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Garner, Elanor Ramrath. Elanor's Story. Atlanta, PeachTree Publishers, LTD.,
1999.

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After previously only having Sudetenland province in Czechoslovakia, Hitler completely invaded the country. As a result, Elanor's neighbors who are from there began to bully her and her brother, Frank, for no apparent reason. The text said, "In March 1939, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. This time, our neighbors across the street avoided us and ignored Mother's greetings. Their kids called us names and continued to taunt us" (10).

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Elanor's Father makes plans to move to Berlin

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Elanor's Father makes plans to move to Berlin

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After previously losing his job due to the Great Depression, Elanor's father is offered a job as an engineer in Berlin. Despite the threat from Hitler, and warnings from friends, he accepts it and immediately plans to move him and his family there.
Elanor's father said, "'No, not exactly, Elanor. I was offered a challenging job as an engineer in Berlin at the AEG, the Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft" (12).

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While Elanor and her family are on the ferry to Berlin, they hear that Germany has declared war on Poland. To keep their ferry from being a potential enemy target by Britain, the captain ordered it to be painted with the colors of France. Luckily, they made it without any troubles. Elanor said "Fortunately, we were not detected and did not have to wreck the ship. We were able to continue down the coast of Schleswig-Holstein and Helgoland to Cuxhaven, Germany" (19).

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The Nazis ended the period of Phoney War with their invasion of Denmark and Norway on the 9 April 1940.

Control of Denmark and Norway was vital to Germany as it provided safe supply routes for Swedish iron ore. Prior to the war, Germany imported approximately half of its necessary iron ore from Sweden. As such, if access to this ore was limited or denied, it could have had crippling effects on German war efficiency.

Code named Operation Weser übung, the invasions began on the 9 April 1940.

In Denmark, troops crossed over the German-Norwegian border at 4.15am. Six hours of fighting took place before Denmark, fearful of the bombing tactic used by the German's in Warsaw during the Invasion of Poland, surrendered.

Meanwhile, the Germans had attacked Norway early the same morning. In Norway, the Germans attacked from the sea, hoping to occupy and protect key coastal waterways where the vital iron ore was transported. This sea attack was supported by a small division of bomber planes called the Fiegerkorps.

Ships from the British and French Navy had sailed to Norway pre-empting a campaign against them in early April. Despite this, within 24 hours key towns such as Bergen and Narvik were occupied by the German troops.

The main German land campaign followed, moving north from Oslo with relative ease over the next two months. The last key strategic fort, the Hegra Fortress fell on the 5 May 1940, and the Norwegian Army surrendered on the 10 June 1940.

Through invading and occupying Denmark and Norway in just over two months, the Nazis had secured vital supply routes for iron ore that would supply the Nazis war effort for the majority of the war.

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The Nazis ended the period of Phoney War with their invasion of Denmark and Norway on the 9 April 1940. Control of Denmark and Norway was vital to Germany as it provided safe supply routes for Swedish iron ore. Prior to the war, Germany imported approximately half of its necessary iron ore from Sweden.

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As Elanor lives in Germany, she faces many challenges.

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As Elanor lives in Germany, she faces many challenges.

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Despite her knowledge of the German  language, Elanor is struggling to adapt to the new environment. She barely knows German customs, and is struggling in school.
"I could speak German pretty well, but I couldn't write or read the language. The Gothic letters were so different from English letters, and very difficult to master. Our tutor warned us that in school, if a student's letters stubbornly refused to touch the paper's lines or wiggled backward and forward, the student's grade immediately went down" (27).

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One day as Elanor was walking along the "Gypsy Promenade" to get to her friends house, she discovered something shocking. She saw a shadowy figure, who appeared to be a young soldier, hanging from a tree. Shocked, she ran home to get her mother and to contact the authorities.
"As I approached, I realized that the man seemed to be floating in midair. When I came near him, I saw with horror that he was a young soldier who had hanged himself from a tree. His limbs were completely still, his face a frozen blue-gray mask" (39).

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Hitler's victories are changing the world

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Hitler's victories are changing the world

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As Hitler continues invading Europe, Germany begins to change. Nazi flags are hung everywhere, including over Elanor's house, which upsets the family. Elanor's father decides to hang up an american flag in between two swastika flags. However in fear of persecution her mother took the flag down and said they must hide the fact that they're American. Also, Elanor joins the "girl/boy scouts" of Germany, Hitler Youth, that introduces children to Nazi ideology which her mother isn't fond of.

"Mother tore into the house, yanked the flag from the windowsill, and destroyed it. 'How could you do this?' she yelled at Father. 'You endangered the whole family! Somebody might report us to the Gestapo. Don't you know people are arrested for a lot less than this?'" (44).

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The Boy Scouts' motto was "Be Prepared." But nothing could prepare Max Ebel, a German teenager, for what happened after Hitler banned the Boy Scouts. As other boys cheered, the 17-year-old was surrounded by a gang of Nazi Youth-one of whom had a knife. Ebel's refusal to leave scouting behind had just turned into a fight for his life.

From Boy Scouts to Hitler Youth

It was 1937, and the Boy Scouts were one of many youth organizations on the Nazis' verboten list. Now, every non-Jewish boy in Germany was required to be part of the Hitler Youth, the Nazis' youth arm, instead. Ebel, a pacifist who distrusted the Nazis, refused-and paid the price.

The Boy Scout was harassed and then attacked by a group of Nazi Youth. In an attempt to force him to join, one of the members stabbed him in the hand. Ebel fought back, grabbed the knife, and cut the other boy's face. Later, realizing his life was in danger, he escaped Germany and eventually became a U.S. citizen.

Ebel was just one of millions of young Germans whose lives were changed by the Hitler Youth-a group designed to indoctrinate kids into Hitler's ideology, then send them off to war.

By the time Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, hundreds of thousands of kids were members of youth organizations like the Boy Scouts, which was invented in England in 1909 and quickly spread to Germany. But there was also another powerful youth movement afoot-one invented by the Nazis. Since 1922, the National Socialists had had a youth arm designed to train and recruit members for its paramilitary. As the Nazis became more powerful, their youth arm grew.

The Nazis' Youth Movement Surges

In January 1933, there were 50,000 members of the Hitler Youth. By the end of the year, there were more than 2 million. And as the 1930s progressed, the Nazis waged war on the groups so popular among German youth. First, they banned children's groups associated with political movements like Communism. And in 1936, they banned all youth groups-including the Boy Scouts-and forced members to become part of the Hitler Youth instead. Jewish children were banned from participation.

Banning scouting sent a message-obey, or be punished. It had a practical effect, too: Since other scouting organizations were banned, the only way for kids to get scouting experience was to join the Hitler Youth. As Germany hurtled toward war, children who refused to join were alienated, then punished. By 1939, over 90 percent of German children were part of the Hitler Youth organization.

For the Nazis, the group had other benefits. Not only did it allow the Third Reich to indoctrinate children at their most impressionable, but it let the Nazis remove them from the influence of their parents, some of whom opposed the regime. The Nazi Party knew that families-private, cohesive groups not usually under political sway-were an obstacle to their goals. The Hitler Youth was a way to get Hitler's ideology into the family unit, and some members of the Hitler Youth even denounced their parents when they behaved in ways not approved of by the Reich.

Hitler's Youth Co-opted Boy Scouts Traditions

Though the Boy Scouts were banned, the Nazis co-opted many of its activities and traditions. Hitler Youth took part in typical scouting-type activities like camping trips, singing, crafts and hiking. They went to summer camps, wore uniforms, recited pledges and told stories over campfires.

But over time, the activities changed. Though girls' groups focused on things like rhythmic gymnastics and winter coat drives, the boys' groups became more like a mini military than a Boy Scout den. They imposed military-like order on members and trained young men in everything from weapons to survival. And all groups included hefty doses of propaganda that encouraged an almost religious devotion to the Führer.

Alfons Heck's experience was typical. As he told the Boston Globe in the 1980s, he couldn't wait to become a full-fledged Hitler Youth member and relished marching, singing and attending rallies. "I belonged to Adolf Hitler, body and soul," he recalled. It took him years to step away from that indoctrination after the end of World War II.

Some boys refused to join the Hitler Youth and took their youth groups underground. One such group, the Edelweiss Pirates, even attacked Hitler Youth members and worked to sabotage their activities. About 5,000 Edelweiss Pirates are thought to have defied the Nazis, scribbled anti-war graffiti on walls, and participated in various types of violent and nonviolent resistance. In 1944, six were hanged in Cologne without a trial due to their suspected involvement in the black market. Scouts in occupied countries resisted, too: In France, for example, Boy Scouts rescued 40 Jewish children from deportation, and in Auschwitz, a group of Polish boy scouts resisted and even escaped the Nazis.

The Hitler Youth Become Soldiers

As the war ground on, it became clear that the Hitler Youth's real goal was to create more soldiers for the Reich. Children who had been saturated in Nazi ideology for years made obedient, fanatical soldiers. Eventually, those soldiers became younger and younger. Starting in 1943, all boys 17 and older were forced to serve in the military.

In 1945, the desperate Nazi leadership began pulling younger boys out of school and sending them to the front. These inexperienced children were essentially conscripted for suicide missions-and if they balked, they were executed. Those who survived faced harsh treatment at the hands of the Allies who captured them.

After the war, the Hitler Youth was disbanded. Today, the group is considered one of the most chilling facets of the Nazi regime-proof that a totalitarian state can use children to feed its armies and further its hateful ideologies.

HISTORY Vault: Hitler and Stalin: Roots of Evil

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How the Hitler Youth Turned a Generation of Kids Into Nazis | HISTORY

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Hitler's war against Boy Scouts fueled the Third Reich's ideology-and its military might.

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Escalations rise, with air raids occurring in Berlin

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Escalations rise, with air raids occurring in Berlin

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With the bombing of London, Britain retaliates and bombs Berlin which causes everyone to believe another world war is soon to come. Scared for their lives, Elanor, and her mom and dad seek shelter in their basement.

"In August, we began to hear radio reports daily about the German air force, the Liftwaffe, bombing London and other parts of England. One night soon after those reports, the air-raid siren sounded, and we all scrambled for the basement. Berlin was being bombed by the British Royal Air Force" (46).

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Elanor and her family, coming from America, were shocked by this news. Elanor fears that America could mistake her for a German and end up killing her and her family. She also is scared the Germans will think they're spying and prosecute them.

"America's involvement in the war sent me into a tailspin. How bizarre! I thought. The soldiers of the country where I was born, the country I love, will be told to kill me, my family, and my new friends. And the solders of the country of my ancestry, of my beloved Omis, the country where I live, will be told to hate and kill Americans... "(68).

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One day in the middle of winter, Elanor's mom went into labor. Instead of going to a hospital, she stayed home and gave birth with the assistance of a midwife and doctor. Once her brother was born, she immediately fell in love and wished she was the mother.

"At last, in January 18, 1942, Mother went into labor. She preferred to have the baby at home because she was afraid of the bacterial infections that plagued the hospitals. Father and a midwife tended to Mother's needs, and just before the delivery, a doctor arrived to assist with the birth" (72).

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Used to the hundreds of false air raid warnings, one more wouldn't mean much. However, everyone noticed how clear of a night it was and they would be on high alert. After quickly falling asleep, they are all woken up by the sirens and immediately rush to the air raid shelter. Shortly after, they hear the booming and are hit with a massive shock wave that shakes the whole basement and injures a few people. Eventually it stops, but the damage done was like nothing they've ever seen.

"'Oh no!' one of the men yelled. 'Those are flares used by reconnaissance pilots to identify areas for the bombing squads that follow!' Then the distant roar of what sounded like a thousand engines shattered the quiet night. Somebody screamed, 'This is it!' We tumbled down the cellar stairs in wild confusion" (105).

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In the spring of 1945, German forces were reeling from a series of devastating defeats on the eastern and western fronts. In the west, US forces contained and repelled a German counteroffensive in the Battle of the Bulge. On March 7, units of the American 9th Armored Division captured the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen and established a bridgehead over the Rhine River, the largest remaining obstacle confronting American forces in their drive into Germany. In the east, decimated German units retreated in the face of Soviet assaults on a front that stretched from Yugoslavia to Lithuania. Citizens of Hitler's Third Reich also could not escape the horrors of war. Germany's cities lay in ruins from the Anglo-American bombing campaign which dropped more than 45,000 tons of bombs on German population centers between January 1944 and January 1945.

Although in hindsight it is tempting to view March 1945 as the closing act of the war in Europe, German forces continued to inflict heavy casualties on Allied forces. On March 6, the German Army launched a final offensive near Lake Balaton in Hungary in a bid to protect valuable oil fields in the region. In the west, Germany launched thousands of V-2 rockets at targets in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. More than 3,000 of the rockets struck Allied-held territory by March 1945, killing in excess of 4,500 people. Similarly, the British and American air campaign against Germany did not show any signs of abating in March 1945.

In the spring of 1945, the Anglo-American air forces launched increasingly bigger and more destructive raids on German cities. Between February 13 and February 15, American and British bombers destroyed the virtually undefended city of Dresden, Germany, killing more than 25,000 civilians. On March 11, the Royal Air Force reduced much of the city of Essen to rubble when 1,079 British aircraft dropped over 4,700 pounds of bombs on the city. Simultaneously, the US Army Air Force dropped approximately 600 tons of bombs on German rail yards every month from September 1944 to April 1945. In the midst of so many devastating raids, one of the most significant air battles of the war has frequently been overlooked.

On the morning of March 18, 1,329 bombers and 733 fighters of the US Eighth Air Force formed up over England and set a course for northern Germany. The target for 1,221 of the bombers was Berlin. This mission, the largest wartime raid on Berlin, was intended to support the Russian advance by attacking rail stations and tank factories in the city.

During the previous two weeks, the American bombers had encountered little fighter resistance on their daylight bombing raids. In the pre-mission briefings on March 18, however, intelligence officers warned crews to be on the lookout for a new German jet fighter, the formidable Messerschmitt Me 262. With a top speed of 540 mph, the Me 262 was over 100 mph faster than the best American fighter of the war, the North American P-51 Mustang.

As the American bomber fleet and its fighter escorts approached the German capital, more than 70 German fighters intercepted the invaders. Historian Donald Miller called the ensuing battle the "most tremendous air battle of 1945." The German force consisted of three dozen jets and an equal number of piston engine fighters. Despite being outnumbered 25 to 1, the German fighters used cloud cover to evade the American fighter escort and close with the bomber formations. 30 jets from the newly formed Jagdgeschwader 7 streaked through the formation and shot down seven B-17 bombers in just eight minutes. The German jets each carried two dozen rockets slung under their wings. These projectiles could bring down a bomber with a single hit. To increase their lethality, the German fighters lined up abreast and fired their rockets into the bombers at close range. Fragments of the bombers rained down over the German countryside, while six American fighters that engaged the German defenders were also shot down.

The armada next encountered German flak, which inflicted even more casualties. More than half of the bombers, 714 planes, sustained damage from German anti-aircraft fire. 16 suffered hits so severe that they had to crash land behind Soviet lines. In total, 24 bombers and six fighters were lost on the mission. 178 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured in the raid. The German Luftwaffe lost just three pilots.

Despite the German Luftwaffe's success, it was unable to prevent the vast majority of the American bombers from dropping their payloads on Berlin. Although the bombers targeted the city's rail yard, their customary inaccuracy combined with the intermittent cloud cover meant that more than 3,000 tons of bombs impacted all over the city. Owing to the previous devastation of Berlin and the untold number of refugees in the city, it is impossible to know the exact number of Germans killed in the raid. Conservative estimates put German losses around 3,000 civilians.

The German Me 262 jet fighter returned the qualitative edge to Hitler's air force in the last days of the war, and German jets shot down a total of 63 bombers in the war's final months. Yet the belated appearance of the best fighter of the war could not prevent Germany's ultimate defeat. On April 25, American and Soviet forces linked up on the Elbe River near Torgau, while the Soviet Army fought its way into the heart of Berlin. American and British bombers finally ran out of targets in April 1945, but they had gutted as many German cities as possible in their effort to compel Germany's surrender.

March 18 was the largest Allied raid on Berlin during the war, yet the bombing mission rated only a single paragraph in the US Army Air Force's official history of World War II.

One possible reason for the mission's obscurity is that it was one of more than 350 wartime bombing missions that targeted the German capital. The postwar years have also witnessed a contentious debate over the role of airpower in bringing about Germany's defeat.

US Army Air Force leaders in Europe commanded the most powerful strategic air force in history by the beginning of 1945, and they were determined to prove that the resources devoted to the bomber force were justified. This goal was all the more important since their demands on American manpower contributed to a dire shortage of infantrymen in Europe in the final six months of the war. In addition, Army Air Force leaders looked ahead to their postwar fight to become an independent service and secure appropriations for a permanent strategic bomber force. Consequently, American air commanders exhibited particular zeal in their spring 1945 campaign. Historian Tami Biddle argued that the United States Strategic Air Forces' "wide-ranging targeting choices for the month of February revealed an almost desperate quest for a decisive use of strategic air power." The same could be said of the March 18 raid, which had an undetermined impact on Germany's defeat. Though the raid had a strategic justification, there was also no denying the psychological appeal of targeting Hitler's capital with the full power of the US Eighth Air Force, the largest bomber force in American history.

Tyler Bamford was the Sherry and Alan Leventhal Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of War and Democracy at The National WWII Museum from 2019-2021. He obtained his PhD in history from Temple University and his BA in history from Lafayette College.

For Allied leaders, 1942 was a year of incredible danger and anxiety in the Battle of the Atlantic.

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Bombing Berlin: The Biggest Wartime Raid on Hitler's Capital | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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In the spring of 1945, German forces were reeling from a series of devastating defeats on the eastern and western fronts. In the west, US forces contained and repelled a German counteroffensive in the Battle of the Bulge.

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Elanor's 13th birthday arrived shortly after more terrible air raids, that destroyed her neighborhood. Due to the circumstances, even her own mother didn't have the energy to celebrate with her. Clearly hurt, Elanor left for school without a single "happy birthday" .

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On her way over to her uncle, Onkle Adolf, Elanor witnesses a horrific scene at the train station. A man, who appeared to be a soldier, put his neck to the train tracks just before it arrived and it severed his head clean. She was traumatized and continued having nightmares about this event. Elanor wondered if this, the escaped and starving "prisoners" she saw hiding in the tunnels, and the other suicides were all related.

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As the air raids intensified, all women and children were ordered to evacuate out of Berlin. Elanor, her mom, Frank (her brother), and her baby brother all evacuated to their Fathers siblings house. Devastated that they had to leave him behind, letters were constantly sent back and forth. However, with all the railways being bombed it was seeming more and more unlikely he could get to them soon.

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After a while of not hearing from him, Elanor gets a letter from her father. He said that he joked about a leader in Hitlers regime and someone reported him. He was interrogated all day, but luckily his boss and other co - workers stuck up for him and no evidence was found. Still suspicious, they forced his boss to fire him because they thought he was an american spy, leaving him without a source of income and no family to stay with.

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With food becoming increasingly scarce, Elanor and her mom begin finding other ways to get food. They began trading various things to nearby farmers who had stored many crops before the winter weather hit. They began doing this frequently, and one day on the way to a farmer, Elanor spotter a tall barbed wire fence and checked it out. A beat up "prisoner" was asking for food, and taking a huge risk of breaking the law she talked back to him and gave him some bread. The next day that prisoner was gone and she never saw him again.

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With resources becoming increasingly difficult to come by, even getting electricity became a challenge. During the cold winters of Berlin, Elanor and her family struggled to get through and to stay warm.

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June 26 marks the 70th anniversary of the beginning of the Berlin Airlift, America's first major test of resolve during the Cold War and one of the largest humanitarian aid missions in history.

Never heard of it? Well, you're in luck - we've summed the history up for you here.

Post-World War II Division of Germany

After World War II ended, Germany was in ruins, and the situation in its capital, Berlin, was dire. About 2.5 million Berliners were still living in the war-ravaged city, but food was scarce and shelter was hard to find amid all the rubble. The economy was mostly black market goods at that point.

To begin rebuilding, the Allies split Germany between the U.S., Great Britain and Russia. Berlin was also divided into occupation zones; the Soviets controlled the eastern portion while the west went to the U.S., UK and France.

Unfortunately, the Soviet-Allied alliance deteriorated quickly, and tensions fully erupted by 1948.

The Breaking Point

Map of occupation zones and air corridors during Berlin Airlift.

Russia met regularly with Britain, the U.S. and France after the war to coordinate occupation policy between the varying zones, but it stopped in early 1948 when it found out the other three nations were secretly planning to create a new German state out of their zones.

In June 1948, the U.S. and U.K. introduced a new currency, the Deutschmark, to their zones, which included West Berlin. They kept it from the Soviets because they wanted to regain economic control from Russia and quell the black market that was running rampant, as well as bring in aid under the Marshall Plan, a U.S. strategy to rebuild Europe.

But the problem was this - Berlin was located far within Russia's East Germany, so the Soviets took advantage, leading to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War.

The Berlin Airlift Begins

On June 24, 1948, Soviet forces blockaded all road, rail and water routes into Berlin's Allied-controlled areas, stifling the vital flow of food, coal and other supplies. Soviet troop numbers dwarfed those of the Allies, which had drawn down after the war, so there was little the Allies could do about it militarily.

But the Soviets couldn't block Allied airspace, so U.S. and UK forces took to the skies to get supplies to the Allied sectors. On June 26, the U.S. launched Operation Vittles, which the U.K. later joined. It was the biggest aerial resupply mission ever embarked upon. The Allies also imposed their own counter-blockade, restricting trade with East Germany and East Berlin.

A Massive Mission

The airlift was a daunting task at first. More than 2 million Berliners were relying on the aid, which included much-needed food, fuel and medicine. Over time, though, it became more efficient, and the number of airdrops increased. At one point, Air Force and Navy planes were landing at Tempelhof Airport every 45 seconds.

On Easter Sunday, April 17, 1949, the constant procession of planes managed to deliver 13,000 tons of cargo, including the equivalent of 600 railroad cars of coal - all in one day!

Things weren't going well for the Soviets. The airlift had been going on for 10 months, and the Allies had proven they could keep it up indefinitely. The Russians had gained a reputation as bullies because of their blockade. On top of that, an Allied counter-blockade was causing severe shortages in the Russian sectors, leading to fears of an uprising.

The Soviet Union gave in and lifted the blockade on May 11, 1949; however, the airlift itself didn't end until Sept. 30, just in case the Soviets decided to change their minds.

During the entire airlift, the U.S. and U.K. delivered more than 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and supplies to West Berlin via more than 278,000 airdrops. American aircrews made more than 189,000 flights, totaling nearly 600,000 flying hours and exceeding 92 million miles.

The airlift demonstrated America's innovative spirit, efficiency, perseverance and leadership. It also highlighted the value of cooperation and the need to have allies to accomplish tasks that one country simply can't do alone.

While that crisis ended peacefully, the ideological division of Europe had just begun. By the end of the blockade, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization had been established, partially in response to Soviet aggression. A few weeks later, East and West Berlin officially separated, with each becoming a symbol of their respective political views - democracy and freedom in the West versus communism in the East.

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The Berlin Airlift: What It Was, Its Importance in the Cold War

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June 26 marks the 70th anniversary of the beginning of the Berlin Airlift, America's first major test of resolve during the Cold War and one of the largest humanitarian aid missions in history.Never heard of it? Well, you're in luck - we've summed the,

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While the British air raids have stopped, the Soviets have began their own invasion of Berlin. Elanor and her family were shocked by this but still lived as they normally did. Over time the Soviets captured Berlin and captured all military leaders and other leaders they could find and took over peoples daily lives.