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Proteins can be denatured: quaternary, tertiary or secondary structures are destructed and stop working.

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- Primary: Linear by Peptide bonds
- Secondary: Coiling (helix) or pleating by H-bonding
- Tertiary: Inter-coiling into 3-D globular shape by ionic and H-bonding
-Quaternary: 2+ polypeptide by H-bonding

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- Covalent Peptide bond
- 21 different
- Composition:

Amine Group (NH2)

Acid Group (COOH)

R-Group (changes in each 21)

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- Most diverse
- Instrumental in all biological processes
- Make up cells, tissues and organs
- Functions:

Enzyme Catalyst

Defense

Transportation

Support

Motion

Regulation

Storage

- Monomer: Amino Acids

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Is another type of Nucleotide produced by cellular respiration. It is composed of [1 base (A) + 1 sugar (Ribose) + 3 phosphate]. It is the primary energy currency within the cell.

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- Phosphate molecule
- 5-Carbon sugar
- Nitrogenous base:

Purines (A & G): double ring

Pyrimidines (C & T & U*): single ring

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- Function: Store and transfer genetic information
- Monomer: Nucleotides
- 2 Types: DNA & RNA

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- Saturated: animal fat, solid at 25°C
- Unsaturated: plant oil, liquid at 25°C

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- Found in all cell membranes
- Ex: Prostaglandins

Blood clotting

Blood pressure regulation

Inflammation

Contractions during labor

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- 4 carbon-rings
- Differ by functional group

- Ex: Cholesterol

Maintains plasma membrane

Cell growth and division

Forms hormones

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- Main part of cell membrane
- "Petits Bonhomme's"
- Forms lipid bilayers

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- Neutral
- Dietary Fat
- Protects and insulates organs
- Major source of stored energy - Used during fasting

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- Composition: C-H bonds
- Function: Storage of Energy (A LOT)
- Monomer: Fatty Acid
- 4 Types

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1) Storage (ex: starch in plants & glycogen in animals)
2) Structural (ex: chitin or cellulose in cell walls)

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1) Monosaccharides: simple sugars, 3-7 carbons
(ex: Glucose)
2) Disaccharides: two monosaccharides held together by covalent bond
(ex: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose)
3) Polysaccharides:  100-1000 monosaccharides, 2 types

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- Composition: C,H,O
- Function: Cellular Energy
-Monomer: Monosaccharide