# data[].attributes.body
In 2019, researchers at Williams College took a look at racial representation in art gallery collections. It’s easy to predict that there would be a bias favoring white male artists in museum collections, but I wasn’t prepared for what the study showed. Looking at the collections of eighteen major art museums in the United States, researchers found that over 85 percent of the art was by white artists, and 87 percent was by men. Art by Asian artists made up 9 percent, Hispanic and Latino artists made up 2.8 percent, and Black artists made up 1.2 percent with all other non-white groups making up less than 1 percent. Perhaps the least represented artists were women of color, making up just 1 percent of art in museum collections as a whole (Bishara 2019).

Be A Revolution (2024)

# data[].attributes.body
A study by Australian researcher Jeremy K. Nguyen showed that even in emerging digital arts sectors, racial bias still works against BIPOC artists. Analyzing 18,883 sales of CryptoPunk NFTs, Nguyen found that CryptoPunks with lighter skin tones consistently sold at significantly higher prices than CryptoPunks with deeper skin tones, even when controlling for rarity and market conditions (Nguyen 2022).

Be A Revolution (2024)

# data[].attributes.body
A 2022 article in Humanities and Social Sciences Communications found that populations of color are vastly underrepresented in the art world. BIPOC artists make up only 22 percent of people working in contemporary art, 22 percent of people working in high fashion, and 19 percent of people working in box office film. Meanwhile, white men are overrepresented in all categories (Topaz et al. 2022).

Be A Revolution (2024)

# data[].attributes.body
Black applicants are twice as likely to be denied for a mortgage compared to their White counterparts. While the main reason a mortgage lender rejected their application is the debt-to-income ratio, Black home buyers reported that they also were rejected due to a low credit score. Parsing out by the purpose of loan, denial rates for Black Americans are even higher for home purchase loans.

Snowden & Evangelou (2022)

# data[].attributes.body
As 2020 was one of the best years for the housing market, the U.S. homeownership rate climbed to 65.5%, up 1.3% from 2019. Although the homeownership rate for Black Americans also increased to 43.3%, it is still lower than a decade ago. Conversely, White Americans (72.1%), Asian Americans (61.7%) and Hispanic Americans (51.1%) all achieved decadelong highs in homeownership in 2020, with the rate for Hispanic Americans setting a record and reaching above 50% for the first time.

Snowden & Evangelou (2022)

# data[].attributes.body
The decision to exclude home equity and retirement assets from consideration in financial aid formulas means that families that hold those assets receive an implicit subsidy to attend college, in the form of additional grant aid, compared with families with similar capacity to pay for college without those assets. The fact that white families are more likely to own the assets, and own more of them, than Black families means that white students receive larger implicit subsidies than Black students. For them, college is more affordable.

Levine & Ritter (2022)

# data[].attributes.body
Currently, a majority of black high school graduates (55.3%) go on to pursue some level of postsecondary education. More than one-fourth (29.2%) of African Americans age 25 or older have some college education, even if they are not bachelor’s degree holders. This includes 10.6% who earned a two-year associate degree....But while these investments in higher education improve employment prospects for black college graduates relative to black noncollege graduates, on average they do not yield outcomes equivalent to those of similarly educated whites.

Wilson and Darity, Jr (2022)

# data[].attributes.body
Indigenous peoples make up just 5 percent of the global population, yet they protect 80 percent of the world’s biodiversity.

Fleck (2022)

# data[].attributes.body
Even though Native people make up only about 3 percent of the US population, they make up almost 6 percent of the children in foster care (Wildeman et al. 2020).

Be A Revolution (2024)

# data[].attributes.body
The [College Board’s Advanced Placement] program has left behind Black students in particular. In 2019, Black students made up 15% of all public school students, but they took just 6.3% of all AP exams. For every Black student who scored a 5 on an AP exam (the highest possible score), 10 students scored a 1 (the lowest possible). Among white students, by contrast, 5s outnumbered 1s. Black students are only about half as likely to pass an AP exam as all students nationwide, and the difference in overall exam pass rates between Black and white students has worsened since 2003 (excluding the statistically strange pandemic year 2020).

Washington Monthly (August 2021)

# data[].attributes.body
Although Black students in the METCO program are 17% more likely than their non-METCO peers to attend college, they are 10% likelier to be placed in bottom tier math and English language arts classes at all levels from kindergarten through high school. The students are also not likely to take Advanced Placement courses.

GBH (January 2024)

# data[].attributes.body
Reviewing studies published between Jan 1, 2017 and July 31, 2022, the literature overall reveals widespread patterns of inequitable treatment across pediatric specialties, including neonatology, primary care, emergency medicine, inpatient and critical care, surgery, developmental disabilities, mental health care, endocrinology, and palliative care. The identified studies indicate that children from minoritized racial and ethnic groups received poorer health-care services relative to non-Hispanic White children. (Most studies drew on data from multiple sites, and accounted for indicators of family socioeconomic position and clinical characteristics (eg, comorbidities or condition severity); studies in which differences in access are probably driven by patient preferences or the appropriateness of intervention were excluded.

Racial and ethnic inequities in the quality of pediatric care in the USA: a review of quantitative evidence

# data[].attributes.body
According to analysis of public data by ProPublica, Black students, nationally, are 3.9 times more likely to face suspension than white students. In some states, like Wisconsin (7.5 times), Minnesota (6.2 times) and Connecticut (6 times), it’s even more stark. And according to a 2018 analysis by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, Black students were overrepresented in every punishment measure evaluated, regardless of poverty level or school type.

It Was Always About Control, Learning for Justice

# data[].attributes.body
Even with improved access to medical care under the ACA, the disparities in health outcomes between African Americans and whites are stark. African-American women are three times more likely to die of pregnancy-related causes than white women, for example, and the African-American infant mortality rate is twice the rate for white infants.

Racism, Inequality, and Health Care for African Americans

# data[].attributes.body
Black infants were more than two times as likely to die as White infants, and American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) infants were nearly twice as likely to die as White infants as of 2021. Black and AIAN women also had the highest rates of pregnancy-related mortality.

Racial Disparities in Maternal and Infant Health: Current Status and Efforts to Address Them

# data[].attributes.body
Although Black people did not have higher cancer incidence rates than White people overall and across most types of cancer that were examined, they were more likely to die from cancer.

Racial Disparities in Cancer Outcomes, Screening, and Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
2020 data reflect that American Indian/Alaska Native people had the highest rates of drug overdose deaths compared with all other racial and ethnic groups. Drug overdose death rates among Black people exceeded rates for White people as of 2020, reflecting larger increases among Black people in recent years.

Key Data on Health and Health Care by Race and Ethnicity

# data[].attributes.body
Among adults with any mental illness, Black (39%), Hispanic (36%), and Asian (25%) adults were less likely than White (52%) adults to receive mental health services as of 2021.

Racism, Inequality, and Health Care for African Americans

# data[].attributes.body
Blacks and Hispanics made up 27% of the overall U.S. workforce as of 2016, but together they accounted for only 16% of those employed in a STEM occupation.

Blacks in STEM jobs are especially concerned about diversity and discrimination in the workplace

# data[].attributes.body
The USA TODAY Network found that in 57 cities and towns, like Saugus – a predominantly white Boston suburb – police marked the majority of men with Hispanic surnames as white on traffic tickets...For example...In the U.S. census, just under 5% of Americans with the last name Lopez identified as white.

But Saugus police identified more than 60% of men named Lopez as white in traffic stops over the six-year period.

How Saugus police skew citation data by mislabeling drivers with Hispanic last names

# data[].attributes.body
According to a 2022 report, roughly half of Black and Asian professionals with a bachelor's or more advanced degree don't feel a sense of belonging at work.

Strangers At Home: The Asian and Black American Professional Experience

# data[].attributes.body
In 2014, the Brookings Institution found that black children are particularly vulnerable to downward mobility--nearly seven of 10 black children born into middle-income families don't maintain that income level as adults.

Choosing a School for My Daughter in a Segregated City
2016

# data[].attributes.body
Forty-eight percent of African American families, at all income levels, have lived in poor neighborhoods over at least two generations, compared to 7 percent of white families.  If a child grows up in a poor neighborhood, moving up and out to a middle class area is typical for whites but an aberration for Afrian Americans.  Neighborhood poverty is thus more multigenerational for Africans Americans and more episodic for whites.

Color of Law
2017

# data[].attributes.body
...studies have shown that in cases many K-12 educators believe that Asian American students need less academic resources for their success--even though approximately one in three Asian Americans (especially those raised in households where English is not spoken) lack proficiency in writing, reading, and speaking skills.

So You Want to Talk About Race
2018

# data[].attributes.body
The stereotype that Asian Americans naturally excel at math and science also discourages Asian American students from pursuing careers in the arts and humanities and keeps those who do pursue those careers from being taken seriously in their fields.  A 2009 census report showed that under 15 percent of Asian American degree holders majored in the arts and humanities, less than any other racial or ethnic group in America.

So You Want to Talk About Race
2018

# data[].attributes.body
Very few Asian Americans are able to make it to the top of their fields, despite the education and qualifications that they are known for.  A 2011 study showed that Asian Americans made up only 1.4 percent of Fortune 500 CEOs and 1.9 percent of all corporate officer positions...While Asian Americans make up between 35 and 60 percent of the workforce in top tech companies like Google and Facebook, they are less than half as likely to reach management levels in the tech industry as their white counterparts.

So You Want to Talk About Race
2018

# data[].attributes.body
Between 41 and 61 percent of Asian American women will be physically or sexually abused by their partners in their lifetime--twice the national average for all women.

So You Want to Talk About Race
2018

# data[].attributes.body
For white households where the head of household has at least a bachelor’s degree, the average net worth is almost $400,000.  For Hispanic households with a college degree, it is $74,000.  For black households, it is only $68,000.

Mediocre, 2020

# data[].attributes.body
The household median net worth was $247,500 for whites; $8 for US blacks (the lowest of all five cities [Boston, Los Angeles, Miami, Tulsa, and Washington, D.C.]); $12,000 for Caribbean blacks; $3,020 for Puerto Ricans; and $0 for Dominicans (that’s not a typo either.)

The Boston Globe,
December 2017

# data[].attributes.body
Only 76 percent of black students and 79 percent of Hispanic students graduated on time in 2016, compared to 88 percent of white students and 91 percent of Asian/Pacific Islander students.

The Washington Post, December 2017

# data[].attributes.body
Where’s the Diversity in Fortune 500 CEOs?

There are:

6 Black CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, accounting for 1.2% of all Fortune 500 CEOs;

7 Asian CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, accounting for 1.4% of all Fortune 500 CEOs;

6 Latino CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, accounting for 1.2% of all Fortune 500 CEOs;

21 women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, accounting for 4.2% of all Fortune 500 CEOs.

Diversity, Inc., June 2013

# data[].attributes.body
In the study “Unequal Exposure to Ecological Hazards 2005: Environmental Injustices in Massachusetts”, it was found that 24 of the 30 communities with the most environmentally hazardous sites have populations of people of color of 25% or more. Areas with minority populations of 25% or more also have more chemical pollution and hazardous waste and, as a result, poor and minority residents are more at risk of health problems.

Boston Globe, October 13, 2005

# data[].attributes.body
In a study conducted by the University of British Columbia’s Birth Place Lab, published in the journal Reproductive Health:

32% of Native American women

25% of Hispanic women

22.5% of Black women

19% of Asian women

14.1% of White women

reported experiencing mistreatment during pregnancy, labor, postpartum and breastfeeding visits.  The two most common forms of reported mistreatment consisted of being yelled at or scolded and being ignored or refused assistance when asked for help.

In the same study, Black women were 3 - 4 times more likely to die from “pregnancy-related cause” than white women and Alaska Natives and Native American women were 4.5 times more likely to die from “pregnancy-related cause” than white women.

Boston Globe, September 15, 2019

# data[].attributes.body
A 2016 study found that half of a sample of medical students and residents believe that blacks feel less pain.

White Fragility  by Robin DiAngelo, 2018

# data[].attributes.body
ID LAWS CUT BLACK VOTES

According to a non-partisan congressional study report released by the Government Accountability Office:

States that toughened voter ID laws between 2008 and 2012 saw steeper drops in election turnout *2-3% than those that did not, with disproportionate fall-offs among black and younger voters.

Boston Globe, October 9, 2014

# data[].attributes.body
AFTER THE GEORGE ZIMMERMAN TRIAL VERDICT of July 13, 2013:

Nearly 9 in 10 African-Americans felt Zimmerman’s shooting of Trayvon Martin was unjustified, compared to 3 in 10 white Americans. (Washington Post poll week of July 22)

60% of white respondents said the issue of race “is getting too much attention” compared to 13% of African-Americans.

78% of African-Americans thought the verdict raises important issues that “need to be discussed” while 28 % of white Americans thought so.

Pew Research Center poll

# data[].attributes.body
According to an October 2014 ACLU report, Black, Brown, and Targeted examining Boston police encounters with civilians:

Black residents are far more likely to be stopped, observed, searched, or questioned than white ones…

Blacks made up 63% of the interactions with police while they represent 24% of Boston’s population. Even when taking into account factors such as community policing, which makes a priority of putting officers on patrol in high crime neighborhoods, researchers found that, from 2007 to 2010, black residents stood an 8.8% greater chance of being stopped repeatedly and a 13% greater chance of being frisked.

“Born on Third Base”
United for a Fair Economy, 2012

# data[].attributes.body
When black and Latinx youth go before a judge, the cause of the crime is more often attributed to something internal to the person – e.g. naturally more prone to crime, is more animalistic, less capacity for remorse.

White Fragility  by Robin DiAngelo, 2018

# data[].attributes.body
INCARCERATION RATES:

Between 1980 and 2015, the number of people incarcerated in America increased from roughly 500,000 to over 2.2 million (this represents 21% of the world’s prisoners, while the U.S. has 5% of the world’s population).

In 2014, African Americans constituted 2.3 million, or 34%, of the total 6.8 million correctional population.

African Americans are incarcerated at more than 5 times the rate of whites.  The imprisonment rate for African American women is twice that of white women. Although African Americans and Hispanics make up approximately 32% of the US population, they comprised 56% of all incarcerated people in 2015.

NAACP Criminal Justice Fact Sheet

# data[].attributes.body
Black males make up 6.5% of the U.S. population and 42% of U.S. prison population.

1 of 7 white males have likelihood of imprisonment during their lifetime; 1 of 3 black males have this likelihood.

Bureau of Justice, as reported in XIIIth documentary, 2016

# data[].attributes.body
A nation-wide survey of teachers conducted by Teaching Tolerance, a project of the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), in December 2018 documented that ⅔ of almost 3,000 teachers said they’d witnessed a hate or bias incident at school first hand that academic year.

Boston Globe, August 18, 2019

# data[].attributes.body
Percent of Native Americans Saying They Have Ever Been Personally Discriminated Against In Each Situation Because They Are Native:

Trying to vote or participate in politics: 10%

Applying to or attending college: 13%

Trying to rent/buy housing: 17%

Going to doctor or health clinic: 23%

Interacting with police: 29%

Applying for jobs: 31%

Being paid/promoted equally: 33%

2017 national survey by Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

# data[].attributes.body
Nearly a quarter (22%) of Native Americans say they have avoided calling the police or other authority figures, even when in need, out of concern they would be discriminated against because they are Native.

Additionally, 15% say they have avoided going to a doctor or seeking health care for themselves or someone in their family out of concern that they would be discriminated against or treated poorly because they are Native.

2017 national survey by Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

# data[].attributes.body
Black scientists applying for grants from the nation’s premier underwriter of biomedical research are dramatically less likely to receive funds than their white counterparts, according to a new study revealing stark racial disparities at the highest levels of science.

The study published on August 18, 2011 in the journal Science, triggered immediate action to address and understand the root of the problem. The findings have implications that transcend the realms of science and medicine.

Boston Globe, August 19, 2011

# data[].attributes.body
From: “State of the Dream 2014, Healthcare for Whom? Enduring Racial Disparities”    (United for a Fair Economy)

In 2012, 74% of Whites owned their own homes compared to 44% of Blacks and 46% of Latinos.

Blacks and Latinos have made limited progress in closing the unemployment gap over the past three decades. As of November 2013, the unemployment rate was 12.5% among Blacks, as compared to 8.7% for Latinos and 6.2% for Whites.

Closing the educational attainment gap is not sufficient to close the employment gap. Based on 2012 annual averages, 6.3% of Blacks and 5.1%  of Latinos with a bachelor’s degree or higher were unemployed, compared to 3.7% of Whites.

# data[].attributes.body
Comparing whites and Asians of the same age and with the same degree of education, whites routinely earn more than their Asian American counterparts.

For those with high school diplomas only, white males between ages 35 and 39 earn 23% more than comparable Asians, with a nearly 50% advantage for those aged 40 to 44.

For those with undergraduate degrees, by their mid-forties, white males earn 46% more than their Asian American counterparts.

U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009, Annual Social and Economic Supplement

# data[].attributes.body
White male physicians in the U.S. earn 35% more than their black male counterparts, even after accounting for factors such as field of medical specialty, experience, and hours worked.

White male physicians had adjusted median income of $253,000 compared with $188,000 for black male peers. White female doctors earned about $163,000 compared with $153,000 for black female physicians.

Center for Studying Health System Change, Boston Globe, July 7, 2016

# data[].attributes.body
Minority families own a nickel on every dollar of their white counterparts

Latinos hold 12 cents for every dollar held by Whites.

Whites are approximately five times more likely than people of color to inherit after the death of a parent and they inherit nearly three times the value.

Less than 50% of babies born in 2011 were white, but 399 members of the Forbes 400 (annual list of wealthiest Americans, Oct. 2012) were white.

Whites are three times as likely as Blacks and 4.6 times as likely as Latinos to have annual incomes upwards of $250,000.

Conservative tax breaks for the wealthy disproportionately flow into the bank accounts of upper-income Whites.

www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2011/07/SDT-Wealth-Report

# data[].attributes.body
The 2010 extension of Bush-era income tax cuts heavily favors Whites, who are 3 times as likely as Blacks and 4.6 times as likely as Latinos to have annual incomes in excess of $250,000.

State of the Dream 2011: Austerity for Whom?, United for a Fair Economy, 2011

# data[].attributes.body
RELIANCE on SOCIAL SECURITY: Among older Blacks, 59.1% rely on Social Security for over 80% of their family income. This compares with 64.8% for older Latinos and 46% for older whites.

State of the Dream 2011: Austerity for Whom?, United for a Fair Economy, 2011

# data[].attributes.body
Overall 24% of Blacks and 21% of Latinos live in poverty, versus 8% of Whites. Only 18% of people of color have retirement accounts, compared to 43.4% of their white counterparts.

State of the Dream 2009: The Silent Depression, United for a Fair Economy

# data[].attributes.body
Wealth disparities between whites and blacks have been intensified because of discrimination in mortgage lending. During the run-up to the housing collapse, about 6% of white borrowers with credit scores above 660 were given sub-prime loans, over 21% of blacks with comparable credit received these higher cost mortgages.

Economic Snapshot (Economic Policy Institute) Jan. 19, 2012

# data[].attributes.body
Over half of mortgages to African-Americans in recent years were high-cost subprime loans. More than 60% of those subprime loans went to borrowers whose credit ratings qualified them for lower-cost prime loans.

State of the Dream 2010: Drained,
United for a Fair Economy

# data[].attributes.body
Wealth disparities: White families headed by a high school dropout have a median net worth of $51,300, while the median for black families with college-educated heads of households in $25,900.

M. Bruenig, “White High School Dropouts Have More Wealth than Black and Hispanic College Graduates,” Sept. 23, 2014

# data[].attributes.body
“DESPITE IMPROVING JOB MARKET, BLACKS STILL FACE TOUGHER PROSPECTS”

In the aftermath of the Great Recession, some research shows that black college grads have twice the level of unemployment as white college grads.

In one study (John Hunley, U of Wisconsin), 9,000 resumes were mailed in response to online job ads. The black name applicants (e.g. Ebony Booker, DeShawn Jefferson) received about 14% lower callback rate than otherwise identical white applicants (e.g. Cody Baker, Claire Kruger). In customer-related jobs, black applicants were about 28% less likely to receive a positive response or callback compared to otherwise identical white applicants.

NPR interview with Shankar Vendantam, October 1, 2015

# data[].attributes.body
According to data collected by the Education Department, minorities – particularly Black boys and students with disabilities – face harsher discipline in schools. African Americans without disabilities are more than three times as likely as their white peers to be suspended or expelled.

In addition, students who are eligible for special education services – generally those with disabilities – make up nearly a quarter of those who have been arrested in school despite representing only 12% of the nation’s students.

Boston Globe, January 9, 2014

# data[].attributes.body
The Urgency of Now: The School 50 State Report on Public Education and Black Males Report finds that only 54% of Black male and 58% of Latino male ninth-graders graduate from high school within 4 years while 78% of White, non-Latino male ninth-graders graduate 4 years later.

According to the report, the national graduation rate for Black males has increased by 10 percentage points since 2001- 02, with 2010 -11 being the first year that MORE THAN HALF of the nation’s ninth-grade Black males graduated with a regular diploma 4 years later. Yet this progress has closed the graduation gap between Black males and White, non-Latino males by only 3 percentage points. At this rate, it would take nearly 50 years for Black males to achieve the same high school graduation rates as their White male counterparts.

The Schott Foundation for Public Education, Dec. 2012

# data[].attributes.body
A recent study by a national commission notes often overlooked disparities in achievement among 48 Asian and Pacific Islander groups:

7.5% of Hmong immigrants, 9.2% of Cambodians and 7.7% of Laotians had earned a bachelor’s degree in 2000, compared with 43.8% of Filipinos and Koreans.

On standardized tests, Asians are often disproportionately represented among the highest scores but they are also among the lowest doomed by poor English skills.

Boston Globe, June 10, 2008

# data[].attributes.body
According to Education Department statistics, Black and American Indian students are four times as likely as their white peers to go to a school where more than 10 percent of teachers are in their first year. The same data show that Latino students are three times as likely.

Boston Globe, July 8, 2014

# data[].attributes.body
According to data collected by the Education Department, minorities -- particularly Black boys and students with disabilities -- face harsher discipline in schools.

African Americans without disabilities are more than three times as likely as their white peers to be suspended or expelled.

In addition, students who are eligible for special education services-generally those with disabilities-make up nearly a quarter of those who have been arrested in school despite representing only 12 percent of the nation’s students.

Boston Globe, January 9, 2014

# data[].attributes.body
The 2012 National Assessment of Educational Progress stated that 47 percent of Massachusetts students scored proficient or above on the 4th grade reading exam. The gap between White students and students of color remains dramatic. Only one-fifth of Black and Hispanic students in Massachusetts scored well on the test, compared with 57% of White and Asians students.

Boston Globe, November 15, 2013