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Meeting between President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin to discuss post WWII plans.

Effects: Stalin agreed to help the Americans in Japan in exchange for a sphere of influence in Manchuria. Agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe after the war. After the death of Roosevelt however, Stalin and Truman clashed and tension rose between the two powers.

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Date: 24 October 1945.
Causes: The United Nations Charter is the treaty that established the United Nations, ratified on 24 October 1945. There were many events that caused the charter and the formation of the United Nations. First was the Declaration of St. James Palace, an agreement made in June of 1941 that a large number of nations, some exiled from their homes, agreed to, stating that they would all fight against the axis powers together until the war was won. Then was the Atlantic Charter, formed between Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt that was an affirmation of peace and human rights for everyone, not just their own nations. Next was the first Declaration by the United Nations, it was a document that 26 countries signed and pledged to accept the atlantic charter, and they also pledged to not to negotiate separate peace with the axis powers. Then there was the Moscow Declaration and the Tehran Conference, where the United States, Britain, Soviet Union, and China all met to declare their want for certain freedoms worldwide, and for the main allied powers to discuss winning the war. Next was the Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta Conference, where the allied powers organized how their intergovernmental organization was going to work. And finally, there was the San Francisco Conference that started in April of 1945, where 50 nations and about 850 delegates gathered to discuss the United Nations Charter. The Charter was decided on, and finally enacted on October 24th 1945, when all nations had voted and agreed to join.
Effects: The United Nations has worked to keep peace by sending peacekeepers to countries in conflict and by sending aid to countries coming out of conflict, they have created programs to inspect nuclear materials so that they are used only for peaceful purposes, they have cleared landmines, they have supported global disarmament, combated terrorism, made treaties to prevent genocide, and they have help combat sexual violence. They have done many other things to help the economy, social rights, human development, environment, international law, humanitarian affairs, and health.

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On July 25, 1946 at 8:34 a.m, the U.S. tested an underwater 23 kiloton atomic bomb at the Marshall islands to test the effects of nuclear weapons on ships.

They found that the bomb was able to render an entire fleet useless, leaving any ship touched by the water from the water column of the bomb radiated and unsafe.

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A four-year U.S. program created by Secretary of State George C. Marshall that provided aid to Western Europe after WWII.

Effects:
- It is often referred to as the beginning of the Cold War.
- The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- By the end of the program's fourth year, economic growth in the funded countries surpassed pre-war levels.

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Berlin was divided into 4 sections by the allies, however, the soviets wanted control over all of Berlin due to opposition of western rule. So they set up a blockade to stop the west from hualing in supplies.
Effects: Cut off millions of civilian from electricity, food, and other necessities. Led to the start of the Berlin Airlift

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Berlin Airlift: January 24, 1948 - September, 1949

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Berlin Airlift: January 24, 1948 - September, 1949

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On January 24, 1948, the Soviet Union began the Berlin Blockade. The western Allies decided that they could not withdraw from the city, and that they still needed to supply their sections of Berlin with supplies somehow. So, they decided to do this from the air. Allied cargo planes used open air corridors over the Soviet occupation zone to deliver food, fuel, and other goods to the people who lived in the western part of the city. This was supposed to be a short-term measure, but the Soviets refused to lift the blockade so it lasted for more than a year. The allies ended up carrying about 2.3 million tons of cargo in all over the course of the airlift. By spring 1949, it was clear that the Soviet blockade of West Berlin had failed, so they lifted the blockade on May 12. The Allies continued the airlift until September in case the blockade was reinstated. Many historians believe that the blockade amped up Cold War tensions and made the USSR look like a cruel and cold enemy to the rest of the world. It also motivated the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance between the U.S. and Western Europe (and a few other countries) that still exists today.

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Nato stands for North Atlantic treaty organization which was formed in April 4th,149. It was formed after Soviet Union began to claim Eastern European countries and in fear that Western nations would have conflict with the Soviet Union, they created NATO. NATO was a treaty formed for mutual support and cooperation within the alliance against conflicts and Wars. The after effects of NATO forming was the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw pact in response to NATIO but also other treaties such as SEATO and CENTO were formed in hope to stop the spread of communism in other regions.

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Russia Tests its 1st Atomic Bomb - August 29th 1949

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Russia Tests its 1st Atomic Bomb - August 29th 1949

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The Soviet Union conducts it's 1st successful nuclear weapons test at the Semipalatinsk test site in Kazakhstan.

Cause:
During WWII (in 1939) there was a collective silence in publications on nuclear fission between German, American, and British scientists. This led Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov to believe that the Allied powers were secretly building nuclear technology.

Effects:
Flyorov urged Stalin to start a program to research and build these weapons in 1942, the process of which was slowed by Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. After Stalin heard of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the program was pursued aggressively and accelerated through intelligence gathering of the German Nuclear Weapons Project and the American Manhattan Project.

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A proxy war where North Korea, with Soviet and Chinese support, fought against South Korea, who had the support of the United Nations, mostly the United States.

Effects: Showed there could be proxy wars in which superpowers fought using other countries. Set the tone for the Cold War. Began the communism vs. capitalism feelings. Devastated both Koreas. The Koreas were not combined, resulting in a loss for the USSR.

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 1954-1977

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 1954-1977

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Signed at Manila on Sept 8th 1945, by representatives of Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Came into force on Feb 19th 1955.
Cause: Formation was a response to the demand that the Southeast Asian area be protected against communist expansionism.
Effect: Defined its purposes as a defensive only. Included provisions for self-help and mutual aid in preventing and countering subversive activities. Cooperation in promoting economic and social progress.

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The Warsaw pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris conferences of 1954. The primary purpose of the pact was to reinforce communist dominance in eastern Europe.

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Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 1955-1979

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Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 1955-1979

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This organization consisted of a mutually organized group of countries (Britain, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, and later the US). This organization was designed and created to collectively defend against the Soviet Union, with the face of a mutual alliance between them all. Grew out of the Baghdad Pact, and became inactive during the late 70's, slowly fell apart when countries decided to withdraw their country from the organization.
- Sabina
Effects: scared the soviet union, put pressure on their decisions as a whole, tension

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A proxy war between the communist government of North Vietnam vs. South Vietnam and the U.S. America, believing that they couldn’t under any circumstances lose confrontation in Vietnam, trained the South Vietnamise army and increased the number of Eisenhower’s (the U.S. president at the time) to prevent North Vietnam from executing a communist attack. In 1963, a Buddhist monk publicly set himself on fire to protest the Southern Vietnamese government who was favoring Catholics. Ngo Dinh Diem, the head of the Southern government, who the U.S. first supported, was quickly overthrown by the military and the U.S. In 1964, Lyndon Johnson, the U.S. president at the time, sent more troops because he believed in the domino effect; that countries would follow the communist examples of China and the Soviet Union. In 1945, after WW2, Vietnam declared independence from France and Japan, who occupied their country and set up colonies. Now that they became a sovereign state, communists started in the north and included the large working class (peasants) because they promised equally distributed land from large landowners. Meanwhile, in Southern Vietnam, their government took a large beating and had a lot to clean up after the war, which took a long time. They became and "remained unpopular" (8.4, 574)

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Hungarian Revolution: October 10, 1956 - November 10, 1956

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Hungarian Revolution: October 10, 1956 - November 10, 1956

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A spontaneous national uprising in which thousands were killed and wounded by Soviet tanks and troops. Nearly a quarter-million Hungarians fled the country. This was caused by protesters from that October who demanded a more democratic political system and freedom from the Soviet oppression.
Effects:  the rebellion in Hungary exposed the weaknesses of Eastern European communism.

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Sputnik was a Russian satellite launched in 1957 this was the first man made object sent into space and provided an amazing form of propaganda for the Russians. With the creation of this it caused fear of the Russians capabilities and pressured American politicians to accelerate their space program which was far behind the Russians at the time.

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The Great Leap Forward was a campaign that was undertaken by Chinese communists trying to organize the populations in large-scale rural communes in hopes to meet China's agriculture and industrial needs.

Peoples working habits were changed and China started relying on labor rather than machine processes. There was an commune that started in the Henan province in 1958. Many errors and natural disasters made things worse and caused China's agriculture to decline for 3 years. About 20 million people died from starvation during these years. The breakdown of the economy caused China to repeal the Great Leap Forward and the failure of it caused a division of political leaders.

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Fidel Castro comes to power - February 16, 1959

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Fidel Castro comes to power - February 16, 1959

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Castro got into an argument with senior Cuban government officials over their decision to close casinos and brothels.  Since he had considerable power the prime minister fled the country and Castro was sworn in.

Effect: He redistributed the land, made many foreign visits, nationalized many industries, made the sitting president resign, and grew close to the Soviets by provoking the US

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An American U-2 spy plane was shot down by Soviet Air Forces while they were performing  aerial reconnaissance inside soviet territory. The man who was flying the aircraft was captured but was not harmed when the plane was taken down. The U.S. first said the incident was an weather research aircraft, but when the evidence of what the mission really was came out, they were forced to be truthful. This caused international embarrassment for the U.S. and prompted a decrease in relations with the Soviet Union.

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The Bay of Pigs was an invasion that occurred after the left- wing revolution in Cuba. The US had sent Cuban exiles to Cuba who were trained to defeat Fidel Castro's government.

Effects: This invasion led to a missile crisis in Cuba within 2 days. Many of the exiles that were sent had either escaped or got killed/ended up in prison.

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The Berlin wall was created by Eastern Germany, which was controlled by the soviets, so that their people wouldn't flee to western Germany, and would keep loyal to them. This resulted in families being separated, people dying due to trying to escape Eastern Germany, Eastern Germany's work force increasing, but the wall wouldn't stand forever.

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Berlin Crisis of 1961 November 1958 - August 1961

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Berlin Crisis of 1961 November 1958 - August 1961

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Cause: In November 1958, Soviet Union demanded that the U.S. will have to leave Berlin or else the Soviet Union will break their postwar agreement with the U.S. and sign a new agreement with East Germany. The U.S. rejected the demand.

Effect: After multiple meetings and no agreement, the Berlin Wall was constructed in August 1961.

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This was installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores as a result to the failed invasion of Cuba by the US (The Bay of Pigs). The Soviets justified this since the US had put missiles in Turkey, which bordered the Soviet Union

Effects
This crisis caused a tension between the countries that nearly lead to nuclear war. In the end, both countries backed off and decided they needed better communication. They developed the Hotline, a direct line between Washington and Moscow. Another, less positive, effect was the the Soviet Union invested in an arsenal of intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of reaching the U.S. from Soviet territory.

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The UK, Russia, and US signed agreements and treaties to disallow nuclear testing in the land, sea, and air. However allowed some tests to still be conducted underground.

Effect: This served to deescalate the tensions of nuclear war, while also doubling as a act to protect people and wildlife from future radiation.

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In Iran land reformations were made in order for families to acquire land. But as the government did this they noticed they could not provide basic necessities for farming that the previous tenants could. This drove people out of farming and to move to bigger cities such as Tehran where the construction industry was thriving.

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Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution to attempt to reassert his governing authority, and to purify the society from "impure" elements, mainly too many revisionist beliefs and expertise emphasis (rather than ideological purity). To help him attack the current leadership, Zedong called upon the nation's youth. He shut down schools, which led to students forming paramilitary groups (called the Red Guards) to attack and harass members of China's intellectual and elderly population. The nation was urged to rid itself of the "Four Olds", which consisted of culture, customs, habits, and ideas. Early on in the revolution, communist leaders were removed from their power, allowing the Red Guards to battle for dominance. Seeing this, army troops were called in to restore order. Later, multiple leaders, including Zedong, died consecutively, which gave the opportunity for Deng Xiaoping to regain power and end the Cultural Revolution in 1976.

Effects: Around 1.5 million people were killed, along with millions of others suffering from imprisonment, poverty, humiliation, and torture. Additionally, the attack on the governing system led many Chinese to altogether lose their faith in their government.

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The goal of this treaty was to limit the spread of nuclear material and technology for the use of weaponry.  It also promoted the peaceful use of nuclear technology to produce energy instead of weaponry.

This deescalated the possibility of an all out nuclear war as it stopped the rapid spread of nuclear weapons to countries who were less diligent with their decisions. Since 191 countries have signed this, the spread of nuclear weapons to non nuclear armed countries was stopped which also help reduce the possibility of a nuclear war.

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The Iranian Revolution     January, 1978 - February, 1979 

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The Iranian Revolution     January, 1978 - February, 1979 

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The Iranian Revolution was a popular uprising in Iran that resulted in the overthrowing of the monarchy and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic.

Effects:
strict dress codes and conservative rule led to Iraq feeling threatened by Iran and wanted to avoid a Shia revolution  so Iraq invaded Iran leading to an 8 year war

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The Contra War took place in the Central American nation of Nicaragua, beginning as a series of rebellions against the Sandinista government. The Republican Administration in the US saw the Contras as a convenient tool to remove the Sandinistas from power. However, many others didn't support the Contras as they had committed human rights violations and used terrorist tactics.

The Iran-Contra scandal was brought to light, which brought much disrepute to the Reagan administration. This was a scheme selling American weapons to Iran and using drug trafficking to earn money in support of the Contras. Money routed to the Contras even with this scheme weren't enough to turn the tide of war however, and both sides settled for a ceasefire. An election in 1990 defeated the Sandinistas and Nicaragua has since healed its wounds.

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Soviet Afghan War December 24,1979 - February 15 1989

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Soviet Afghan War December 24,1979 - February 15 1989

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10 year war between Soviet Union and Afghanistan that was started due to radical modernizations and land reforms and was fought by guerilla warfare and ended with the fall of Soviet Union.

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Perestroika and Glasnost programs, 1985 - 1991

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Perestroika and Glasnost programs, 1985 - 1991

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Starting with Mikhail Gorbachev getting into office, the perestroika(restructuring) was the economic reform to shift more towards a free market, and Glasnost(openness) shifted the country away from being a secretive police state.
Effects: Although built to save the empire, the modernization it brought made people want to end the Soviet Union more, as nationalism grew and revolutions began. It was the beginning of the end for the Soviet Union

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Tiananmen Square Incident June 3-4, 1989

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Tiananmen Square Incident June 3-4, 1989

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This protest was linked with the May Fourth Movement in 1919. In Beijing, they experienced economic growth and liberalization and by the mid-1980's the central government had encouraged some people to take a more active political role. On the day of Hu Yaobang's funeral, thousands of students gathered in Tiananmen Square democratic and other reforms. For the next several weeks, students seeked political, social, and economic reform groups. The government gave warnings but took no action towards the protests. This protest drew over one million participants and broadcasted overseas.

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Fall of the Berlin Wall: November 9, 1989

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Fall of the Berlin Wall: November 9, 1989

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After the Cold War ended, the spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in relation with the west. Citizens of the GDR were free to cross the borders from that night on. Over 2 million people then united to destroy the wall, using hammers, cranes, and bulldozers. This reunification of Germany was made official almost a year later, in October 1990.