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- ethical codes must be established and evaluated when conducting research - perhaps it cannot be concrete, but there should be certain considerations that are discussed first (e.g. boundaries, respect, aspirations, etc.) to avoid counter-productive results

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Both articles talks upon the topic of ethics during ethnographic fieldwork and how ethics has a really big role in anthropology. In order to conduct a thorough research the person doing the fieldwork must further have a deep understanding of the community that they want to do their research on. The concept of humanity is very important in anthropology because we must treat the person in the community as fellow humans and not as subjects because if we do this we are basically dehumanising the people. This is why the code of ethics is really important in ethnographic fieldwork.

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- there have been many confrontations that came from too much interference in fieldwork, as the anthropologists view these other people as 'subjects' and forget their autonomy as fellow humans. They only consider their lens of what is right / wrong and coerce other communities into fitting these frames.
- ethical dilemmas; many are caught between doing what they think is right as a human / activist, and their role as an anthropologist. Since interfering can 'hijack' the results or process of their fieldwork, but not doing anything makes them uneasy too.

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Anthropologists need to identify the ethics in that culture before conducting a research or observation to make sure that they don’t cross a line. This would be difficult if the anthropologist considers the subject's cultural perception as the source of the problem because of their different beliefs. This might drive a part of them to want to create a change in the community. However, anthropologists need to respect ethical boundaries in the fieldwork, even if it means doing nothing when there’s conflict.

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One of the biggest problems in doing ethnographic fieldwork is the dilemma of the participant observation. During participant observation the researcher may have difficulties on whether to get involved with the community or to just observe since they (the researcher) could possibly spoil the event that is happening. Also researchers sometimes acknowledge the people in the community as subjects therefore dehumanizing the people in the community and not referring to them as fellow humans.

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Ethics create necessary boundaries in fieldwork that ensures the well-being and rights of all parties involved; highlighting aspects that should be considered before making certain decisions due to their potential consequences. It exists to prevent conflicts between the researcher and the outside community / any misunderstandings / counter-productive results.

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It is common for anthropologists to face concerns over how to produce research that is ethically sound. the two articles touch up on this subject, and how anthropologists have to be considerate of the code of ethics when conducting ethnographic fieldwork.

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The texts talk about how big of a role ethics plays in anthropological practices. Ethics overall is based on the discussion of beliefs or moral principles. Everyone has different beliefs and ethics but sometimes it goes against ourselves when working with others. Therefore a “Code of Ethics” is a way where we can regulate the behavior of people who might disagree. Therefore the goal of a code is to work as a mechanism that improves the experience of anthropological practice. Starting from reflecting on ourselves and regulating professional behavior. If people aim to achieve a deeper understanding of the community it studies, we need to consider the ethics.

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The challenges and the roles an anthropologist has consider in order to respect the boundaries and ethical issues of the subject’s culture in the fieldwork.

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A cultural relativist strongly avoids being involved with difficult ethical issues. An observing researcher simply observes the conflicts and issues. Though they might be aware of the solution to the problem, they shouldn’t intervene because this would result in a change in natural behaviour from the subjects.

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The roles of ethics in fieldwork lets the researcher to of course get more of a thorough look on the community in which will affect the results of the research. Also we could look through ethics as certain guidelines that the researcher could follow so both the community and the researcher create a somewhat of an agreement and prevent certain conflicts from happening.

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Sometimes anthropologists view the people they’re observing as ‘subjects’ instead of real people causing them to ‘dehumanize’ them. Therefore the practice itself often has a dilemma caused by wondering whether or not they’re crossing a line. There needs to be respect within the work and remember that the community they're observing are humans.

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The role of ethics itself is extremely important to assure that the rights of the people observed and observers aren't being violated. A a code of ethics work as a mechanism that improves the experience of anthropological practice to make sure that they're working within a safe space.

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The two articles are centered around the topic of ethic codes that must be considered if one were to do ethnographic fieldwork. Though, considering that there is no right or wrong code of ethics, we as anthropologists can come to the difficulty of different choices while we are conducting a research. If we were to choose the “wrong” decision, said decision might effect our whole research. Eitherway, these codes of ethics are to be heavily considered while anthropologists are doing fieldwork.

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The two texts talk about the importance of ethics and an ethical code while doing anthropological fieldwork/practices, to be able to improve anthropological practice. Anthropologists must take certain things into consideration, in order to respect the boundaries, aspirations, etc. (code of ethics) of the subjects during ethnographic fieldwork.

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It is important for the researcher to learn the codes of ethics because again, ethics acts as ground rules before doing the research to prevent any type of disagreements within the community and the research, as well as to prevent the manipulation of data.

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It's important to understand the code of ethics because going back to my previous point of making sure that the researcher isn't 'dehumanizing' the process as anthropology is a study of humans themselves. Along with a better understanding between all parties to prevent forms of disagreements or violations.

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Code of ethics provide a guideline and aspects that must be considered for the fieldwork - helping the researcher create informed and conscious decisions throughout their fieldwork processes. It helps them establish methods that are most appropriate and improved, increasing the quality of their professional conduct as well. Also, it helps them recognize their ethical dillemas and how to best deal with them.

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Understanding about code ethics is important for the professionalism of the anthropologist when conducting an observation. It is natural for a community to exclude, evict, or look down upon people they find unadmirable. Which is why, in order for an anthropologist to prevent themselves from getting kicked out of the fieldwork and get the most natural results as possible, they need to understand the code ethics.

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Both articles discussed about how important ethics is and how it is  proven that it is the easiest method to used during an anthropological fieldwork

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ethics in ethnography exist to remind anthropologists that the entire fieldwork process involves the the researcher and the subject. Therefore, certain boundaries must be set in order to maintain the welfare of the subject. All in all, ethics in anthropology exist as a constant reminder to anthropologists the humanity of the community they are observing. Consequences must always be considered when conducting fieldwork, and the maintaining of the subject's rights are the personal responsibility of the researcher.

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The code of ethics serve as a foundation of professionalism for the anthropologist. It allows for the regulation of behaviour so that conscious ethical decisions must always be made throughout the entire process. The code of ethics helps the researcher distinguish the boundaries, and how they must respect the community itself.

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One of the biggest issue an anthropologist can encounter while doing fieldwork is encountering an ethical dilemma. An ethical dilemma is when an anthropologist is faced upon two difficult choices; to be an activist and disrupt the setting, or to keep the role of an anthropologist to just observe, but feel quite uncomfortable and guilty.

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A big issue that anthropologists face is that they can face an ethical dilemma - where they have to make the decision of getting involved in the community that they are observing as a human, or to continue to observe them as an anthropologist, making them feel uncomfortable. They also often see and treat the people that they are studying as "subjects", and forgetting that they are in fact humans who should be respected.

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The two articles discussed the importance of ethnic code which is the main point of being an anthropologist. Many of them perceive that ethnic code is a bit a cumulative abstract of conjunction where it leads to the use of moral principles, in order to obtain respect towards the subject's culture

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Ethics are very important while doing fieldwork because it allows for a boundary to be formed and for the anthropologist to know if what they’re doing is invasive and offending or not. By realizing that there are ethics to adhere to, the anthropologists are ensuring a safe and comfortable space for the observed participants, which will allow for a better and a true (in terms of research) environment.

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Ethics play an important role in conducting fieldwork, since it creates boundaries between the researcher and the subject, and makes sure that everyone is safe and comfortable. It makes sure that the researcher/anthropologist is aware of whether their actions might start conflict, or is crossing boundaries.

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Understanding about the "code of ethics" helps the professionalism of the anthropologist. It prepares a set of rules for the anthropologist and makes sure that they are respecting the boundaries of the community that they are studying and that they aren't crossing any lines.

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For anthropologists to understand the code of ethics, they are respecting the boundaries that shall not be crossed while observing a community. The anthropologists also realize that these ethics are a set of rules that must be followed to make sure that they are being professional and are ensuring a valid and natural result for their research.

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regarding the use of ethnic issues in the fieldwork, one of the biggest problems during the research is how they're getting a dilemma in which caused them to choose whether they should do the research anonymously or being participated in the fieldwork. They're also facing problems of the obligation to be capable to 'fit' with the environment. Therefore, they can also get too overwhelmed with the pressure which unable to reconcile themselves, perhaps endangers the community with a certain issue of dehumanizing the subject if they're not careful enough.

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Ethnics are the main important thing to be noticed while doing the fieldwork because it obtains to be defined enough as a social control redacting to make sure the valuable anthropological context and as a legitimate desire to respect the rights of people in the fieldwork.

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The code ethnics are the important roles as it defined to be the foundation on becoming a professional researcher approaching the sustainable context that lays out the behaviour and provide a preemptive method to prevent disagreements and violations that may endanger the community

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The biggest problem that anthropologist goes through during their fieldwork is that they have to go through a dilemma. They have to choose between two difficult choice wether to help them or observe them as an anthropologist. This is a problem because the person that they are observing will feel that they're being disrespectful and helpless.

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Ethics plays an important role during fieldwork. Ethics have the ability to make the subject know that they are being observe with a purpose and it is to respect their personal life and their privacy. With ethics it is able to make the subject to open up more and to be more comfortable during the fieldwork.

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It is very important for an anthropologist to fully understand the code of ethics before doing their fieldwork. Ethics teaches the anthropologist on how they can act during their fieldwork. It teaches them respect and to not invade someones privacy /personal life. Ethic shows that there's a limit during a research.

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Both topics concentrate on the separation of personal belief systems with standard ethical belief systems, while highlighting that those two systems will inevitably clash as an anthropologists. On one hand, the first article implies that our natural attachment to the subject of our anthropological research disrupts the ethical belief system that anthropology adopts. On the other hand, the second article argues that in some way, ethics in the context of anthropology hinders our decisions to tackle issues on unethical basis, and our compromise to uphold the ethics of anthropology implies anthropological study, objectiveness, accurateness hounds us from making the "right" decisions.

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Dehumanising their subjects and the neglect to tackle an issue within their anthropological research.

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To restrain anthropologists from overstepping boundaries that may disrupt objectivity and accuracy of their anthropological research. However, it also influences the anthropologists perception of their responsibilities towards handling human rights issues.

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It serves as a compass to navigate ethical dilemmas within anthropological work. Anthropologists applies their ethics when faced in certain contexts, which is based on their understanding of ethical codes of conduct. The code of Ethics itself is what brings the most challenges to anthropologists, as fieldwork does not always coincide with an anthropologists' expectations.

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Both articles touch upon the importance of ethics in anthropological practice. When conducting ethnographic fieldwork, many things must be taken into considerations (i.e. boundaries, respect, comfortability, etc) to avoid any inaccurate/biased data from the research. Ethical codes must be discussed and applied to regulate the anthropologist's behaviour.

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Ethical dilemma, where either they get too involved and possibly alter data, or on the other hand start losing empathy and dehumanising their subjects.

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Ethics prevent anthropologists from crossing boundaries and ensures comfortability of the subject, as well as maintains professionalism in anthropological research.

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Ethical codes must always be kept in mind to avoid ethical dilemmas within ethnographic fieldwork. it serves as a guidance to all anthropologists to continuously reflect on their professionalism and objectivity.

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In this photograph, we can observe that there are two women. Both are wearing traditional Japanese kimonos, with flowers on their head as accessories. There is a pink and red umbrella over them. The setting around them appears to be a place with wood-carved walls. Writings in Japanese letters can be seen on the glass pane and on paper in the walls around them. There are pink flowers visible by the glass pane on the left. It seems that this photo may have been taken candidly, as both women are not looking at the camera. This may raise a few ethical issues which include; privacy breach—the photographer did not blur their faces to protect their identity for privacy reasons. Additionally, as this photograph has been taken candidly, the people in this picture may have not given consent to be photographed—which breaks ethical codes.

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It is seen in the picture that there’s a crowd of people sitting down and all of them are wearing masks. Since everyone is going through this pandemic, the immediate reaction and assumption to the photograph would be a social gathering during the pandemic. The social gathering may be a workshop, or a theatre show/play. Though they are wearing masks, the crowd is so packed, that it doesn’t count as social distancing anymore (which is prohibited throughout the pandemic). It also seems that the picture taken was candid because no-one in the picture seems to make eye contact with the camera, indicating that no-one noticed that someone was taking a picture of them without their permission.

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From what I see in the picture is that it shows a child begging for food because they are experiencing starvation which can be caused by lack of food source or economy crisis, also as you can see the people behind the child seems very weak since they are dehydrated and in need of nutrition to fill up their energy. In my opinion I think this photograph is taken a few years ago and that it was taken in a small poor country. I think the position of the photographer is to take pictures of them and maybe help them, I also think that this photograph is taken because the photographer is trying to inform others that there are people out there who are starving and need our help.

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The picture shows Brittney Spears, the singer of famous pop song “Toxic” in sweats and shorts. Her face indicates annoyance or anger towards the person taking a picture of her. She is carrying an umbrella, and positions it as if it were a weapon of sorts. The cars and wide road indicates that they are in a parking space, or at least a wide road where cars may pass by, pick up a person, or park in an area.

Some ethical issues that may arise is the lack of consent to photograph Britney Spears in this condition. The lack of consent implies that the photographer violates the ethical code to blur and maintain the privacy and safety of the subject's face. Due to the fact that Britney Spears is a public figure, her "uncontrolled" and "problematic" posture and expression may be used to criticise her. Therefore, the photograph behaves exploitative by spreading a certain situation out of its context.

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The photo above shows a woman on the ground in a somewhat prostration position, with the side of her face touching the dirt and her hands beside her creating a ‘W’ shape - with her palms sticking out and covered in mud. She is barefoot, wearing a lime green shirt that seems cropped, and patterned purple cloth draped over her in one side. Her eyes are staring down at the ground, while her mouth lies wide open. Behind her, a sole sandal can be seen. Across her, we can see a hand scattered with blood, also laying on the ground.

Who: From the creases on her forehead, we can assume the subject is a young-middle aged woman, perhaps in her 20s or 30s. The draped cloth she is wearing over a top that seems cropped may be a “saree”, which is traditional Indian clothing used by women. This, along with her brown skin, tells us she may be Indian, or from a nearby country, e.g. Bangladesh. Her clothing also seems relatively ordinary, and she is laying on the ground, which may tell us that she is a commoner or from the middle-lower class.

Where: based on the dirt in the picture, it may be set in a rural village. More specifically, a rural village in India/Bangladesh (based on the apparel analysis)

When: unknown, but time is either morning/afternoon/evening.

Position of photographer: above the subject. the camera was pointing down, from where the photographer was standing and looking over the subject. In terms of power relations, the photographer is definitely in the more dominant position - in comparison to the subject who is defenselessly laying on the ground.

Why it was taken: unsure, but judging from the subject’s expression - which seems to be bawling/screaming (because her mouth is open), and how her brows are furrowed - we can assume that a terrible incident occurred and left her suffering on the ground. This seems to be confirmed by the presence of a blood-scattered hand - which may be of a dead body, telling us that the picture may have been taken to portray a certain crisis or conflict that happened in the area (maybe war?) - by showing the state of one suffering.

Other notes: “why is there a sole sandal in the back? who does it belong to?” “why are her palms facing upward?”

Ethical Issues:

Insensitiveness of the photographer (in regards to context): despite the context, the subject clearly seems to be in a vulnerable state / suffering from something. It may not be ethical to photograph someone in such a state, especially if they are going through something horrible, let alone to share the photograph with the world. Clearly, there is also a devastating situation going on, e.g. part of a war / conflict that leads to fatalities.

Consent: Was the consent of the subject obtained to take the photograph? did she consent to it being published? if not, her face should be blurred.

Location: Did the photographer have permission to take pictures in the area, of supposed conflict/incident? If he took it in a public space or neighborhood, does he have the permit / approval to be taking such photographs?

Power relations: is it ethical for the photographer to be taking the picture, while standing above a person who is suffering?

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The photo above shows a woman on the ground in a somewhat prostration position, with the side of her face touching the dirt and her hands beside her creating a ‘W’ shape - with her palms sticking out and covered in mud. She is barefoot, wearing a lime green shirt that seems cropped, and patterned purple cloth draped over her in one side. Her eyes are staring down at the ground, while her mouth lies wide open. Behind her, a sole sandal can be seen. Across her, we can see a hand scattered with blood, also laying on the ground. 

Who: From the creases on her forehead, we can assume the subject is a young-middle aged woman, perhaps in her 20s or 30s. The draped cloth she is wearing over a top that seems cropped may be a “saree”, which is traditional Indian clothing used by women. This, along with her brown skin, tells us she may be Indian, or from a nearby country, e.g. Bangladesh. Her clothing also seems relatively ordinary, and she is laying on the ground, which may tell us that she is a commoner or from the middle-lower class. 

Where: based on the dirt in the picture, it may be set in a rural village. More specifically, a rural village in India/Bangladesh (based on the apparel analysis)

When: unknown, but time is either morning/afternoon/evening.

Position of photographer: above the subject. the camera was pointing down, from where the photographer was standing and looking over the subject. In terms of power relations, the photographer is definitely in the more dominant position - in comparison to the subject who is defenselessly laying on the ground.

Why it was taken: unsure, but judging from the subject’s expression - which seems to be bawling/screaming (because her mouth is open), and how her brows are furrowed - we can assume that a terrible incident occurred and left her suffering on the ground. This seems to be confirmed by the presence of a blood-scattered hand - which may be of a dead body, telling us that the picture may have been taken to portray a certain crisis or conflict that happened in the area (maybe war?) - by showing the state of one suffering. 

Other notes: “why is there a sole sandal in the back? who does it belong to?” “why are her palms facing upward?” 

Ethical Issues:

- Insensitiveness of the photographer (in regards to context): despite the context, the subject clearly seems to be in a vulnerable state / suffering from something. It may not be ethical to photograph someone in such a state, especially if they are going through something horrible, let alone to share the photograph with the world. Clearly, there is also a devastating situation going on, e.g. part of a war / conflict that leads to fatalities. 
- Consent: Was the consent of the subject obtained to take the photograph? did she consent to it being published? if not, her face should be blurred.
- Location: Did the photographer have permission to take pictures in the area, of supposed conflict/incident? If he took it in a public space or neighborhood, does he have the permit / approval to be taking such photographs?
- Power relations: is it ethical for the photographer to be taking the picture, while standing above a person who is suffering? 

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We can see 3 people in this picture. Two adults (a woman and a man) and one kid (toddle/baby). The woman in the far left is holding her supposed phone looking down on it, while the toddler in the middle is holding a newspaper backwards, and lastly just like the woman on the far left the man on the right is also playing with his phone. This photo seems to be taken in a train or a bus seeing from the motion of the window and the multiple connected seats they're sitting on. It seems as if the photo is taken candidly because none of the figures in the picture are directly looking or posing to the camera. Because it seems as if it is taken candidly has the photographer asked permission to the people for their photo to be taken? If not then the photographer violates the code of ethics because if they haven't asked permission for their photo to be taken their faces needs to be blurred. Also is everyone in this picture related, are they both parents of this kid? Or they're all strangers? If not then again this breaches the code of ethics because minors cant get their picture taken, let a lone candidly.

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The photograph below is in monochrome which shows simplicity and minimalism taken from a front angle. This photograph is not that complex which portrays the people inside an old bus based upon the ramshackle ceiling. It’s quite clearly obvious that this photo was taken spontaneously because the facial expressions show that they did not directly look onto the camera. Besides, the faces should have been blurred to follow the general ethical principles, unless the photographer already has the permissions

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this image shows a group of young children who are clearly in a distressed state in this picture as they all seem to be crying and running away from something. Behind them, armed guards/soldiers can be seen and it’s possible that these children are afraid/threatened by the armed men. The pictures begs the question, what are the roles of the armed men in this picture? Where are the children’s parents?

first and foremost, a privacy breach - children  (minors) are not supposed to be photographed without the consent of their legal guardian/parent. The parents of these children obviously weren’t present when the picture was taken, so there’s no way to tell whether consent was gathered or not. However, the image appears unexpected and taken candidly as the children seem genuinely distressed. Secondly, the child in the middle is seen running without any clothes on. This makes the image appear quite inappropriate as the child is clearly a minor, and she shouldn’t have been photographed in that state. All in all, the circumstances seem inappropriate for a photograph to be taken.

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In this photograph, it is seen that a group of journalist photographers is taking pictures of a girl lying down on the concrete floor in broad daylight. She is seen wearing a pink skirt, a white & pink shirt, along with white sandals. The girl is seen lying down face-planted on the concrete floor while wrapping her arms around pieces of wood and a photo frame. Her face isn’t shown in the photograph, and it is seen that there are pieces of wrecked buildings/bricks next to the palm of her feet. She seems somewhat defendless and unbothered despite the group of photographers surrounding her. On her left, it is seen that there are 7 adults, each holding a camera and photographing the girl. The photographers are seen kneeling, squatting, and standing in order to obtain the picture shot of the girl. Each of the photographers has different outfits such as jeans, colored (beige, black, gray) pants, t-shirts (black, army green), long-sleeved shirts (black, army green, brown), and a shall. It is seen that there are more adults next to and behind these photographers (near the buildings). The environment or surrounding is some-what messy and ‘wrecked’ since it has several pieces of damaged and wrecked buildings such as bricks, cement, and also fallen poles and wires. Based on the environment, the location could be an area impacted by natural disasters (earthquakes),  or it could be a warzone since there isn’t a specific element in the picture that signifies the geographical location of the picture itself aside from the wrecked buildings and surrounding. As for the time that the photograph was taken, the girl is seen lying down on the concrete floor in daylight since the picture is taken outdoors, which signifies that it is taken in the morning where it is still bright. The position of the photographer captures both the girl and the separate group of photographers/journalists. Assuming that a girl lying down on a concrete floor is unusual, the aim of this photograph can vary from portraying a certain message/ impact (since it is seen in the environment that there is several wreckage). The photograph itself does include several ethical misconduct. It is seen that the focus of the picture itself is the photographer/journalists and the girl lying down. Since she is face-planted on the floor, her face/ identity isn’t shown through this picture. Despite that, she is visibly identified as a minor/ underaged, which can also lead to ethical misconduct whether the picture was taken with her consent/ her parent’s consent. She seems almost unbothered/ unresponsive, which can also lead to misconducts whether she is eligible to give consent to these photographers. The faces of the journalist photographers and people seen in the background is also visible in the picture (isn’t blurred), the photographer of the picture would have had an ethical misconduct if the picture wasn’t taken with consent. It has to be ensured that the photographer is mindful of how the picture is taken and used, which is why informed consent is highly important. The photographer might also come off as insensitive, since they seem to prioritize their picture shot instead of the girl’s safety. Was she hurt? Where are her parents? Does she need help? Assuming if the location is a warzone, did these journalists photographers have permission to photograph in that area?

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In this photograph, we are able to see a single child standing in front of the camera, with a savannah/grass lands in the background. The child is holding something up to his eye, and seems to be looking through the hole of the object that he is holding. The environment around the child seems “fresh”, since we can see a sufficient amount of plants. The photograph was probably not taken candidly, since the subject is looking straight into the camera and there are no other people around in the background. Since the subject of the photograph is a minor (a child) the photographer would have had to ask for consent from his parents if his picture could be taken, according to the code of ethics. Another aspect that could violate ethical issues is that the face of the child is not blurred (though it is covered by his hand), but that also depends on the consent of the parents, which it is unknown if the photographer had their consent or not.

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The photo above shows a woman on the ground in a somewhat prostration position, with the side of her face touching the dirt and her hands beside her creating a ‘W’ shape - with her palms sticking out and covered in mud. She is barefoot, wearing a lime green shirt that seems cropped, and patterned purple cloth draped over her in one side. Her eyes are staring down at the ground, while her mouth lies wide open. Behind her, a sole sandal can be seen. Across her, we can see a hand scattered with blood, also laying on the ground.

Who: From the creases on her forehead, we can assume the subject is a young-middle aged woman, perhaps in her 20s or 30s. The draped cloth she is wearing over a top that seems cropped may be a “saree”, which is traditional Indian clothing used by women. This, along with her brown skin, tells us she may be Indian, or from a nearby country, e.g. Bangladesh. Her clothing also seems relatively ordinary, and she is laying on the ground, which may tell us that she is a commoner or from the middle-lower class.

Where: based on the dirt in the picture, it may be set in a rural village. More specifically, a rural village in India/Bangladesh (based on the apparel analysis)

When: unknown, but time is either morning/afternoon/evening.

Position of photographer: above the subject. the camera was pointing down, from where the photographer was standing and looking over the subject. In terms of power relations, the photographer is definitely in the more dominant position - in comparison to the subject who is defenselessly laying on the ground.

Why it was taken: unsure, but judging from the subject’s expression - which seems to be bawling/screaming (because her mouth is open), and how her brows are furrowed - we can assume that a terrible incident occurred and left her suffering on the ground. This seems to be confirmed by the presence of a blood-scattered hand - which may be of a dead body, telling us that the picture may have been taken to portray a certain crisis or conflict that happened in the area (maybe war?) - by showing the state of one suffering.

Other notes: “why is there a sole sandal in the back? who does it belong to?” “why are her palms facing upward?”

Ethical Issues:

Insensitiveness of the photographer (in regards to context): despite the context, the subject clearly seems to be in a vulnerable state / suffering from something. It may not be ethical to photograph someone in such a state, especially if they are going through something horrible, let alone to share the photograph with the world. Clearly, there is also a devastating situation going on, e.g. part of a war / conflict that leads to fatalities.

Consent: Was the consent of the subject obtained to take the photograph? did she consent to it being published? if not, her face should be blurred.

Location: Did the photographer have permission to take pictures in the area, of supposed conflict/incident? If he took it in a public space or neighborhood, does he have the permit / approval to be taking such photographs?

Power relations: is it ethical for the photographer to be taking the picture, while standing above a person who is suffering?

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The photograph shows a man held at gunpoint along with a man in the military. The background looks quite peaceful until you zoom in, it shows a car along with some people approaching it. Looking at the image quality and color, I believe that this was taken during the war period. The photographer could possibly be anyone as it’s such a clear picture of that moment yet we still don’t fully grasp the situation. It might’ve been taken to show the circumstances of what happened during that era. This breaches the code of ethics because the face of the person thats held at gunpoint is clearly shown along with the other two unless permission was given. All that but also taking note that with those circumstances might be inappropriate to take a photograph at that moment.

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The photo below shows Zendaya and Jacob Elordi walking through the streets together, seemingly on a date. The photo appears to be taken candidly as both young actors are facing away from the camera and are just happily talking with each other. This can be considered an ethical issue as the reporter most likely taking their picture is doing it without their consent and in turn, invading their privacy. However, it is quite difficult to say as there still a huge debate on personal privacy regarding celebrities and whether or not they are entitled to it as much as any other ordinary person.

If the picture was of a random couple and it was taken without their consent, it can automatically be considered a privacy violation. It has already been stated in the code of ethics, mainly because of safety reasons, that reporters either have to ask for their permission or just completely blur their faces out. But because both Zendaya and Jacob are public figures, they are constantly going to be pushed into the spotlight and are expected to stay there. The issue becomes more complicated when you realize that the majority of a celebrities earning can sometimes even come from the public press. In a way, they both benefit one another. So while they shouldn’t hope for it, celebrities do still have the right to privacy.

The thing is, when celebrities are in public, they have no expectation of privacy thus reporters, paparazzi, and even security cameras can easily take images of them without fear of any legal consequences. In this photo specifically, you could tell that the reporter took the picture of the couple from across the street. This can be proven by the glass window behind them which shows a reflection of a car. It basically indicates that they were pretty close to the road, so the only possible way for the reporter to take a picture of them but still maintaining a good distance is to stand on the other side of the street. This doesn’t necessarily justify their action but the reporters did act responsibly by trying to maintain some sort of distance from Zendaya and Jacob, so ultimately giving them some sort of "privacy".  So as long as the reporters obey the rules that have been outlined in their code of ethics which are (1) seek and report only the truth,  (2) minimize harm/not cause harm, and (3) be accountable, there is not much that celebrities can do to refuse them.