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Independent  variable is a variable, often characterised by x, whose variation does not depend on that of another. In this experiment, the independent variable is the different types of stain remover used.

Dependent variable is a variable which is expected to change during the experiment and are controlled bu the independent variable.

The dependent variables in this experiment are ;

1. the same kind of white T-shirts

2. the amount of stain put on the T-shirts

3. the amount of vinegar, lemon juice, baking soda, detergent and bleach used to get rid of the stain

4. the amount of time it took for the stain to be was washed.

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Question before starting the experiment 

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Question before starting the experiment 

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Which variable will best clean the ketchup stain from the white T-shirt?

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4 samples of the same White T Shirts

Vinegar

Lemon Juice

Baking Soda

detergent powder

ketchup (to stain the shirts)

a spoon

Fabric stain remover bleach
Gloves for safe precaution

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According to my hypothesis, detergent with bleach will work best to remove the ketchup stain from the white T-shirt because it has chemical to remove oxidisable stains.

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Prepare all the equipments that are needed for the experiment.

Measure the amount of ketchup using 1 spoon for each shirt.

Spread the measured ketchup on the 4 plain white T Shirts

Let the stain lay on all 4 of the t-shirts for 10 minutes.

After 10 minutes are over, get your materials ready. (Vinegar, Baking Soda, Detergent Powder, Bleach and Lemon Juice).

Rinse each of the shirts with water for 2 mins.

Squish and turn each shirt individually to get rid of absorbed water.

Lay the shirts and let sit to dry for 10 mins.

Now, gently rub a spoon of each “Stain Remover” onto each of the shirts, using one material for each shirt.

After rubbing them onto each shirt, rinse with water for 2 minutes each.

When done, wait for the clothes to dry and see the results.

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A ketchup stained shirt used for an experiment to cleanse it with different variables. As shown in the image below, I am trying to remove the ketchup stain using vinegar, baking soda, lemon, detergent and bleach.

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How to clear the ketchup stained white T-shirt 

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How to clear the ketchup stained white T-shirt 

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Vinegar turned out to be the worst one to wash the stains. Baking soda and lemon lightened the stain but did not remove the Stain completely. Detergent and bleach were the only variables that helped remove the tomato ketchup stain completely.

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Answers to questions after the experiment 

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Answers to questions after the experiment 

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1. Were there any difficulties taking results?

Yes, there were difficulties while taking the result especially when comparing the results of cleaning the T-shirt with baking soda and lemon. It was almost similar but then I noticed that using the lemon made the stain slightly lighter after a while.

2. Were there any anomalous results?

Out of four, one of the results was anomalous. Vinegar on ketchup stain caused the stain particles to spread all over the T-shirt. As you can see the image, tiny ketchup stain particles are seen all over the T-shirt when removing it with vinegar.

3. Are the results accurate and reliable?

The results were accurate and reliable and we finally got to know that detergent plus bleach is the best variable to remove the stain.

4. Can you explain, using science, the reason for the results?

Ketchup is an oxidizable stain. These stains are easily removed through chemicals. Bleach and detergent have chemicals due to which it was easy to remove the ketchups stain from the white T-shirt. Bleach helps oxidizes colored substances to become colorless. Bleach removes the chromophores, which resulted  because of the ketchup stain.

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I can therefore conclude that detergent plus bleach is the best variable to use when removing tough stains from the fabric. We used four different variables and only one worked to get 100% white cleaned and without any stained “T-shirt”.