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Global Connections . Science and Technology | PBS

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Following the rise of Islam in the seventh century C.E., science and technology flourished in the Islamic world to a far greater extent than they did in the West. Muslim rulers promoted the translation of Greek philosophy and science texts, and then encouraged further scientific exploration in numerous fields, among them mathematics, astronomy, medicine, pharmacology, optics, chemistry, botany, philosophy, and physics.

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Video about the advancements in science during the Golden Age of Islam

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Video about the advancements in science during the Golden Age of Islam

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The Golden Age of Islam under the Caliphate  Inventions, Research and Advancements

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During the Middle Ages the Islamic World had a very significant impact upon Europe, which in turn cleared the way for the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. In the Medieval age, Islam and Muslims influenced Europe in a number of different ways. One of the most important of these subjects was Science.

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- Muhammad popularized the use of toothbrushes in around 600
- He used a twig from the Meswak tree to clean his teeth
- Substances similar to Meswak are still used in modern toothpaste

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-Created by Al-Jazari
-Intended to be used for the king to retrieve water, towels and a comb
-It was designed off of a 12 year old boy
-It was not completely efficient but led the way to advancements in engineering

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-Astronomical instrument used to find the time during day or night
-Basically a clock
-Most were not used for navigational purposes
-Typical astrolabe was 6 inches in diameter
-Manually adjust it to a set time and date
-Drawings on the face of the astrolabe show how the sky looks at a given time at a given time
-Principles of astrolabe known before 150 BC
-Highly developed in the Islamic world by 800 AD

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Ibn al-Haitham started understanding the eye in 1000. He proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off the eye to make color. Discovered the  camera obscura phenomenon , which is that the eye sees an image upright because of the connection of the optic nerves and the brain.

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-helpful for navigation and travel
-helped determine an accurate lunar calendar
-determined prayer times
-determine religious festivals (Ex: Ramadan)
-Islamic observatories
-improved astronomy instruments: astrolabe,  quadrant
-Al-Tusi
-Al-Farghani
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/astr/hd_astr.htm

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Allowed people to lift heavy objects, by connecting to a system. When connected it is rotated to lift. In the 12th century discovered by  Al-Jazari.

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- Islamic mathematicians developed the work of earlier Greek, Indian, Persian,
and Chinese mathematicians
- The Greek mathematician, Pythagoras viewed mathematics as having sacred significance
to God
- Two main math systems:
-The abjjad system which used letters of the Arabic
alphabet to represent numbers
-Hindu-Arabic numerals which is now used in the West including zero
-  Borrowed a number system from the Babylonians which was based on 60 like Western time
-  Umar Khayyam was an important mathematician who wrote a treatise on algebra
- They also developed geometry to help them build better architecture and tools

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-Not practised as a separate science
-Influence industries metal-working, ceramic manufacture, pharmacy and dyeing
-Islamic scientists developed distillation
-First to describe acids and alkalis
-Alchemy was considered a precursor
-Alchemy was a science of the cosmos and the soul
-Alchemy was taken advantage of as people convinced the rich that they could turn base metal into gold
- Jabbir Ibn-Hayyan - Geber, the Father of Islamic Alchemy

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- An encyclopedia with medical information created by Al Zahrawi in 1000 CE
-Ideas such as stitches and removing of sutures were included in the 1500 page book
-The Indians were advanced in medicine and the Muslims used many of their discoveries to help them advance in medicine
-For about 500 years this encyclopedia was used all around Europe

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-invented by Abbas ibn Firnas
-first real attempt at flight
-most  famous trial in Cordoba, Spain
-flew upward before falling to the ground and breaking his back
-inspiration for Leonardo da Vinci