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Fragile X syndrome, also known as Martin Bell Syndrome, is a rare genetic condition that can cause mild to severe intellectual impairment and learning disability. This condition is more common in males than in females.

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Common characteristics of Fragile X Syndrome include:
- Delayed development of speech
- Learning delay or disability
- Anxiety or hyperactivity
-Prominent ears or forehead and narrow face
- Seizures (15% of males and 5% of females)
- Sensory issues

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How can students with Fragile X be identified? 

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How can students with Fragile X be identified? 

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Fragile X Syndrome can be diagnosed by using the following:
- Prenatal tests (while the mother is pregnant)
* Amniocentesis (doctor tests a sample of amniotic fluid for Fragile X)
*  Chorionic Villus (doctor tests a sample of cells from the placenta)
Prenatal testing can be risky and most of the time, parents do not even know they are carriers of the gene and therefore do not have their child tested until the child begins to show signs of it.
- Genetic testing

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Adaptations and accommodations for students with fragile x include:
- IEPs
- 504 Education Plan
- frequent breaks to cope with Anxiety
- Extra assistance on assignments
- Extra time to complete assignments
- Personalized assignments
- Speech therapy

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Behavior management and social strategies 

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Behavior management and social strategies 

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- Antipsychotics help irritability
- Antidepressants help anxiety
- Stimulants for hyperactivity

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- National Fragile X Foundation off ers a lesson planning guide for teachers who have little to no knowledge of fragile x syndrome. It explains the cause and effects of the condition and offers insight on how to help children who have it learn (https://fragilex.org/education/lesson-planning-guide/).

- https://teachers.net/lessonplans/subjects/special_education/ is a website that is available to teachers. On this site, teachers share lesson plans with one another and inspire daily classroom activities. A teacher who does not know much about fragile x can access teachers.net to find lesson plans for their student(s) with this syndrome.

- https://marciabraden.com/ offers information on fragile x but also offers educational tools to teachers that can be found at the bottom right of the home page.

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- The National Fragile X Foundation is a great source for parents and educators to learn more about fragile x's symptoms and causes. It also offers information on testing and treatment options. (https://fragilex.org/understanding-fragile-x/fragile-x-syndrome/),

- North Carolina Fragile X Foundation is a website that helps parents of children with fragile x connect. Their primary goal is to raise awareness for the condition and provide emotional support for families affected by it (https://ncfragilex.org/about-us/). Similar groups exist in other states as well.

- https://www.friendshipcircle.org/blog/2012/08/14/12-important-resources-for-families-with-fragile-x-syndrome/ is a website that provides multiple online resources for parents to learn more about the condition, get involved in research, and get in contact with other families who are also affected by the condition.

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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition that causes intellectual disability, behavioral and learning challenges, and various physical characteristics. Though FXS occurs in both genders, males are more frequently affected than females, and generally with greater severity. Life expectancy is not affected in people with FXS because there are usually no life-threatening health concerns associated with the condition.

Prevalence

There have been a number of studies aimed at determining the prevalence of FXS in males and females. Studies have been undertaken both in the "special needs" population and the general population. The agreed upon prevalence of FXS in males is approximately 1 in 3,600 to 4,000 and in females is approximately 1 in 4,000 to 6,000.

The reason it is lower in females is that, while all males with an FMR1 full mutation will have Fragile X syndrome, some females with an FMR1 full mutation will not have behavioral, cognitive, or physical features of FXS.
Learn more about prevalence "
Signs & Symptoms

In Males

Behavioral characteristics can include ADD, ADHD, autism and autistic behaviors, social anxiety, hand-biting and/or flapping, poor eye contact, sensory disorders, and increased risk for aggression.

Intellectual disabilities in FXS include a range from moderate learning disabilities to more severe intellectual disabilities. The majority of males with Fragile X syndrome demonstrate significant intellectual disability.

Physical features may include large ears, long face, soft skin, and large testicles (called "macroorchidism") in post-pubertal males. Connective tissue problems may include ear infections, flat feet, high arched palate, double-jointed fingers, and hyper-flexible joints. No one individual will have all the features of FXS, and some features, such as a long face and macroorchidism, are more common after puberty.

Disposition: They are also very social and friendly, have excellent imitation skills, have a strong visual memory/long term memory, like to help others, are nice, thoughtful people, and have a wonderful sense of humor.

In Females

Behavioral characteristics seen in males can also be seen in females, though females often have milder intellectual disability and a milder presentation of the syndrome's behavioral and physical features.

Intellectual disabilities: About one-third of females with FXS have a significant intellectual disability. Others may have moderate or mild learning disabilities, emotional/mental health issues, general anxiety, and/or social anxiety.

A small percentage of females who have the full mutation of the FMR1 gene that causes FXS will have no apparent signs of the condition-intellectual, behavioral, or physical. These females are often identified only after another family member has been diagnosed.
Learn more about females and FXS "

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Fragile X Syndrome | FXS Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition that causes intellectual disability, behavioral and learning challenges, and various physical characteristics. Though FXS occurs in both genders, males are more frequently affected than females, and generally with greater severity.

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“Educational Treatments.” Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/fragilex/conditioninfo/EducationalTreatments.

“Fragile X Syndrome - Genetics Home Reference - NIH.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/fragile-x-syndrome.

Gross, Christina, et al. “Therapeutic Strategies in Fragile X Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside and Back.” Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Springer US, July 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4489963/.

“Fragile X Syndrome Factsheet (for Schools) (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth.” Edited by Rupal Christine Gupta, KidsHealth, The Nemours Foundation, Aug. 2015, kidshealth.org/en/parents/fxs-factsheet.html.

“How Do Health Care Providers Diagnose Fragile X Syndrome?” Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/fragilex/conditioninfo/diagnosis.

“What Are the Symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome?” Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/fragilex/conditioninfo/commonsymptoms.