# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Freer Gallery of Art & Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Tamil poet-saints of the seventh through ninth centuries CE offer an important perspective on the south Indian worship of key Hindu deities. Their devotional perspective is known as bhakti. These saints and devotional poets wrote numerous hymns dedicated to Hindu gods, especially Shiva and Vishnu. Written in Tamil-as opposed to Sanskrit, the language used in Brahmanic Hindu ritual-the poems were performed throughout the region, generating deep devotion and even inspiring the construction of temples. A number of poet-saints were from the lower classes. Without access to temple worship, poems-suffused with affection and awe for the deities-were their primary way to express devotion and establish personal relationships with the divine.

Rich in visual imagery, these hymns were later used by the Cholas to inform sculptures of Shiva and Vishnu. An excerpt from a devotional poem to Shiva by Saint Appar-a poet-saint of seventh-century Tamil Nadu-includes the visual attributes that would become characteristic of Shiva Nataraja in the Chola period:

If you could see
the arch of his brow
the budding smile
on lips red as the kovvai fruit
cool matted hair,
the milk-white ash on coral skin,
and the sweet golden foot raised up in dance,
then even human birth on this wide earth would be a thing worth having.

Later in the poem, Appar writes of Shiva's dance in the Chidambaram forest ( described as the "hall of Tillai"):

The very foot he raised
to dance the dance
in the little hall of Tillai-
it claimed me as a slave.

Saint Sundarar, who lived in the eighth century, also produced hymns to Shiva replete with similarly vivid imagery:

The Lord who holds fire
and bears the broad river on his head
dances, trailing strands of fire-red matted hair.

Next: Sacred Dance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Devotional Poetry | Freer Gallery of Art & Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tamil poet-saints of the seventh through ninth centuries CE offer an important perspective on the south Indian worship of key Hindu deities. Their devotional perspective is known as bhakti. These saints and devotional poets wrote numerous hymns dedicated to Hindu gods, especially Shiva and Vishnu.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Google search may turn up online versions of a short story (e.g., Faulkner and Barn Burning). However, as with all free web sites, it may be difficult to determine the accuracy and authenticity of the material.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
LibGuides: Finding Short Stories & Short Story Criticism : Finding Published Short Stories

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google search may turn up online versions of a short story (e.g., Faulkner and Barn Burning). However, as with all free web sites, it may be difficult to determine the accuracy and authenticity of the material.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu, Krishna descended to Earth to kill the evil king Kansa. Indian literature and art is filled with depictions of his mischievous youth, heroic encounters with demons, and romantic dalliances that are metaphors for his devotees' emotional relationships with God. Blue skinned, usually in a saffron-colored loincloth and a peacock-feather crown, the young lord often carries a flute that, when played, enchants all who hear it.

An avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu, Krishna descended to Earth to kill the evil king Kansa. Indian literature and art is filled with depictions of his mischievous youth, heroic encounters with demons, and romantic dalliances that are metaphors for his devotees' emotional relationships with God. Blue skinned, usually in a saffron-colored loincloth and a peacock-feather crown, the young lord often carries a flute that, when played, enchants all who hear it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
South Asian Art - Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu, Krishna descended to Earth to kill the evil king Kansa. Indian literature and art is filled with depictions of his mischievous youth, heroic encounters with demons, and romantic dalliances that are metaphors for his devotees' emotional relationships with God.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Pictured above: Mosaic tiles decorating the ceiling of the pavilion that stands over the tomb of the celebrated Persian poet, Hafez, located in Shiraz, Iran.

In a Washington Post article on the importance of teaching the history of art and architecture in the Islamic world, Professor Kishwar Rizvi observed: "We are not just surveying the form of buildings or noting their dates of construction; rather, we discuss their political circumstances and the rituals that gave life to them. Studying the architecture and culture of a society allows us to recognize the essential humanity in each other, even in those far removed by time and geography...while the Middle East today may be defined by war and strife, not long ago, it comprised great cities, home to poets, artists and craftsmen. And I want [my students] to know that these places are worth saving."

The following links connect educators to resources for teaching about Islamic art and architecture. These resources might be of particular interest to world history teachers eager to supplement historical narratives with visual content and to art history or AP art history teachers who are developing a unit on the the arts and culture of the Islamic world. Islamic art is rich in geometric designs, proportionality, and repeating patterns and thus teachers of math may find these materials useful in illustrating and reinforcing certain mathematical concepts.

Comprehensive Surveys and Overviews

Art of the Islamic World: A Resource for Educators - The Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of Islamic art is one of the most important and comprehensive in the world. It comprises more than twelve thousand works of art created in a vast geographical area, stretching from Spain to India. This guide and the organization of the Museum's galleries emphasize the diversity of regional traditions and their cultural contexts, rather than presenting the art and culture of the Islamic world as a single monolithic entity dominated by religion. Learn about art and culture of the Islamic world and glean ideas for supporting studies of English language arts, math, science, social studies, world history, and visual arts. The Introduction and each of the seven units are available as downloadable PDFs.

Islamic Art and Culture: A Resource for Teachers - Produced by the National Gallery of Art, this booklet contains introductory material, slide descriptions, teaching suggestions, maps, a glossary, and resources.

Victoria and Albert Museum: Islamic Middle East Collection - A series of interlinked webpages showcasing the Victoria and Albert Museum's collection of Islamic artifiacts. Explore several subject hubs on Islamic Art & Design and Islamic Architecture as well as supplemental articles on calligraphy and textiles.

Islamic Art as an Educational Tool about the Teaching of Islam

Architecture

Archnet - A collaborative digital humanities project focused on Islamic architecture and the built environment of Muslim societies more generally. Conceptualized in 1998 and originally developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in co-operation with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, it has been maintained by the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture since 2011. Educators will benefit from the Archnet Pedagogy Collection, which is designed to make well-crafted and practical resources publicly available for those teaching the subject of Islamic art and architecture.

Manuscripts and Calligraphy

How to Look at a Qur'an: Freer | Sackler Educator Resource - A short guide for educators to help them understand how artists, historians, and practicing Muslims understand the significance of a Qur'anic manuscript in different ways.

Lapis and Gold and Wondrous Words - Explore a Qur'anic manuscript by flipping through the pages and clicking on hotspots to learn more. The folios in "Lapis and Gold" contain the last fourteen chapters of the Qur'an. Completed in September 1517, this luxurious manuscript is a triumph of illumination and calligraphy that showcases the skill of artists at the Ottoman court. The folios in "Wondrous Words" are from a Qur'an commissioned by the Mongol ruler Uljaytu (reigned 1304-16) for his monumental tomb in Sultaniyya, which is in northwestern Iran.

Traces of the Calligrapher: Islamic Calligraphy in Practice 1600-1900 - This exhibition and its companion exhibition, Writing the Word of God: Calligraphy and the Qur'an, explore Islamic art's quintessential art form: calligraphy.

Art of Arabic Calligraphy

​Math and Islamic Art

Islamic Art and Geometric Design: Activities for Learning - The Metropolian Museum of Art has produced this activity booklet to help educators and students examine the principles of geometric design that are the basis for the beautiful and intricate patterns in the art of the Islamic world. This resource includes a brief overview of Islamic art, an introduction to related works in the Museum, and a series of pattern-making activities (including reproducible grids) for use in the classroom. Teachers can readily adapt these materials to create exciting lessons in art, culture, math, and geometry.

Common Core Math and Islamic Art - One of the skills highlighted in the Common Core State Standards for mathematics involves generating and analyzing patterns and pattern relationships. Islamic art made for a religious purpose or setting does not include images of people, and often focuses on intricate geometric designs. A close look at Islamic art provides an opportunity, not only for the reinforcement of these Common Core skills, but also for a glimpse inside this important culture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pictured above: Mosaic tiles decorating the ceiling of the pavilion that stands over the tomb of the celebrated Persian poet, Hafez, located in Shiraz, Iran.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"All relics bestowed honor and privileges upon the possessor, and monasteries and cathedrals sought to hold the most prestigious. Some relics were even stolen from one church, only to find a new home in another."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Latin America, including Latino communities in the United States, is one of the most diverse, dynamic musical regions of the world, marked both by longstanding traditions and by unceasing creativity. Music is central to Latino cultural life, and the richness of Latinos' musical activity in North America reflects both their large population and their complex cultural makeup.

Over forty million people of Hispanic descent make the United States their home. One out of eight Americans uses labels like hispano, Latino, tejano, Chicano, mexicano, Nuyorican, Cuban, nuevomexicano, salvadoreño, or colombiano to point to his or her heritage. Front-page news proclaims Latinos the largest minority group and the fastest-growing segment of the population, having more than doubled since 1980 and accounted for half the total population growth since 2001. In the past decade, the highest rates of Latino growth have been not in California, Texas, New York, Miami, Chicago, and other long-time Latino strongholds, but in states such as Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, North Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Hand in hand with the burgeoning Latino population has come an equal infusion of Latino music, usually called música latina in the windows and bins of record stores.

Latino music speaks to the heart of personal and social identity, issues of survival for immigrant communities who are adjusting to alien social environments and building a new spirit of unity. Music embodies knowledge, meaning, and spirit, essential assets to envisioning and living a life in which Latinos can feel genuinely themselves. Musicians and communities continually construct new meanings for their music, which serves both social and aesthetic needs.

From lively mariachi to poetic jíbaro music to the rhythmic bomba and plena, the music here represents both local longstanding Latin American traditions and modern twists on them by immigrant communities in the United States. The music is a way in to understanding the diversity, heritage, and hopes of Latinos in the United States and abroad.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Latin America, including Latino communities in the United States, is one of the most diverse, dynamic musical regions of the world, marked both by longstanding traditions and by unceasing creativity. Music is central to Latino cultural life, and the richness of Latinos' musical activity in

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The 1920s Robert JOHNSON: Cross Road Blues (c. 1920s; recorded 1936)
Robert JOHNSON: Hellhound On My Trail (c. 1920s; recorded 1936))
Robert JOHNSON: Love in Vain (c. 1920s; recorded 1936)
Robert JOHNSON: Sweet Home Chicago (c. 1920s; recorded 1936)
LEADBELLY: The Midnight Special (c. 1920s; recorded 1948)
Ma RAINEY & Her Tub Jug Washboard Band: Prove It On Me (c. 1924-28)
Blind Lemon JEFFERSON: Matchbox Blues (c. 1925)
Louis ARMSTRONG: West End Blues (c. 1926-28)
Blind Willie JOHNSON: Motherless Children Have a Hard Time (c. 1927)
Blind Willie McTELL: Statesboro Blues (1927)
Mississippi John HURT: Stack O' Lee Blues (1928)
Bessie SMITH: Downhearted Blues (c. 1928)

The 1930s Jimmie RODGERS: Blue Yodel No. 9 (c. 1930)
Big Joe WILLIAMS: Baby Please Don't Go (c. 1935-41)
Roy ACUFF And The Smoky Mountain Boys: Wabash Cannonball (1938)
Sister Rosetta THARPE: This Train (c. 1938-41)
Charlie CHRISTIAN [& Benny Goodman Orchestra]: Solo Flight (c. 1939)
Woody GUTHRIE: Pastures Of Plenty (c. 1939)
Woody GUTHRIE: Pretty Boy Floyd (c. 1939)
Woody GUTHRIE: This Land Is Your Land (c. 1939)
Bill MONROE: Mule Skinner Blues (1939)

The 1940s The DIXIE HUMMINGBIRDS: I'll Live Again [Gospel] (c. 1940s)
Sonny Boy (John Lee) WILLIAMSON: Good Morning (Little) School Girl (c. 1940)
Bob WILLS and His Texas Playboys: Take Me Back To Tulsa (1940)
Jimmy YANCEY: Midnight Stomp (c. 1940)
GOLDEN GATE QUARTET: Rock My Soul [Gospel] (c. 1944)
Louis JORDAN And His Tympany Five: Caldonia (1945)
Charles BROWN: Driftin' Blues (1946)
Mahalia JACKSON: Move On Up A Little Higher (1946)
T-Bone WALKER: Call It Stormy Monday (c. 1947)
Louis JORDAN And His Tympany Five: Saturday Night Fish Fry (1949)
Dinah WASHINGTON: Am I Asking Too Much (c. 1949)
Muddy WATERS: Rollin' Stone (c. 1949)

(1 song) 1951:
Cecil GANT: We're Gonna Rock (c. 1951)

(6 songs) 1952:
Les PAUL and Mary FORD: How High The Moon (c. 1952)
Lloyd PRICE: Lawdy Miss Clawdy (1952)
Little WALTER: Juke (1952)
Muddy WATERS: Got My Mojo Working (c. 1952)
Muddy WATERS: Hoochie Coochie Man (c. 1952)
Muddy WATERS: Mannish Boy (c. 1952)

(10 songs) 1953:
Ruth BROWN: Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean (1953)
The CROWS: Gee (c. 1953)
The DOMINOES: Sixty Minute Man (c. 1953)
The DRIFTERS: Money Honey (1953)
Lowell FULSON: Reconsider Baby (1953)
Professor LONGHAIR: Tipitina (1953)
The ORIOLES: Crying In The Chapel (1953)
Pinetop PERKINS: Pinetop's Boogie Woogie (1953)
Willie Mae 'Big Mama' THORNTON: Ball 'N' Chain (c. 1953)
Willie Mae 'Big Mama' THORNTON: Hound Dog (1953)

(5 songs) 1960:
Ben E. KING: Spanish Harlem (1960)
The SHIRELLES: Will You Love Me Tomorrow (1960)
Barrett STRONG: Money [That's What I Want] (1960)
The VENTURES: Walk Don't Run (1960)
Marion WILLIAMS: Packing Up [Gospel] (c. 1960)

(10 songs) 1963:
The BEACH BOYS: Surfin' U.S.A. (1963)
The CHANTAYS: Pipeline (1963)
The CRYSTALS: Da Doo Ron Ron [When He Walked Me Home] (1963)
Bob DYLAN: Blowin' in the Wind (1963)
The FOUR SEASONS: Walk Like A Man (1963)
JAN & DEAN: Surf City (1963)
The KINGSMEN: Louie Louie (1963)
MARTHA AND THE VANDELLAS: [Love Is Like a] Heat Wave (1963)
The RONETTES: Be My Baby (1963)
The SURFARIS: Wipe Out (1963)

(11 songs) 1975:
AEROSMITH: Toys in the Attic (1975)
David BOWIE: Fame (1975)
Bob DYLAN: Tangled Up In Blue (1975)
KISS: Rock And Roll All Nite (1975)
KRAFTWERK: Autobahn (1975)
LYNYRD SKYNYRD: Free Bird (1975)
Bob MARLEY And The Wailers: No Woman, No Cry (1975)
QUEEN: Bohemian Rhapsody (1975)
Patti SMITH: Gloria (1975)
Bruce SPRINGSTEEN: Born To Run (1975)
Donna SUMMER: Love To Love You Baby (1975)

(9 songs) 1978:
CHIC: Le Freak (1978)
Elvis COSTELLO: Pump It Up (1978)
FUNKADELIC: One Nation Under a Groove (1978)
Bob MARLEY And The Wailers: Lively Up Yourself (1978)
The ROLLING STONES: Miss You (1978)
TELEVISION: Little Johnny Jewel (1978)
The TRAMMPS: Disco Inferno (1978)
Van HALEN: Runnin' With the Devil (1978)
Neil YOUNG: Down By The River (1978)

(10 songs) 1979:
AC/DC: Highway to Hell (1979)
The B-52's: Rock Lobster (1979)
BLONDIE: Heart Of Glass (1979)
The CLASH: London Calling (1979)
DIRE STRAITS: Sultans Of Swing (1979)
PINK FLOYD: Another Brick In The Wall, Part 2 (1979)
The POLICE: Roxanne (1979)
SISTER SLEDGE: We Are Family (1979)
TALKING HEADS: Life During Wartime (1979)
Neil YOUNG: My My Hey Hey [Out Of The Blue] (1979)

(1 song) 1981:
Rick JAMES: Super Freak (1981)

(7 songs) 1982:
Marvin GAYE: Sexual Healing (1982)
AFRIKA BAMBAATAA: Planet Rock (1994)
GO-GO'S: We Got The Beat (1982)
GRANDMASTER FLASH & The Furious Five: The Message (1982)
HUMAN LEAGUE: Don't You Want Me? (1982)
Joan JETT & The Blackhearts: I Love Rock 'N Roll (1982)
STRAY CATS: Rock This Town (1982)

(8 songs) 1983:
DURAN DURAN: Hungry Like The Wolf (1983)
EURYTHMICS: Sweet Dreams [Are Made Of This] (1983)
Michael JACKSON: Beat It (1983)
Michael JACKSON: Billie Jean (1983)
The POLICE: Every Breath You Take (1983)
PRINCE: Little Red Corvette (1983)
U2: Sunday Bloody Sunday (1983)
Stevie Ray VAUGHAN: Pride And Joy (1983)

(11 songs) 1984:
HUSKER DU: Turn On the News (1984)
Cyndi LAUPER: Girls Just Want To Have Fun (1984)
John Cougar MELLENCAMP: Authority Song (1984)
MADONNA: Like A Virgin (1984)
PRINCE: When Doves Cry (1984)
The REPLACEMENTS: I Will Dare (1984)
The SMITHS: Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now (1984)
Bruce SPRINGSTEEN: Dancing In The Dark (1984)
U2: Pride [In The Name Of Love] (1984)
Van HALEN: Jump (1984)
ZZ TOP: Legs (1984)

(1 song) 1985:
U.T.F.O.: Roxanne, Roxanne (1985)

(3 songs) 1986:
CULTURE CLUB: Time [Clock Of The Heart] (1986)
RUN-D.M.C.: Walk This Way (1986)
Paul SIMON: Graceland (1986)

(6 songs) 1991:
L.L. COOL J: Mama Said Knock You Out (1991)
METALLICA: Enter Sandman (1991)
NIRVANA: Smells Like Teen Spirit (1991)
Bonnie RAITT: Something To Talk About (1991)
RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS: Give It Away (1991)
R.E.M.: Losing My Religion (1991)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The 1920s Robert JOHNSON: Cross Road Blues (c. 1920s; recorded 1936) Robert JOHNSON: Hellhound On My Trail (c. 1920s; recorded 1936)) Robert JOHNSON: Love in Vain (c. 1920s; recorded 1936) Robert JOHNSON: Sweet Home Chicago (c. 1920s; recorded 1936) LEADBELLY: The Midnight Special (c.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
by Kayla Gates | 1 minute read

As as music major, we know you can appreciate what classical music has to offer. You're around symphonies, marching bands, operas, recitals, and musicals constantly. Everyday you probably hear the subtle nuances of classical music in all genres; even your favorite metal band.

Classical music taps into our primal emotions unlike any other kind of genre of music.

No words have to be spoken and still classical music can evoke the feeling of happiness, sadness, or torment. You can truly understand what the composer was feeling when they created the song. This emotional foundation is what paved the way for our melodical icons today. From Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra to The Beatles and Elvis Presley, where would they be without the influence of Beethoven and Bach?

So today, let's take a moment to really dive in to the music that influenced it all!

We've teamed up with the Music Department here at Southern Miss to bring you a list of 8 classical music pieces that you, as a music major, need to know!

8 Classical Music Pieces Every Music Major Should Know

1. Art of the Fugue by Johann Sebastian Bach

2. Symphony No. 5 by Ludwig van Beethoven

3. Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky

4. Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 35 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

5. "New World" Symphony No. 9 by Antonín Dvořák

6. Symphony No. 3 in F Major by Johannes Brahms

7. Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major by Johann Sebastian Bach

8. "Messiah" (HWV 56) by George Frideric Handel

Want a quick listen? Check out this Spotify playlist we made of all the pieces!

Did you know most of the pieces listed above and you're not even a music major? Maybe that means you should be! We can help you with that! Check out our music degree here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
8 Classical Music Pieces Every Music Major Should Know

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
by Kayla Gates | 1 minute read As as music major, we know you can appreciate what classical music has to offer. You're around symphonies, marching bands, operas, recitals, and musicals constantly. Everyday you probably hear the subtle nuances of classical music in all genres; even your favorite metal band.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The National Gallery of Art serves the nation by welcoming all people to explore and experience art, creativity, and our shared humanity. Admission is always free.