions
- The children use the little money they get to help support their families.
- In the beginning of the 1900s people actually started using their brains and sought to regulate and make an end to child labor.
- The terrible thing is that there is still Child Labor going on today. Even though it has been ended in the United States, there are still multiple cases of it in other countries.

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-   Worked on Roads selling newspapers
- Dangerous Factories
- Fields &  Farm Labor
- Coal Mines
-  Indentured Servants for other Family Farms
- Apprenticeships

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- Women began to work outside of their homes
-  They had certain jobs like Telephone Operators, Textile Mill Works, Domestic Workers, typists etc.
-  1/3 women held a job outside of home.  They were paid half as much as men.
-In 1890 women outnumbered men in school, and many women became teachers.
African American women worked on farms, textile mill workers and servants.

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- The hour's were immensely long, usually 12 hours a day
- The working conditions were unsafe to say the least.
- These unsafe work conditions lead to many dangerous accidents and deaths
- Much of the work that workers did was repetitive and tiring
- A example of terrible work conditions is the Meat Packing Industry. The work conditions were so bad that their were animal feces in the meat and it was just rancid meat in general. It seemed like these workers didn't care they just wanted their money.

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Child Labor

Child labor is the practice of hiring children to work in factories or other professions. Children have been put to work throughout human history. Prior to the 19th century, most children were expected to help on the family farm, take up apprenticeships, or even work as servants. However, this began to change in the 19th century with the rise of industrialization.

With the coming of the factory, many owners chose to employ children because they could be paid less than adults, and were smaller so that they could fit between machines or even inside when the machinery needed to be cleaned. Unfortunately, working conditions were often dirty and sometimes very dangerous. Children could be maimed, injured, or even killed in workplace accidents.

Furthermore, many children often came from poor families, were recent immigrants, or orphans. Due to being forced to work, they were largely unable to attain an education. Opposition to child labor had existed since the early 19th century, but more and more people began to question the practice as the 20th century began. This time was known as the Progressive Era and was marked by reformers pushing for a stronger government that represented the will of the people.

Opposition

Opposition to child labor had been growing for decades. As early as the first decades of the 19th century, social reformers spoke out against the practice. In the United States, Connecticut passed one of the earliest child labor laws, when it required factory owners to provide child employees a basic education. This inspired a variety of laws to be passed in other states, but they rarely attempted to set minimum ages for employees or address the unsafe working conditions in factories. Child labor had become so common in the United States that, by 1900, 1.7 million children under the age of 15 were employed in the nation. That number would rise over the next ten years. Children could be employed in a number of different occupations. Some worked in meat packing plants, others in textile mills or as cigarette rollers. Because of their prominence in popular movies and plays, perhaps the jobs that are best known would be chimney sweeps and newsies, children who sold newspapers on street corners.

However, at the dawn of the 20th century, many Americans were becoming disquieted at the thought of children working. Part of this was a new ideal in America that romanticized childhood as a time to play, learn, and grow as individuals. This romantic childhood was being denied to millions of America's children. Some of the earliest opponents of child labor were the nation's labor unions, such as the American Federation of Labor. Unions were opposed to child labor on moral grounds, but also economic. Since children could be employed at a cheaper wage than an adult male, many owners chose to hire them instead, denying capable adults jobs.

Lewis Hine and Jacob Riis, both photographers and reporters, helped stir public opinion against child labor during the Progressive Era by publishing dramatic photographs depicting the conditions of child laborers across the nation. A growing number of politicians at the state and local levels listened to their constituents and came out in favor of reform. They passed a number of laws that sought to limit the age at which a child could work, and to improve working conditions.

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child labor in the progressive era - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Child Labor in the Progressive Era - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Child labor is the practice of hiring children to work in factories or other professions. Children have been put to work throughout human history. Prior to the 19th century, most children were expected to help on the family farm, take up apprenticeships, or even work as servants.

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- Ida Tarbell - "History of Standard Oil Company"  Elimination of Competition, Poor Work Conditions, Child Labor and Other Abuses.
- Jacob Rills- "How the Other Half Lives" New York City Slums
- Lincoln Stevens - " Shame of Cities" Political Machines & Graft
Upton Sinclaire- "The Jungle"  Meat Packing Industry , Socialism , Horrible Working Conditions & Rancid Meat

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- Famous Muckrakers
-  Books
-  How Muckrakers contributed to Progressive Movement
- Where does the term Muckraker come from, and Who were the First Muckrakers ?

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How Muckrakers contributed Progressive Movement

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How Muckrakers contributed Progressive Movement

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- Muckrakers were journalists who wrote stories to expose political and economic corruption during the Progressive Era.
- The work of the Muckrakers strengthened protections for workers and consumers.
- They also explained social hardships that were caused by Big Business.

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- Ida Tarbell
- Jacob Rills
- LIncoln Stevenson
- Upton Sinclaire

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Where does the term Muckraker come from?  Who were the First Muckrakers? 

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Where does the term Muckraker come from?  Who were the First Muckrakers? 

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-Theodore Roosevelt used the term Muckraker in a speech that he held on April 14th, 1906.
-  Apparently he "borrowed" a paragraph from John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, and the paragraph referred to "the Man with the Muckrake.
- The first Muckrakers are supposedly Lincoln Stevenson, Ray Stannard Baker and Ida M. Tarbell.

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It was during the Progressive Era when Muckrakers were really hitting their stride. Muckrakers are journalists who write stories to expose economic and political corruption. During the Progressive Era , the meat industry was being criticized for its horrible working conditions. For example some of the horrible stuff that went into the meat was different feces, wood, and even lost fingers. This political cartoon portrays President Roosevelt , cleaning up the meat packing industry after people started protesting. This photo really dramatizes how disgusting and rancid that meat really was, and if you look closely you can see President Roosevelt holding his nose and different animals heads and bones.

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- Goals
- Political Cartoon
-Jobs
- Famous Women Figures

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- Advocated for the end of Child Labor and unsafe working conditions
-  Equal Human Rights and Voting Rights
-  Hoping for escape from the mistreatment of the Factory Owners.
- Women became Progressive Reformers, and they wanted to end political corruption, improve lives of individuals, and increase government intervention to protect citizens.

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- House Work / Home Improvements
- Worked in Union Institutions
- Female Clerical Workers
-  Telephone Operators
- Muckrakers
- Textile Mill Workers
- Domestic Workers
-Typists, Teachers , Offices

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This is a very powerful political cartoon which was used during The Fight for Women's Suffrage. Many states denied women the right to vote until the year 1920 when Congress ratified the 19th amendment, and it would put an end to women's struggle.
What I think this cartoon represents is a women who is scared of entering the Woman's Sphere and is peering over this fence in hopes for help or to escape.  In the caption it explains what might happen if women escaped the Woman's "Sphere." "Woman devotes her time to gossip and clothes because she has nothing else to talk about. Give her broader interests and she will grow to be vain and frivolous."

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2nd Video for Women during Progressive Era

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2nd Video for Women during Progressive Era

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African Americans during the Progressive Era 

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African Americans during the Progressive Era 

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-  Discrimination
-  Segregation
- Memorable Court Cases
- Education

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- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
"Separate but Equal"
-  Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Racial Segregation in schools violated the 14th Amendment
-   Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 )
The decision "served as a stepping stone to the Civil War "
- These court cases all had something in common. It is fighting for something that is rightfully theirs, which is Freedom.

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- Racial Segregation - The practice of restricting people to certain areas of residence because the color of their skin.
- " Jim Crow Laws "
- Separate Public Facilities.
-  Black/ White schools , drinking fountains , movie theaters ,  pools , diners , buses,  hotels , etc.

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-  Ida Tarbell
- Jane Adams
- Susan B. Anthony
- Eleanor Roosevelt
-Lillian Wald
- Frances Willard
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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-  Voting Restrictions were put in place.
-  Poll Taxes,  Grandfather Clause , Literacy Tests
- Southerners enacted a series of laws known as Black Codes
-  African American hate group formed called the KKK that used intimidation and suppression on African Americans.
- Many African American protesters were beat, killed or severely injured from police brutality.

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- Less than 1% of African Americans went to secondary school
- New Universities (Howard , Fisk , Atlanta )
- Mary Mcleod Bethune, established a school for African American girls
- Two Big Figures
- Booker T. Washington
"prove economic skill trough skill and hard work"
" no race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in a writing a poem."
W.E.B Dubois
"Immediate Inclusion"
Established the "Niagara Movement"

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Race Issues in an Era of Reform

The Progressive Era, from approximately 1900 to 1918, was marked by a movement to correct social, economic and political problems in America. However, one area in need of reform that was mostly overlooked by white Progressives was the plight of African Americans. For example, can you imagine not being allowed to attend school with other students, or buy a house in a certain neighborhood, or use the same water fountain as other people, simply because of the color of your skin?

During the Progressive Era, racism affected many aspects of American society. Particularly in the South, Jim Crow (racial segregation laws) were a way of life, thanks to the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, the 1896 'separate but equal' ruling, which allowed segregation to flourish.

Can you imagine not being able to vote even though a constitutional amendment said you could? African Americans were disenfranchised (which means excluded) through voting restrictions. One of the Progressive political reforms of the era was direct primary elections. However, in the South, the primaries were limited to white-only participation, excluding African Americans and driving them out of politics.

Another way African Americans were excluded from voting was the grandfather clause. The grandfather clause said that if a man's grandfather was a voter before 1867, he did not have to pass voting requirements, such as property ownership or literacy tests that were currently in place. The grandfather clause essentially allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote, but denied African Americans the right to vote.

Racial tension was not limited to the South. In an attempt to seek economic opportunity and escape the poverty of sharecropping and tenant farming, some blacks began moving north. As a result, the North experienced growing racial tensions as African Americans competed for jobs, leading to increased social instability. African Americans were paid low wages and were often not allowed to join labor unions.

Can you imagine having to look away or step aside so that your gaze did not fall upon the person approaching you? Can you imagine being on constant alert against mob violence towards you or your family? In the South, intense racism and intimidation tactics towards African Americans sometimes resulted in violence and even lynchings, or hangings. Between 1900 and 1920, 75 lynchings occurred per year. To make matters worse, lynchings were rarely investigated by law enforcement.

Adding to the existing racial strains on the country, The Birth of a Nation was released in 1915. This movie glorified the earlier Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and perpetuated stereotypes of African Americans as lazy, incompetent and childlike. It was the first motion picture to be shown in the White House under President Woodrow Wilson's administration. KKK membership surged throughout the country following the release of The Birth of a Nation. Many Americans cited membership in the Klan as an effort to preserve their way of life.

Limited Progressive Reforms

The mainstream Progressive movement did little to improve the lives of African Americans. Most white Progressives supported or allowed segregation, viewing blacks as inferior or part of the problem within society. There were some exceptions. Lillian Wald, director of the Henry Street Settlement in New York City, fought for racial integration, as did muckraker Ray Stannard Baker, who examined racism in his book, Following the Color Line, written in 1908.

Mary White Ovington had worked as a settlement house worker among urban blacks. After race riots erupted in Springfield, IL, in 1908, Ovington, along with Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, organized white Progressives and key African-American leaders in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

In response to the existing racial climate, particularly in the South, African-American churches provided a social outlet and safe haven for blacks. Because of segregation, there was an increase in black owned and operated businesses, such as barbers, funeral homes, insurance companies and banks. Women's clubs, college fraternities and sororities also provided a network of support within the black community.

Ida B. Wells

Let's now look at three African-American leaders of the Progressive Era you should remember. First up is Ida B. Wells. Ida B. Wells was a schoolteacher who filed suit against a railroad company for removing her from a train after she refused to give up her seat because she was black. When several of her friends were lynched by a white mob, she began a journalistic crusade against lynching. Wells became an editor of Free Speech and Headlight, a black newspaper in Memphis, TN.

She used fiery rhetoric to demand an end to lynching, full equality and the end of white supremacy. She played a key role in the development of black women's clubs and she helped establish the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. She became an early member of the NAACP and worked to promote women's suffrage, or right to vote.

Booker T. Washington

Next is Booker T. Washington. Booker T. Washington emerged as a leading spokesman for the plight of African Americans in the 1890s, up until his death in 1915. Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Virginia. He was educated at Hampton Institute and went on to lead the Tuskegee Institute, an all-black college in Alabama.

In 1895, he gave a speech at the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition, which later became known as the Atlanta Compromise. Essentially, Washington spoke of not antagonizing race relations between blacks and whites. You might think of it as a 'don't rock the boat' approach. He encouraged blacks not to make the situation more volatile, but rather to focus on their own immediate opportunities.

Booker T. Washington, author of Up from Slavery (published in 1901), was consulted by Northern business leaders on technical and vocational training for blacks. He also visited with Theodore Roosevelt at the White House to discuss race relations. Washington believed that once African Americans advanced themselves through work and rose to the middle-class professions, white Americans would naturally begin to accept the need for change and improvement in the civil and political rights for blacks. As the Progressive movement evolved, more African Americans began to grow impatient with what they saw as an 'accommodationist' stance promoted by Washington.

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african americans in the progressive era: issues & leaders - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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African Americans in the Progressive Era: Issues & Leaders - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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The Progressive Era, from approximately 1900 to 1918, was marked by a movement to correct social, economic and political problems in America. However, one area in need of reform that was mostly overlooked by white Progressives was the plight of African Americans.

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- [Instructor] After the Civil War there were enormous changes in American life. With industrialization, urbanization, and immigration changing the composition of who lived in the United States, where they lived, and what they did for a living. But city living and factory work came with new social problems like poverty and unsafe working and living conditions. The rise of big business had also led to practices that limited competition, like monopolies and price fixing. Starting in the 1890s a number of reformers began to advocate for remedies to these social problems. They were known as the Progressives. This era of reform, which lasted through the 1920s, has come to be known as the Progressive Era. But the difficult thing about the Progressive Era was that these reformers worked on all sorts of different things. There were muckrakers, which were journalists, writers, and photographers who tried to expose corruption or unsanitary factory practices. There were politicians who tried to reign in big businesses and protect consumers. There were conservationists who tried to preserve national parks and wilderness from exploitation. And there many influential female reformers who tried to help women, children, and immigrants achieve better working and living conditions. So clearly Progressives didn't all share the same goals or advocate for the same solutions to problems. How can we even compare the goals and effects of the Progressive reformers when they were so diverse? Let's start by taking a look at some of the goals and achievements of the Progressives. Now, I'm not gonna go into a lot of detail about individual reformers or pieces of legislation here. What I'm interested in doing is taking a birds eye view of the kinds of reforms that Progressives pursued during this time period. First, there were those who advocated for sanitation and consumer protections like Upton Sinclair, whose novel The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions in factories that made food products. The outrage that book generated led to the passage of laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. Then there were the Progressives who fought for protections for workers. They pushed for an eight hour workday and for safer conditions for workers, along with the right for workers to bargain collectively through unions. Along with those reforms were others aimed at advancing the rights of women and children, including limiting child labor, promoting access to birth control, and granting women the right to vote through the 19th Amendment. Many of the Progressive reformers were interested in reining in the excesses of big business. Politicians, like President Teddy Roosevelt, went after trusts and monopolies for stifling competition and fixing prices. Another avenue of reform was aimed at limiting political corruption, particularly city political machines that were dominated by party bosses. One victory in this arena was the passage of the 17th Amendment, which provided for the popular election of senators. Lastly, there was a push for moral reform to make society more orderly and humane. The major achievement of these reformers was the passage of the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the sale or consumption of alcohol. Okay, so now that we've done a brief survey of what the Progressives were up to, let's think about what aspects these reformers had in common with each other, and where they differed with or contradicted each other. So this might sound a little obvious, but one thing that united the Progressives was that they believed in progress. That is, they thought it was possible to improve society and to make people better human beings. This is worth mentioning just because not everyone felt that this was possible. Many of the opponents of the Progressives saw human nature as fixed and a society with vast inequalities of wealth and opportunity is just an inevitable consequence of industrialization. A second shared belief was that it was the role of government to step in and fix these social problems. This was a big departure from the laissez-faire or hands off approach of the Gilded Age. In that era, attempting to improve sanitation or morality would have been considered work for private charities or voluntary associations to take on. But the Progressives thought that the problems they were trying to solve were too big for that approach. And they sought out the help of local, state, and federal government to implement their measures. They campaigned for laws and constitutional amendments to bring about change. So they really began a debate over whether or to what extent the government should take an active role in the welfare of its citizens that would continue into the Great Depression. But the Progressive Movement was also riddled with divisions and internal contradictions. One of these was around voting rights. The Progressives expanded democracy by winning the right to vote for women, but they also advocated for restricting the vote to who they considered good voters. White, educated, native-born people. They worked to impose literacy tests and residency requirements in the North, and made no effort to challenge Jim Crow Laws preventing African Americans from voting in the South. Progressives were also divided on the issue of immigration. Although a few Progressives championed the rights of immigrants and respect for immigrant's culture like Hull-House founder, Jane Addams, most Progressives thought the only way forward for immigrants was complete assimilation into American culture. They also supported restrictions on the entry of immigrants they considered undesirable, like those from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Mexico. These beliefs around who was fit to vote or to be an American citizen derived from the flawed racial science of the day, which categorized white Anglo-Saxons as the most evolved race, and everyone else falling somewhere along a continuum of less evolved peoples. With the exception of African American activists, like Ida B. Wells, Progressive reformers supported segregation and pretty much turned a blind eye towards the working and living conditions of African Americans. Some Progressives even advocated eugenics, a plan to improve the American gene pool by encouraging native white women to have more babies, and discouraging undesirables from reproducing, sometimes through forced sterilizations. So taking these uniting and dividing factors into consideration what conclusions can we come to about the goals and effects of the Progressive reform movement? I think it's safe to say that the Progressives wanted to improve society and find a remedy for the social problems caused by industrialization and urbanization. And that they wanted to do so through government intervention. But their goals were also limited. They only wanted these improvements for those they deemed worthy to participate in American society. As for how effective their reforms were at solving the problems of industrialization and urbanization, they did succeed in curbing some of the worst problems of corruption, sanitation, and exploitation. But we would also need to look ahead to the '20s and '30s to see how much things really changed. Spoiler alert, this booming era of industry was about to end with a crash.

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The Progressives (video) | The age of empire | Khan Academy

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The early twentieth century saw a huge number of Progressive reform movements, which aimed to improve labor, sanitation, conservation, voting rights, and morality. With so many different avenues of reform, how can we define who the Progressives really were? In this video, Kim compares the goals and effects of the Progressive reform movement.