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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/11F-3hiscZfxhb-LPksoO8u3p6yO7nQg7mh6OjYVi1iA/edit?usp=sharing

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Troy is the name of the Bronze Age city featured in the Trojan War of ancient Greek oral and literary tradition and the name given to the archaeological site in the north west of Asia Minor (now Turkey) which has revealed a large and prosperous city occupied over millennia. There has been much scholarly debate as to whether mythical Troy actually existed and if so whether the archaeological site was the same city; however, it is now almost universally accepted that the archaeological excavations have revealed the city of Homer's illiad Other names for Troy include Hisarlik (Turkish), Ilios (Homer), Ilion (Greek) and llium (Roman).

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Archeological plan of the Hisarlik citadel

When Troy was destroyed each time, the citizens would build upon the previous settlement, causing the layers to pile on top of one another. The layers of ruins in the citadel at Hisarlik are numbered Troy I – Troy IX, with various subdivisions:

Troy I 3000–2600 BC (Western Anatolian EB1)

Troy II 2600–2250 BC (Western Anatolian EB 2)

Troy III 2250–2100 BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [early])

Troy IV 2100–1950 BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [middle])

Troy V: 20th–18th centuries BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [late])

Troy VI: 17th–15th centuries BC

Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BC

Troy Villa: c. 1300–1190 BC, most likely setting for Homer's story

Troy VIIb₁: 12th century BC

Troy VIIb₂: 11th century BC

Troy VIIb₃: until c. 950 BC

Troy VIII: c. 700–85 BC

Troy IX: 85 BC–c. AD 500

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Helen of Troy, Greek Helene, in Greek legend, the most beautiful woman of Greece and the indirect cause of the Trojan War. She was daughter of Zeus, either by Leda or by Nemesis, and sister of the Dioscuri. As a young girl she was carried off by Theseus, but she was rescued by her brothers. She was also the sister of Clytemnestra, who married Agamemnon. Her suitors came from all parts of Greece, and from among them she chose Menelaus, Agamemnon’s younger brother. During an absence of Menelaus, however, Helen fled to Troy with Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam; when Paris was slain, she married his brother Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus when Troy was subsequently captured. Menelaus and she then returned to Sparta, where they lived happily until their deaths.

Helen was worshipped and had a festival at Therapnae in Laconia; she also had a temple at Rhodes, where she was worshipped as Dendritis (the tree goddess). Like her brothers, the Dioscuri, she was a patron deity of sailors. Her name is pre-Hellenic and in cult may go back to the pre-Greek periods.

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Politics

Citizens were the free members of the community who had been born to native families

From the earliest days of the city-states the adult male citizens would regularly meet together in public assembly to decide matters of importance for the state.

In all the states, a small group of aristocrats initially had a controlling position. They formed a small council of men who frequently met to discuss public matters in depth – something that a large assembly of several thousand citizens could not do.

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- c.800 BC
The majority of Greek states were governed by groups of rich landowners, called aristocrats; this word is derived from 'aristoi', meaning best people. This was a system known as 'oligarchy' the rule by the few.

- c.750 BC -- Athenian power in the Archaic Period was controlled by Aeropagus, or council. Their policies were delivered through three magistrates called Archons.

-c.500 BC --Democracy was introduced by an aristocrat, Cleisthenes. Who was from family of the Alcmaeonids in 508 BC, after 2 years of civil war, they used the help of Spartans to secure power.

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FOUNDATION IN ARTS

HU SHEA YING 0331777

JOEY YONG 0331380

NURUL BATRISYIA 0331609

OON ZI YING 0330366

PAU MIKKI 0330298

WAN HAYZE 0330579

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Gods became patrons of cities, for example, Aphrodite for Corinth and Helios for Rhodes, and were called upon for help in particular situations, for example, Ares during war and Hera for weddings. Some gods were imported from abroad, for example, Adonis, and incorporated into the Greek pantheon whilst rivers and springs could take on a very localised personified form such as the nymphs.

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The temple (naos - meaning dwelling place in reference to the belief that the god dwelt in that place, or at least temporarily visited during rituals) was the place where, on special occasions, religion took on a more formal tone. Gods were worshipped at sacred sites and temples in all major Greek communities in ceremonies carried out by priests and their attendants.

Temple of Segesta

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Usually made of stone and bronze, occasionally, in gold and ivory.

Sculptures strove for realism in the classical period.

Precise calculations are applied to achieve aesthetic beauty.

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Athletic Games and competitions in music (especially playing the kithara and lyre) and theatre (both tragedy and comedy) were held during festivals such as the City Dionysia of Athens and the Panhellenic games at the most important sacred sites of Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Isthmia to honour a particular god. These events were attended by visitors from all over Greece and the experience was perhaps more akin to a pilgrimage rather than that of a mere sports fan. Illustrating their sacred status, warfare was prohibited during these events and pilgrims were guaranteed free-passage across Greece. However, there were also much smaller festivals, sometimes only attended by a very select number of individuals, for example, the Arrhephoria in Athens, where only priestesses and a maximum of four young girls participated.

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The Trojan War was likewise a constant point of reference for ancient Greek art, literature, and especially dramatic and poetic performance.

The Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece–straddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity, from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil. Since the 19th-century rediscovery of the site of Troy in what is now western Turkey, archaeologists have uncovered increasing evidence of a kingdom that peaked and may have been destroyed around 1,180 B.C.—perhaps forming the basis for the tales recounted by Homer some 400 years later in the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey.”

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1. String

A later vivid Roman representation of a woman playing the kithara

the lyre: a strummed and occasionally plucked string instrument.

the kithara, also a strummed string instrument, more complicated than the lyre. It had a box-type frame with strings stretched from the cross-bar at the top to the sounding box at the bottom

the barbitos, a taller lyre considered to be the least complicated, often associated with satyrs.

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Trojan language. The language spoken by the Trojans in the Iliad is Homeric Greek. However, there has been some scholarly debate on what language the historical Trojans would have spoken at the time of the Trojan War, identified with the site Troy VIIa.