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Excellent historiography! Well put together!
Part 1: 75/75
Part 2: 75/75
Part 3: 75/75
Citations/Overall: 25/25

-10% Late assignment

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Newman, John J. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. Amsco School Publications, 2018.

All images found on Google images.

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The last phase of the Reconstruction included South conservatives taking over state governments. They focused on state's rights, less money spent on social programs, reduced taxes and white supremacy. Unfortunately with the focus on white supremacy, secret groups were formed against African Americans and white reformers. The most prominently known one was the Ku Klux Klan who used murder and other violent tactics. Even toward the end of reconstruction corruption was still being fought. The Republicans would need to find an innocent man that would not believe in the corruption. They chose Ohio governor Rutherford Hayes while the Democrats Chose Samuel Tilden, a man who fought the Tweed Ring. Hayes had won, which drove Democrats to filibuster and send results to the House of Representatives. In the Compromise of 1877, Democrats allowed Hayes to be president under two conditions: one, end federal support for Southern Republicans and two, support a Southern transcontinental railroad. Hayes drew back armies in the south as president, and this is what ended reconstruction

(below is a representative image of the reconstruction)

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The Industrial Revolution continued to rule the North's economy. With this also came corruption. Jay Gould and James Fisk, two  Wall-Street financiers used the president's brother-in-law to scheme in the gold market. In another scandal, the Credit Mobilier affair, stock was given to certain Congressmen by insiders.

(below is current day Wall street, a place where much corruption occured)

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Freedmen and women had to adjust to the life of freedom. Many underwent economic struggles and civil rights issues. Many found the ability to reunite families and build communities for themselves. These communities were built upon strong religious feelings and ministers were often the leaders. Education was also a new part of being free small schools were founded with the little resources owned. Ministers would often serve as teachers as well.

(below is an image representing African American freedom)

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In the Congressional reconstruction takeover, the Southern Republican party was dominating. Every Republican-run government was protected by the military until reconstruction goals were met. It took several years in some states for Democrats to take control once again.

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The Tenure of Office Act was passed by Congress in 1867 and prohibited a president from removing military leaders or federal officials without approval. The act would protect any Radical Republicans they wanted to keep. The President thought it would be a good idea to remove an official without approval. The Congress had Johnson impeached through charging him with several crimes and misdemeanors. In 1868 he was impeached.

(below is an image of Andrew Johnson)

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One of the first acts of Congress in the reconstruction included the Civil Rights act of 1866. This act would override President Johnson's vetoes of the first Civil Rights Act and Freedmen's Bureau Act. One of their next acts was the Fourteenth Amendment. This Act declared anyone naturalized or born in the U.S was a citizen and states must respect rights of citizens an provide with "due process of law and "equal protection of the laws."

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Lincoln had several plans for reconstruction, but these plans would eventually be taken over by Andrew Johnson after Lincoln's assassination. Lincoln's policies for the Reconstruction only involved two things: one, presidential pardons would be granted to Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and Constitution and accepted the emancipation of slaves, and two, the state government would be reestablished once ten percent of voters in each state took a loyalty oath. Once Lincoln was assassinated, the reconstruction would fall in Andrew Johnson's hands. Johnson introduced his own plan which included the disfranchisement of all former Confederacy leaders and Confederates that possessed more than $20,000 in property that was taxable. Sometimes, however, Johnson would sometimes grant pardons to those who were unloyal to the Union. Johnson's loose pardoning would lead to an impeachment for him.

(below is an drawing of Lincoln's assassination)

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After the war, life was still rapidly changing. Once the war was over the North definitely had the upper hand in the political field. With the freedom of all African Americans came what Lincoln called "a new birth of freedom." This new freedom led a way for freedom in the political world. The government soon became much more democratic and led the way to democracy in other parts of the world. In the economic realm of America after the war, inflation was occurring and not much else in the economy was expanding from the war. In the social changes from the war, women were taking roles in the workforce. These included roles as nurses in the war and replacing the men in factories and plantations. However, this would go back to normal once the men came home except for the unfortunate who's husbands would never return.

(below is an image of the land after the Civil War)

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The mass migration, end of slavery, and developments in technology and military caused progression and change in the settlements, economy and life in the United States.

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The war ended in Richmond, Virginia on April 3, 1865. The Union took the winning position through their Anaconda plan, a plan that eventually would cut off ports allowing the capture of Richmond. The Union's success would mean an end of slavery and the slow reconstruction of America and the connected identity of all people in the states.

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The South yearned to secure relations with Europe, especially with France and Britain.The Union wanted to make sure this relationship would not be happening. Britain would have sided with the Confederacy if it weren't for the Union stopping their steamboat, the Trent. The Union ship stopped the boat and took the Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell, as prisoners of war and later were released. Neither France nor Britain gained full recognition with the Confederacy. The Confederacy, however, purchased warships from Britain.

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2.3 The Economy and Advantages of the Sides

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2.3 The Economy and Advantages of the Sides

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The economy of the Union was booming because of banking, factories and agriculture. In the South, there was a hope that Europe would help because of their need for Southern cotton. The two had several other advantages on each other. The Union had a large population on their side, but on the other hand they had a larger area of land to conquer. The Confederacy fought a defensive fight which would prove easier on their side, however, they did not hold a strong central government like the Union.

(below is a textile mill, a part of the Industrial revolution)

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Before the war started seven states  had already seceded from the Union. Once the war began it would be important to protect what was left of the Southern states in the Union. Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky did not join the Confederacy. In Missouri Union troops prevented those who wanted the Confederacy from taking over. Pro-secessionists attacked troops in Maryland. Kentucky decided to stay neutral on the topic. Keeping these states was an important goal in the U.S.
(below is a map of the Union, Confederacy and the Border States)

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With Lincoln becoming the president of the United States in 1861, many believed he would challenge slavery and the secession, however, he denied the idea. Despite the fact, the Union and Confederacy were bound for war. The war began on April 12, 1861 at Fort Sumter after the harbor was cut off from important  supplies. Here at the start of the war many believed that the war would barely last weeks, however, they would find that this war would last several years.

(below is an image of fort sumter)

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With the development of northern manufacturing and the South's continuous strength in the agriculture field, the entire world's economy was connected and strong. The economy of the North and South led to a bigger separation between the North and South.

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The states of Kansas and Nebraska needed to be decided as free or slave states. Both of the States rested above the 36"30' line making the decision mildly more difficult. The Senator of Illinois, Stephen A. Douglas introduced a bill that would divide Nebraska into two parts, which was the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory. this allowed the settlers in each of the territories to decide if the territories would be free or slave states. This would allow for slaveholders  to have the upper hand in the matter. The bill was passed in 1854.

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With the California gold rush law would need to be settled. The Californians drafted together a new Constitution making California a free state. Both California and New Mexico were then passed as free states. Secession was discussed in the South by radicals and caused a further drift between the North and South.

(below is a map of the United States after the Compromise of 1850)

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In 1857, the great economic boom ended in America and led itself into a great financial panic instead. The prices for farmers, mainly those in the Midwest, began to drop fast. Unemployment rates in the Northern cities spiked. The Southern states were generally unaffected due to the high cotton prices. The South decided that their union together with the North would be unnecessary. This created a rift between the North and South.

(below is an image that depicts the Panic of 1857)

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Throughout the 1840's and 50's industrial technology and railroads expanded. The expansion of technology expanded through states of the Northeast. Factories produced sewing machines, shoes, tools, railroad products, and clothes.  The development of the railroads was very important to transportation in the States. They also became the largest industry in the United States. Farmers, Merchants and others purchased stock in the railroads. This mode of transportation was the fastest and cheapest at the time. The both of these advancements created many jobs in America including for women and immigrants.

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Gold was discovered in California in the year 1848. This opened up for many opportunities for people who yearned to go west and immigrants. Chinese immigrants especially found jobs in this field. The start of the gold rush in California led to a search for gold and silver all over the mineral rich mountainous areas of the country. These area included Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills. this boom brought in thousands of men and women to the west and the population was booming along with the gold.

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The issue of the Texas Annexation continued through the years and after the election of President Polk the annexation was pushed through to Congress. The annexation was passed. This act led to trouble with Mexico. Polk attempted to solve issues of the Texas border and a hopeful purchase of California by sending John Slidell; however, Mexico kept California and did not lower the Texas border. President Polk sent his army down into Mexico making a start for the Mexican-American war. For Mexico the war proved to be horrible, after Mexico City's fall Mexico agreed to the terms of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. With this treaty Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as the Texas border and the Untied States took over California and New Mexico.

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In 1823, Mexico was looking to attract people to the newly independent country in hopes of expanding agriculture to its northern territory of Texas. 300 American settlers, which included white settlers and enslaved black people, migrated into the area of Texas outnumbering the population of Mexicans. This caused some disturbance between the two countries, especially when Mexico outlawed slavery in 1829 and made it a law that everyone needed to convert to Catholicism. Mexico eventually had to close immigration to Texas, however, this was ignored and Americans continued settling. A group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas independent. This act was rejected by the Mexican Legislature. The first president of Texas, Sam Houston, applied to have the area annexed into the United States, however, this idea was rejected because it would cause uneven amounts of slave and free states in the U.S.

(below is an image and link to the Texas declaration of independence.)
https://www.tsl.texas.gov/treasures/republic/declaration.html

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1.1 Mexican, Chinese and Irish Immigration

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1.1 Mexican, Chinese and Irish Immigration

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The immigration of the Mexican, Chinese and Irish peoples sparked a new idea of what it means to be an American citizen and made the U.S a place to find a new life. Immigrants were ably to quickly able to find places for themselves in the U.S such as agriculture or mining gold during the gold rush of California. In the image below you can see several immigrant workers mining.

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From migration, economy, war, Manifest Destiny and more, all of these ideas and happenings of America's history from 1837-1861 have shaped new ideas of identity and citizenship in the United States of America. Everything that was included in this also had a hand at play in the start of the civil war.