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Annyonghaseyo..!! Oh sry.. Hello to the wonderful person reading my Padlet. Today, let's learn about an amazing and wonderful country India. It is the Seventh largest country in the world and the Second most populous country in the world. It is in the Southern hemisphere. The population of India is  1.38 billion. Let's learn more about India..!!

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India is situated in the Southern hemisphere. It is situated at the head of the Indian Ocean. India is a large peninsula that is India is bounded by water boundaries on all three sides and land on one side. The tropic of cancer passes through the country. The square kilometre of India is 3.287 million km square.
Let's take a look at the extent:
Latitude- 8°4`N to 68°7`E
Longitudinal-68°7`E to 97°25`E
It is about 3200 km north to south and about 2900 km east to west.

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Time differs from place to place. Why? This is because the longitudinal difference about 29° leads to a variation in time. The local time changes from 4 minutes for every 1° difference in longitude. So, for the sake of uniformity, the local time of 82°30`E longitude runs midway through the country which is called the Indian standard time. And this longitude is known as Standard Meridian of India.

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As we already know India is a large peninsula. The Southern part of India is surrounded by water on all the three sides where as the North part is covered with land. So , the water bodies covering India are:
1. Indian Ocean - India is situated on the head of this Ocean. It is the only Ocean which has been named after a country. Isn't is interesting?. It brings fresh air to the country.
2. Bay of Bengal - India is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal on the east. It is the largest bay in the world. It consists of so many islands in it.
3. Arabian Sea - On the west, India is surrounded by Arabian sea. It was named so because from the ninth century, the sea was dominated by the Arabian merchants.

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India also have some neighbouring countries:
North west - Pakistan and Afghanistan
North - China, Nepal and Bhutan
East - Bangladesh and Myanmar
South - Sri Lanka and Maldives

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India has 28 states and 8 union territories. The capital of India is New Delhi. The states are divided on the basis of the languages spoken. In November 2019, the government officially announced that Dadra and Nager Haveli and Daman and Diu are considered to be 1 union territory. And Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are also considered as union territories.

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The Physical features are:
Northern Mountains
Northern Plains
Peninsular Plateau
That Desert
Coastal Plains
Islands

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Along the Northern part of India lies an arc shaped chain of mountains covering a distance of 3000 km. It is the highest mountain chain in the world.
1. The Karakoram - It is northernmost range. K2 is the highest peak and the second highest peak in the world. There some large glaciers , Siachen and Baltoro.
2. The Himalayas - The Himalayas are formed as a result of a collision between the Indian and Eurasian plate. There are three types:

Himadri - The average height is 6000 m. Examples are Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga.

Himachal - The average height is 4500 m. Hill stations like Shimla, Darjeeling are here.

Shivalik - The average height is 1250 m. There are broad longitudinal valleys in these parts. Example is Dehradun.

3. The Purvachal Mountains - The average height of these hills is 3000m. Examples Patkai Bam and Lushai hills. Zoji la and Shipki la are some important Himalayan passes located here.

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The average height of Northern Plains is about 200 m above sea level and it is known as the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is alluvium deposited and it is extremely fertile and suitable for agriculture. It stretches for about 2500 km from west to east. There are three sections:

The Indus Plain - It is drained by the Indus and it's tributaries- Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Bead and Satluj. A major part lies in Pakistan. The Indian part is located in Punjab and Haryana.

The Ganga Plain - It is the most extensive part of Northern plains and covers Uttar Pradesh, North Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It is drained by Ganga and it's tributaries- Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Son and Damodar.

The Brahmaputra Plain - It is located in Assam. It is drained by Brahmaputra and it's tributaries- Subansiri, Bharali, Manas, Dhansiri and Tista. The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, called Tsangpo. The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers join in Bangladesh. These two rivers together form the largest delta in the world - THE GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA DELTA, also called THE SUNDARBAN DELTA. A major part lies in Bangladesh.

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The North-east of Malwa Plateau is the Thar Desert. It covers about 200,000 sq.km . It is located to the west of the Aravalli Hills in western Rajasthan and extends into Pakistan. Most of the rivers of this sandy region either drain into salt water lakes or disappear into the sand. Thus, it is a region of inland drainage. Luni is the only large river in the Thar Desert. Lake Sambhar is an important saltwater lake of this region. It is the 17th largest desert in the world. Thar has become a desert because of the scanty rainfall. The Aravalli Hills run parallel to Thar and is responsible for scanty rainfall.

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To the south of the Northern Plains lies the oldest landmass, The Peninsular Plateau. Made up of hard igneous and metamorphic rocks. They are economically important as they are rich in minerals. The Narmada River valley separates into 2 various parts:
1.The Malwa Plateau- It is bounded by the Vindhyas and Aravalli Hills. The extensions of this plateau are called Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chhotanagpur. Some rivers rise here and later join either Ganga or Yamuna. Example Ken, Son, Betwa.
2.The Deccan Plateau- It is surrounded by the Satpura range, Mahadeo hills, Maikala hills and Kaimur hills. It extends till the peninsula. The hills bordering the western edge are collectively called as WESTERN GHATS. Examples Sahyadri, Nilgiri. Anaimudi is the highest peak in peninsular India. The hills bordering the eastern edge are collectively called as EASTERN GHATS. Deccan trap is made up of sheets of lava. Thus this region is rich in black soil.

Central Highlands- The Peninsular plateau lying in the north of Narmada River and covering the Malwa plateau are called Central Highlands. These highlands are wider in the western part and narrower in the eastern part.

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Western Ghats - It is on the western part.

It is continuous hills

Hill are high and the average height is 1500 to 2000m.

Home to swiftly flowing rivers.

Example: Narmada and Tapi

Eastern Ghats - It is on the eastern part.

Hill are broken by deltas of rivers.

Hill are low and the average height is 500 to 700m.

Home to long broad rivers like Mahanadi and Kaveri.

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Bordering the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are narrow Coastal Plains known as Western and Eastern, respectively. The Western Coastal Plain is known as Konkan Coast in North and Malabar coast in South. The Eastern Coastal Plain is known as the Northern Circars in North and the Coromandel Coast in South.
1. The Western Coastal Plains -

Narrow strip boarded by the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.

Merges with the Gujarat plain.

Estuaries and lagoons or backwaters can be found.

2. The Eastern Coastal Plains -

Wide plain boarded by the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.

Merges with the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta.

Includes large deltas of Godavari and Krishna.

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The Lakshadweep Islands and The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are two island groups of India.
1. The Lakshadweep Islands - These Islands lie in the Arabian Sea. They are a group of coral islands. The capital of this union territory is Kavaratti. It is a total of thirty six Islands.
2. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands - These Islands lie in the Bay of Bengal. These Islands are actually the peaks of submerged volcanic mountains making them VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS. Barren Island is the only active volcano in India. There are 572 Islands. Some are inhabited by tribal people who remain excluded from the outside world. Many of these are uninhabited.

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Done by: Y. HARIKA
Grade: 9 - B