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inside cells
monitors in cells detect water level
salt causes cells to lose water
activates hypothalamus
outside cells
extracellular fluid detected through kidneys if low increases thirst

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hypertonicity: cellular dehydration acts because of osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
hypotension: high-pressure baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aorta sense it
renin can be released in renal hypotension

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physiological: it's all based on your body regulating how much and what you eat
levels of glucose
pancreas senses glucose level
low glucose/high insulin encourages hunger
hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus (sides, stimulates hunger)
triggers hormone orexin
ventromedial hypothalamus (lower/middle, satiety center, depress hunger)
stomach/intestines
stomach receptors sense calories/amount of food, triggers hormone grelin
increases food intake
small intestine (stimulates satiety center)
hormone leptin
decreases food intake

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adaptive-level phenomenon: ability to form judgments of sounds, lights, based on prior experience
positive psychology: study of optimal human functioning. aims to promote conditions that allow people to thrive
general adaption syndrome: process through which we respond to certain stressful events (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
type a personality: competitive, desires to be recognized, longs for development and advancement, wants to achieve goals and therefore, tends to rush in order for him to finish the tasks assigned to him/her. (prone to illness)
type b personality: described as calm, relaxed, and non-competitive

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studies by duchene

genuine smile:

closed eyes,

crows feet,

lower teeth covered by lips

standard smile:

open eyes,

less pronounced crows feet,

lower teeth exposed

# data[].attributes.body
attitude:
need to work, want to take an interest, we can enjoy it
direction:
direct ourselves towards an accepted target
responsibility:
thrive on responsibility
motivation:
motivated by desire of self-development and to contribute to the world
creativity:
highly creative when given recognition and opportunity

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attitude:
dislike work, find it boring, will avoid if we can
direction:
must be forced or coerced into compliance
responsibility:
need to be directed, avoid responsibility
motivation:
motivated by fear, lack of money, lack of job security
creativity:
little creativity, except when getting around rules

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optimum stress necessary for optimum performance

too much stress=bad

too little=bad
right

amount=positive/optimal performance

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unlearned motives that encourage exploration of world (used to obtain information on the world...even when bored)

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form of social motives but learned through modeling/observation of others
aggression:
intent to inflict harm or pain, connection to learned helplessness
achievement:
need to excel or overcome obstacles
highly motivated children & upbringing, "early independence & encouragement"
emotional & cognitive roots (w/ future achievement, birth order, and creativity)

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research suggest that facial expression partially drives emotion
forced smiling helps to control stress
participants with the forced duchene smiles had lower heart rates
following the stressful tasks and their heart rates recovered more quickly

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more attractive
successful
stronger immune system
lower stress
lower age

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Izard Theory: 10 basic emotions, cross cultural, present in infancy, all other emotions are a combination of the original 10.

6 basic emotions:

Joy

Anger

Disgust

Surprise

Sadness

Fear

Ekman's Theory: facial muscles are used to indicate emotion and are universal

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James-Lange Theory: arousal come before the emotion (pounding heart...fear)

stimulus>physical change>emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory: the arousal comes at the same times as the emotion

stimulus>emotion&physical change

Schachter-Singer Theory: arousal paired with a cognitive label, then the emotion

stimulus>cognitive label&physical change>emotion

opponent process theory: emotions are in pairs (fear/relief; pleasure/pain; depression/elation)

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sometimes what you want to do in a situation is clear to you but at other times you no doubt find yourself coflicted about what choice to make
approach-approach conflict: occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes
avoidance-avoidance conflict: occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes
approach-avoidance conflict: exists when one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
multiple approach-avoidance conflicts: here you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features

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task v social: task; forcuses on goals, sets standards (dictator). social; mediates conflict builds teamwork (democratic)

theory x v theory y: x; constant monitoring of workers, hovers. y; intrinsic motivation, share control

industrial organizational psych: studies how managers can best enhance the workplace

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achievement motivation: desire for significant accomplishment
extrinsic- desire to perform a behavior for reward or to avoid punishment
intrinsic- desire to perform a behavior for your own sake

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need to belong: harlow; we need people, we have a need for acceptance, we will change our action to fit in with certain groups

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what motivates sex?

men and women respond to the same stimuli

sexual disorder: problems that consistently impair sexual functioning

sexual orientation: sexual attraction to members of a particular gender

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Four stages of sexual responding:

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

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Reduction of fluid in and outside of cell caused by sodium;

reasons of habitual, cultural and psychogenetic

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Both internal and external reasons for hunger

Anorexia

Bulimia

Obesity

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Pyramid of human needs, each need must be met successfully to move up; ends with self actualization

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A physical need creates a drive to satisfy the need

Ex. Money does not itself satisfy any biological or psychological need but it reduces such other drives on a regular basis simply the receipt of a pay check

Person likely to be:

Problem centered

Highly creative

Take responsibility and work hard

Have strong moral/ethical standards

Honest and avoid pretense

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Need or desire that directs behavior

Incentive Theory: Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior

Physiological vs. Psychological: hunger drives us to eat, fatigue drives us to rest