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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkuhOTuqmLs

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http://www.oddee.com/item_98805.aspx

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https://www.idin.org/blog-news-events/blog/rise-legs-using-local-knowledge-materials-bring-low-cost-quality-prosthetic

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http://gearpatrol.com/2012/08/01/life-limb-the-evolution-of-prosthetics/

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http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Artificial-Limb.html

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http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6458.htm
https://www.astm.org/Standards/D6192.htm

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Welcome to SciencetoyMaker - SciencetoyMaker

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Welcome to SciencetoyMaker! You have found the non-commercial site for people who like to roll up their sleeves and make science toys and projects. You won't find slick web pages here-more like the digital equivalent of a messy workshop. If you poke around, though, you'll find good stuff.

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This project is influenced by HowToons and Kathy Ceseri's Robotics book. My photos of the build: http://www.flickr.com/photos/connors934/sets/72157631926185983/ HowToons RoboFingers: www.howtoons.com/?page_id=7 Kathy Ceceri's Robotics book was an influence on this project. I met her at NY Maker Faire in September 2012. She's got some great projects that are really easy to get started in robotics with.

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Working Model of Hydro Electric Power Plant

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Animatronic Robotic Human Robotic Hands Servo

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Model hand made from silicone sealant and other common materials To see how it was made, visit http://atomicshrimp.com/post/2011/02/27/That-s-Handy!-Making-A-Working-Model-Hand

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http://www.TheAccidentalSuccessfulCIO.com can teach you how to run an IT department better than a robot can. Ralph Painter from the IEEE's Teacher In Service Program (TISP) leads a class describing how to create a robot arm out of common craft materials. This project is designed to spark interest in pursuing a career in engineering in school-age children.

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Artificial skin

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-skin-sends-touching-signals-to-nerve-cells/

Model robotic hand with artificial mechanoreceptors touching a human hand.
Credit: Bao Research Group, Stanford University
Researchers at Stanford University have taken a step closer to this type of prosthetic by creating an electronic skin that responds to pressure changes and transmits signals via nerve cells, much as human skin does.

Zhenan Bao and coworkers made the artificial skin by connecting three components: microstructured resistive pressure sensors, flexible printed organic electronic circuits, and nerve cells containing light-activated ion channels (Science 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9306).

The pressure sensors are made of a carbon nanotube-elastomer composite shaped into tiny pyramidal structures that are coated onto a surface. The sensor changes conductance in response to applied pressure. Bao previously made similar capacitive sensors, but the new resistive sensors better detect the range of pressures sensed by human skin.

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Prosthetic limbscan restore an amputee's ability to walk or grip objects, but they haven't yet been able to restore a person's sense of touch. Researchers at Stanford University have taken a step closer to this type of prosthetic by creating an electronic skin that responds to pressure changes and transmits signals via nerve cells, much as human skin does.

Zhenan Bao and coworkers made the artificial skin by connecting three components: microstructured resistive pressure sensors, flexible printed organic electronic circuits, and nerve cells containing light-activated ion channels ( Science 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9306).

The pressure sensors are made of a carbon nanotube-elastomer composite shaped into tiny pyramidal structures that are coated onto a surface. The sensor changes conductance in response to applied pressure. Bao previously made similar capacitive sensors, but the new resistive sensors better detect the range of pressures sensed by human skin.

Each sensor is connected to an organic circuit printed with the help of researchers at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). The circuit converts the pressure signal into a series of electrical pulses and increases pulse frequency in response to increasing pressure. "This circuit is relatively simple to build," Bao says. "It serves as the perfect electrical readout for our sensors."

The researchers used the electrical pulses to modulate the frequency of a light-emitting diode. In their proof-of-concept study, they sent light from the LED through an optical fiber to stimulate neurons in mouse brain slices. The nerve cells in these samples were decorated with engineered channelrhodopsins that open in response to light, triggering nerve cells to fire.

The work represents "an important advance in the development of skinlike materials that mimic the functionality of human skin at an unprecedented level," says Ali Javey, who is developing electronic skin at the University of California, Berkeley. "It could have important implications for the development of smarter prosthetics."

"This is just the beginning of the path toward building fully integrated artificial skin," Bao says. Next, she says, her team hopes to mimic other sensing functions of human skin, such as the ability to feel heat, and integrate them into the new platform.
This article is reproduced with permission from Chemical & Engineering News (© American Chemical Society). The article was first published on October 19, 2015.

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Celia Henry Arnaud, Chemical & Engineering News

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Artificial Skin Sends Touching Signals to Nerve Cells

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Prosthetic limbscan restore an amputee's ability to walk or grip objects, but they haven't yet been able to restore a person's sense of touch. Researchers at Stanford University have taken a step closer to this type of prosthetic by creating an electronic skin that responds to pressure changes and transmits signals via nerve cells, much as human skin does.

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Please Subscribe for more News Video's, Thank you

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Austrian men become first in the world to use ground-breaking bionic hands

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A bionic hand, a groundbreaking operation and the power of thought. Three Austrian men have made medical history. They have been given robotic hands they control with their minds.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXKF-chXgoA

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The future of physics and biology, with other subdisciplines

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Content - Understanding biomedical engineering

Pedagogy - Using videos, and hands on project to immerse in the knowledge of prosthetics.

Technology - Using youtube showing the latest advances in prosthetics.

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Making a robotic arm.

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1) What improvements would you make to your prototype prosthesis?

2) What other materials and fasteners would help improve your design?

3) What would be different if you have to make the whole leg, including the knee?

4)What design constraints or limitations might be different for biomedical engineers developing real prosthesis?

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Leg structure - Toilet plunger, plastic pipes, cardboard tube.

For comfort: Large sponges, bubble wrap, cardboard.

For lifelikeness: bath towels, pair of pants, shoes

For Body attachment: String, rope , twine

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The use of biomedical materials has a long and fascinating legacy characterized by creativity, innovation, and positive medical outcomes.

Since the dawn of civilization, man has been exploring ways in which natural materials might replace or enhance the natural functions of the human body.

Archaeological evidence suggests, for example, that the ancient Egyptians used sea shells to replace missing teeth and linen to close wounds — creating what may have been the first dental implants and sutures.

Other examples of natural materials once used in medical applications include coconut shells used to close holes in skulls, as was the practice in Tahiti, and elephant ivory used to create the first recorded hip implant in 1891 in Germany.

The real revolution in biomedical materials began in the second part of the 20th century, with the introduction of synthetic materials that let medical device makers — particularly those focused on orthopedic implants — break free from many of the limitations and risks associated with relying solely on natural materials.

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a) Understand the problem or need.

b) Come up with creative ideas.

c) Select the best idea.

d) Make a plan, draw a sketch and describe the idea.

e) Choose the materials.

(Make sure you explain the purpose of each material.

How you came up with the design

Important design features

Estimated cost)

f) Build a prototype.

g) Evaluate what you have made.

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1. Points to consider -

Characteristics of a prosthetic leg.

Strength

Durability

Longevity

Shock Absorption

LIfelikeness

Comfort

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Visit https://www.media.mit.edu/research/groups/biomechatronics

Tell me what fascinated you?

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Muscle Fatigue

Tissue Compliance

Mechanical, dynamic and electrical interfaces

Synthetic Skins

Exoskeleton

Biomechatronics

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David Sengeh: The sore problem of prosthetic limbs

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pros·thet·icˈadjective  denoting an artificial body part, such as a limb, a heart, or a breast implant.

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pros·thet·icˈadjective  denoting an artificial body part, such as a limb, a heart, or a breast implant.

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New bionics let us run, climb and dance | Hugh Herr | TED

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Design systems and products, such as artificial internal organs, artificial devices that replace body parts, and machines for diagnosing medical problems.

Guidant's woven polyester ANCURE System.

Prodesco has been developing and engineering medical fabrics and innovative surgical implants that require minimally invasive surgery for implantation. Such implants include vascular grafts, ligaments, heart valve components, hernia mesh, adhesion barriers and other devices.

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2.Students create a model prosthetic lower leg using various materials

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2.Students create a model prosthetic lower leg using various materials