# data[].attributes.body
The Arabian Peninsula is surrounded by the Red Sea in the direction of the west.  It was surrounded by the Gulf of Aden in the direction of the south. It was also surrounded by the Arabian Sea on the south. Lastly, it was surrounded by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the east.
According to https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-peninsula-Asia , the Arabian Peninsula' total area is around  1,200,000 square miles.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad did not make anyone a successor to his work before he died. In result of this, there was a lot controversy after he died.
His first successor was Abu Bakr. He ended up ruling from 632-634 CE. He became a caliph when he was chosen by a group of Muhammad's advisors.
Umar was the next caliph, and he was chosen by the Council. He ruled from 634-44 CE, and what lead him to his end as caliph was because he was murdered.
After Umar came Uthman, who was a blood relative. The way he got to be the caliph was because he participated in the election, and was elected.  He ruled from 644 to 656  CE, and was murdered.
The next aliph was Ali, who was a blood relative of Muhammad. He became Caliph by participating in the election. His reign lasted from 656-661 CE, and what led him to is end as caliph was when he was assasinated

# data[].attributes.body
After the four caliphs and Ali was murdered, Muawiya established Umayyad Empire in 661 CE, and Muawiya became the first caliph it. The Umayyad Empire made the Islamic Empire one of the largest empires in the world, at some point. When the Umayyad Empire was at it's highest, in 750 CE, it controlled many places like the Middle East, much of North Africa, Spain, and parts of India. The Umayyad Empire is estimated to have a population of 62 million, which at the time was equivalent to 30% of thw world. What led the Umayyad Empire to it's fall, in 750 CE, was many Muslims believing that the Umayyad Empire was not following or listening to the ways of Islam. This resulted in groups of people rebelling. Then, they created the Abbasid Empire.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Umayyad Caliphate ( Arabic: ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة‎‎, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelt Omayyad, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Prophet Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty ( Arabic: ٱلأُمَوِيُّون‎‎, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بَنُو أُمَيَّة, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca.

# data[].attributes.body
The Abbasid Empire came after the Umayyad Empire. During the time of the Abbasid Empire, the people who were caliphs were either the son of the previous caliph, or if there was no son, the closest male family member to the previous caliph. The Abbasid Empire had two major important periods. From 750-1258 CE, and from 1261-1517 CE. The first period was considered the Golden Age of Islam, as there was a lot of improvement in areas of science and math, schools of higher education were being built, and  because it was peaceful. In 1258 CE, the Abbasids had to flee Egypt.
In the next period, Abbasids took control of their old empire. Here, they ruled until 1517 when the Ottoman Empire took over the Abbasid Empire.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Abbasid Caliphate ( or Arabic: ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّة‎‎ al-Khilāfatu al-'Abbāsīyah ) was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566-653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.

# data[].attributes.body
Originally, the Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299, by Osman I, who was a leader of Turkish Tribes.
Over time, the Ottoman Empire kept growing, and in 1453, they captured Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire made Constantinople the captial of the Ottoman Empire. Then, they renamed it   Istanbul.
The Ottoman Empire was at it's best when Suleiman was in control of the Ottoman Empire. In his time as leader (1520 to 1566), he expanded much of the empire.
Sadly, the Ottoman Empire struggled a lot in the last 1600s. They were competitions about economy. Since the Ottoman Empire didn't have a good leader any longer, the empire was gone in 1923.