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Ms  Eagan   Effects of the French Revolution to Napoleon

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Defining Nationalism

Nationalism is an ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, and set of customs. According to nationalists, loyalty to one's nation is critical, and the people of a nation must band together to promote the good of their country, to defend it, to extend its boundaries and culture, and to fulfill its destiny. Nations, nationalists further claim, must be independent and ruled by their own people, who rally around their national flags and other national symbols to increase and express their patriotism.

The French Revolution and Nationalism

These ideas might seem commonplace to modern people, but prior to the French Revolution, very few Europeans would have embraced them. In those days, Europe was ruled by dynasties that controlled large areas and contained many small states. The Holy Roman Empire, for instance, spread its influence over much of central Europe. Monarchs often held absolute power, and they expected their people to be loyal to them rather than to their nations.

Things began to change when the French Revolution crashed onto the European scene in 1789. The revolutionaries overthrew the monarch in 1792 and placed power in the hands of France's citizens (or at least some of them). They clearly defined the rights of citizens and drew up constitutions that expressed their new ruling principles.

In doing so, they developed a common identity among French people, who began to be loyal to France as a nation. The national motto 'Liberty, Fraternity, Equality!' rang out in the streets. The tricolor French flag proudly flew over French territory. Citizens turned to their legislative bodies and a central, national government for guidance rather than to a king or to a class of noblemen. Even a standard French language spread throughout the country, overtaking and replacing regional dialects.

France had become a sovereign nation, and its people grew in their national loyalty. Many of them believed that their new system was working well, and they were ready to move out into the world to bring their discoveries to others.

People in other nations looked at what was happening in France and decided that perhaps the French had the right idea. For example, clubs developed in Great Britain that adopted the ideas of the French Revolution and tried to apply them to their own country. Often, however, the rulers of other nations felt threatened by France, especially when its expansionist tendencies took a violent turn. They called on their own people to unite in opposition to the French, thus creating a nationalist rallying point at home.

Napoleon and Nationalism

The situation escalated when Napoleon Bonaparte took control of France as first consul in 1799 and as emperor in 1804. Napoleon worked hard to increase nationalistic feelings. He created the Napoleonic Code in 1804 that unified French law, getting rid of regional variations and making one set of rules for everyone. Further, Napoleon's series of stunning military victories, especially at Ulm and Austerlitz in 1805, raised French morale and made the people proud of their country. Nationalism was important to Napoleon. He needed to keep his citizens loyal to France so that he could stay in power and spread his country's influence throughout Europe.

Napoleon's aggression, however, increased the nationalistic impulses in his enemies and those he conquered. Defeated nations united around their hatred of Napoleon and his policies. Great Britain, for instance, avoided labor revolts because its people were busy backing their country's fight against the French. Austrians, stung by defeat, collectively fumed about having to give up their territories. Portugal and Russia united in defying Napoleon's orders. Spain fought back when Napoleon attempted to put his brother on the Spanish throne.

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events & impact - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Nationalism Grows in Europe: Timeline, Events & Impact - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Nationalism is an ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, and set of customs. According to nationalists, loyalty to one's nation is critical, and the people of a nation must band together to promote the good of their country, to defend it, to extend its boundaries and culture, and to fulfill its destiny.

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Memories of the French Revolution of 1789 can be discovered in places, images, and objects that still exist today. Likewise, the memories from the Revolution are not only historical in nature. In fact, a few liberty trees are still growing today, usually being large oaks on the village square. People that were a part of the Revolution often kept momentos of the event. Some examples of these are engravings, ribbons (in the form of cockades), crockery, and even bits of the stones of the Bastille prison. Songs were also popular during the French Revolution, and are still sang today to remember events. One great example of sustaining the memories of the Revolution through a number of large objects is the  Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. They have around 30,000 original engravings stored there. The United States also has many of those engravings kept in their libraries too. Also, many emblems such as material collections of crockery, ribbons, flags, swords, and clothing that represent counterrevolution are displayed all over France. The most organized and extensive of these types of collections can be found in The Museum of the French Revolution in Vizille, France today.

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Scholars of the French Revolution not only concern themselves with the meaning of the broader range of events and activities, they also analyze the traditional areas of diplomacy and high politics as well as in the newer ones of festivals, symbols, engravings, and songs. Today, scholars still take interest in the causes, course, and legacy of the Revolution. They seek significance in other places than France itself, such as Haiti and the other French colonies to Egypt, Russia, and wherever the French armies had marched. Furthermore, the scholars study any other area where the Revolution had the least bit of effect.

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Nineteenth century European authors frequently wrote about the French Revolution, including Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, and Anatole France. The literature allowed for the people, events, and ideas of the Revolution to be kept alive for generations. Likewise, the large impact of the Revolution provided clear imagery for the making of films. In fact, some of the best films in French cinematic history have been about the French Revolution. Films such as Napoleon (1927) and Danton (1984) have given significance to the events and preserved them for the future.

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"What remains most alive in the original spirit of the Revolution is in . . . literature . . . [T]he only Frenchmen who today can be connected by a kind of espirit de corps to their fathers are the men of letters" - Alexis de Tocqueville

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One example is the Napoleonic occupation of Spain in 1808 that began the independence movement in Latin America. By 1810, Central and South american local elites declared their independence from Spain and Portugal.The Mexican independence movement took place during this time as well (1810-1824). Nationalism and some other liberal ideas that originated during the French Revolution spread to Latin America as well. On the other side of the world in East Asia, the people took great interest in the potent ideology of nationalism and the power of the revolutions to transform both society and the state. China and Vietnam's adoption of revolutionary principles allowed for the French Revolution of 1789 to become relevant in a new part of the world.

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Late Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century

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Late Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century

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During this time period, interest in the events of the French Revolution was extremely intense. The Eiffel Tower was built by France's Third Republic to celebrate the centennial of the Revolution in 1889. All of the arguments about the events were intensely heated especially because of the latter revolution that had broke out (associated with the Paris Commune) that was associated with excessive violence. Since France had already promised its worldwide revolution through communism and the unceasing cycles of revolutions in France, the memories of the original French Revolution in 1789 continued t o inspire the writings of important socialists, anarchists, and communist revolutionaries.

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These groups of people tended to have a more positive view of the French Revolution. In fact, they believed that it was a significant foreshadow of the future. They believed that the French Revolution needed to provide more than mere promises of individual rights and legal change within a constitutional order. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels both reflected on the French Revolution in hope to discover important lessons for the future of history as well as communism.

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The French Revolution: Impact and Sources

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The majority of the French that opposed the Revolution did so because of their religious beliefs. An aristocratic writer and philosopher, Joseph de Maistre condemned the revolution and described it as being both "fundamentally evil and impious". Many conservatives in the 19th and 20th centuries also connected the Revolution to the negative aspects they had been experiencing in the democracy and mass politics. Also, an influential theorist of "crowd" behavior named Gustave Le Bon believed that it symbolized the savagery, irrationality, and violence of the mob. Likewise, leader of the right-wing organization Action française, Charles Maurras, emphasized that France needed to return to its original government by being more devout and more nationalistic once again.

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A nationalist could swing either way-- in favor of either a monarchy or a republic. Italian nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini believed that nationalism should be revolutionary and also utilized with projects that could defend the rights of the poor. On the other hand, Charles Fourier (the "utopian socialist), believed it would be more beneficial to keep the revolutionary legacy of social reform yet cease all of the violence brought on by the "Reign of Terror" of 1793-94. Likewise, both philosopher John Stuart Mill and the historian and politician Alexis de Tocqueville preferred a more elitist approach to any change in the structure of the government.

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During the revolutionary decade, modern nationalism began in France and was spread by revolutionary and Napoleonic armies to the rest of Europe. Most Europeans adopted nationalism since it defended the right of a nation to resist French control. In fact, the struggle for national liberation became on of the most important continuities of themes of the nineteenth and twentieth century European and world politics.

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The Birth of New Ideologies in the 19th Century

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The Birth of New Ideologies in the 19th Century

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The word "ideologies" is a word that was first used during the French Revolution. By definition, an ideology is a defined doctrine regarding the best form of social and political organization. The revolutionaries had established a republic in 1792 in which the republicans would challenge monarchists. Some republicans preferred a government to be controlled by the elite whereas other groups such as the democratic republicans desired a more democratic structure. Other ideological alternatives arose in this era as well such as nationalism, socialism, and eventually communism. However, the conservatives had argued that all of these new doctrines of political and social change were dangerous innovations.

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Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, followed events in the French Revolution with interest and hint of enthusiasm at times yet also with a little worry. His treatises declare that he had appreciated the deep power of the notion of right. However, a French aristocrat named François-René de Chateaubriand had a more negative view of it. His work Historical, Political and Moral Essay on Revolutions, Ancient and Modern denounced the Jacobins as "infuriated men" who had set up about "a thousand sanguinary guillotines" all throughout France. On the other hand, a German philosopher named Georg Willhelm Friedrich Hegel was able to use the entire process of the French Revolution's occurrence in order to develop his notions about the deeper, essential meaning of history. Likewise, the Revolution was considered a gateway that was used to break out of older ways in doing things.

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They believed that many of the events occurring in  1789 had been influenced by their own experience. The Americans noticed that the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen seemed to borrow significantly from the states' bill of rights. These ideas were further influenced by Thomas Jefferson, a resident in France at the time, who passed along his own ideas to the legislators by means of the Marquis de Lafayette. Many of the voices of the Americans were positive toward the French Revolution such as the Republican party led by Jefferson. However, John Adams thought differently and expressed his reservations early. The federalists had also strongly opposed the Revolution.

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She created one of the first sustained feminist arguments in world history. This argument would be written down in her famous work: A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). She notoriously argued that women should have the right to be educated as men do in order to become virtuous citizens. Of course, this provoked instant controversy at the time. One critic said that her writings would be read "with disgust by every female who has any pretensions to delicacy; with detestation by every one attached to the interests of religion and morality". Clearly, if her argument is considered a rather mild one in present-day, it only proves the impact on the modern world of the French Revolutionary feminists like Wollstonecraft.

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The English author produced arguably the most famous defense of the American cause: Common Sense (1776). In his other work, Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the French Revolution (1791 and 1792), Paine powerfully defended the use of reason in restructuring the forms of government. He ensured that the key to a proper government depended on the establishment of a constitution that gave natural rights to all men. Paine's work turned out to be very popular, with around 200,000 copies being sold, more than any other political polemic had in English history thus far. Although he never learned the French language, his prestige in the French society allowed for him to be elected to the National Convention.

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He was a recognized member of the British parliament who had gained a considerable reputation for defending the Americans in their revolt against the British crown. In fact, his lively polemical tract that he wrote merely months after the fall of the Bastille sparked the first major debate regarding the French Revolution outside of France.  In his work titled Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), he portrayed reservations about the revolutionaries' reliance on mere reason as the only standard of the government. As anticipated, the French later turned to violence in order to finally enforce their decisions. Burke was a very harsh critic of the French revolutionaries. He introduced the idea of the first "conservative" principles which argued that gradual change and a sort of organic continuity in society throughout generations were much more probable than rapid and violent disturbances in the structure of government. In turn, this caused a firestorm of protest within Great Britain.

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This English poet was able to immortalize what many French civilians experienced in his poem French Revolution As It Appears to Enthusiasts (1804; also in Prelude) which states: "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive/ But to be young was very heaven!" This experience during the French overthrow of the old regime was commemorated and celebrated through the creation of songs, engravings, poems, paintings, and music. Wordsworth was one of the many people that voyaged to France to see the French Revolution take place.

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Many of the powerful influences of the French Revolution can be traced back to the reactions of the people who took part in it. Some of these people believed that the French Revolution was a "beacon of light" which allowed for their appalling experiences of monarchical tyranny and aristocratic privilege to finally come to an end. In fact, the 19th century revolutionaries and nationalists would frequently adopt names, terms, colors, and rituals that date back to the French Revolution. On the other hand, 20th century revolutionaries utilized the year of 1789 as a model for other revolutionary events.