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Sarmiento, B. (2021, November 30). Illegal mining threatens indigenous land at foot of Philippines' Tallest Peak. Mongabay Environmental News. Retrieved from https://news.mongabay.com/2021/11/illegal-mining-threatens-indigenous-land-at-foot-of-philippines-tallest-peak/

Solis, A. (2019, January 31). How digital tools help combat illegal mining and logging in the Amazon. Digital @ DAI. Retrieved from https://dai-global-digital.com/digital-tools-against-illegal-mining-and-logging-in-the-amazon.html

The Global Goals. (2022, February 28). Goal 15: Life on land. The Global Goals. Retrieved from https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/15-life-on-land/

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HLS-ESC. (n.d.). Davao City, Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.hls-esc.org/documents/8hlsesc/Plenary%201/Plenary%201%20-%20City%20of%20Davao%2C%20Philippines%20by%20Atty.%20Zuleika%20T.Lopez%20%28City%20Administration%29.pdf

IDIS. (2019). Sustainable Davao City: A Three-year agenda (2019-2022). Retrieved from https://idisphil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Sustainable-Davao-City-Three-year-Agenda-1.pdf

NEDA. (2021, December 23). Davao City: Neda region XI: Davao region. NEDA Region XI | Davao Region. Retrieved from https://nro11.neda.gov.ph/davao-region/davao-city/

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Canencia, O., Palmes, N., Ibonia, S., Talampas, W., Lammawin, V., Kawaling, G., Yañez, S., & Salvaña, M. J. (2015). Mining Industry in Northern Mindanao: Its Environmental, Social and Health Impact Toward Responsible Mining. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1). Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=12574

Doyle, C., Wicks, C., & Nally, F. (2007). Mining in the Philippines: concerns and conflicts. Eldis. Retrieved from https://www.eldis.org/document/A24466

Mindanews. (2014, June 26). Davao's Public Safety Office uses drone owned by private firm. MindaNews. Retrieved from https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2014/06/davaos-public-safety-office-uses-drone-owned-by-private-firm/

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Positive impacts

Greater access to viewing and monitoring mining sites.

Gives a holistic view on the effects of mining to neighboring communities

With better surveillance, there is better implementation of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal

The use of drones improves efficiency and provides data quicker.

Negative impacts

As drones are still not the solution to monitoring mining sites due to the possible of technical errors

The use of drones in remote areas may disrupt wildlife or when used inappropriately.

Although it gives more access to remote places, it still takes time as drones need to be recharged from time to time.

Illegal miners can also use drones which can disrupt communities around the site.

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Another report written by Doyle et al. (2007) revealed that mining in the country is progressing at a pace and in a system likely to cause massive long-term environmental damage and social problems. The report states that the current state of mining in the country is destroying or severely damaging critical ecosystems, watersheds, rivers, marine ecosystems, and vital agricultural production areas. The report has also emphasized that corruption in the local government has exacerbated illegal mining in the area.

The studies presented are those of mining in general present in Mindanao. Thus, it can be projected that illegal mining may worsen the adverse effects of this activity, as illegal mining would entail a lack of proper safety and environmental protocols.

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Mindanao comprises five (5) provinces: Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, and Davao Occidental. All provinces in Mindanao have an active mining sector and several cases of illegal mining. As such, several researchers have investigated the effects of mining in Mindanao and studied its effects on the environment, economy, and people.

A study by Canencia et al. (2015), gathered respondents who work or used to work in mining sites located in Mindanao. The respondents were asked regarding the adverse effects of mining that they have experienced. The study showed that the respondents experienced landslides, flash floods, soil erosion, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, deforestation, and improper waste disposal. Additionally, the study revealed that agricultural land was affected due to the presence of mining in nearby areas, which have resulted in agricultural degradation, flash floods, soil erosion, and landslides that have destroyed crops. Moreover, the study revealed that the respondents went through ergonomic hazards. These ergonomic hazards include shoulder fatigue, injuries from fire, falling or explosions, skin diseases and allergies, dengue, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

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Davao del Sur, the province where Davao City is situated, has rich metallic and non-metallic mineral resources. According to the National Economic and Development Authority, Davao del Sur has an abundant quantity of metallic deposits such as gold, silver, chromium, and lean and non-metallic deposits such as limestones, white clay, phosphate, molybdenum, and guano.

Along with this comes the opportunity to extract these precious minerals. While mining these resources may benefit the economy and employment in the region, it may induce adverse effects on the environment and landscape of the area. Some of the many negative impacts of mining include air and drinking water pollution, destruction of wildlife and habitats, poor soil fertility, and deforestation. While Davao City has been proactive in its campaign against illegal mining, many illegal miners remain in the region. In November 2021, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) seized an unlawful mine in Mt. Apo, about 5 meters long. Inside the tunnel were around 25 sacks containing about 2,250 kilograms of ore in total. This case of unlawful mining is just one of the many illegal mining activities uncovered in the Davao region.

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Aquino, Derequito, & Festejo-Abellada, (2013, December 9). Ecological Solid Waste Management Act: Environmental Protection Through Proper Solid Waste Practice. (2020, July 16). Retrieved from https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/588

Colina, A. (2021, April 11). Plastic trash swamps Davao City after flood. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/11/plastic-trash-swamps-davao-city-after-flood/

Davao Today. (2019, September 9). Ban of single-use plastic sought for Davao City. Davao Today. Retrieved from http://davaotoday.com/main/environment/ban-of-single-use-plastic-sought-for-davao-city/

Hartman, D. (2019, March 2). The disadvantages of recycled plastics. Sciencing. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/disadvantages-recycled-plastics-7254476.html
IDIS. (2018). Davao City: City of life, not of plastic!. Retrieved from https://idisphil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Ban-Single-Use-Plastic.pdf

Palo, R. (2021, October 27). Davao City urged to address flooding. The Manila Times. Retrieved from https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/27/news/regions/davao-city-urged-to-address-flooding/1819825

Paringit, E. (2021, June 26). We reuse your refuse, Basura Mo Tutugunan Ko! ENVIROTECH. Retrieved from https://envirotech.com.ph/

The Global Goals. (2022, February 28). Goal 13: Climate action. The Global Goals. Retrieved from https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/13-climate-action/

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The Philippines has been identified by the Greenpeace organization as one of the world’s top plastic polluters. Oxo-biodegradables, which are developed to degrade faster, still affect animals in the upper levels of the food chain upon ingesting filter-feeding organisms such as planktons. According to Darrel Blatchley, President of D’Bone Collector Museum in Davao City, 63 whales and dolphins have been found dead since 2009 in the Davao Gulf, 47 of which have ingested plastic trash for mistaking it as food.

In a report by Davao Today, a flood that hit Davao City on August 28, 2019 washed away wastes including plastics, sachets, and plastic bags in the Davao River. Furthermore, in October of 2021, the Interface Development Interventions for Sustainability (IDIS) stated that large volumes of plastic wastes clog drainage systems that result in flooding especially in highly urbanized areas in Davao City. The organization also encouraged the public to be responsible and manage their plastic wastes.

Multiple concerns have been raised about the increasing amount of the use of plastic wastes. According to the IDIS, 614 tons a day was disposed of at sanitary landfills in 2019 alone, higher than the previous year, with 601 tons a day. Furthermore, they have urged the City Governments to implement banning of Single-Use Plastics to cut down the consumption of plastic and reduce plastic pollution within the city. With this, Mayor Inday Sara Duterte has drafted an ordinance to ban the use of single-use plastics. In the drafted ordinance, the regulation on the sale and use of SUPs are essential to decrease the possible pollution of the environment and improper ways of recycling. With the collaboration of the Davao City Environment and Natural Office (Cenro-Davao) and LGUs, they have specifically implemented the regulation of reducing and banning the use of SUPs on businesses around the city. This will further speed up the process of implementing the ordinance around the city which will make the city more eco-friendly and more sustainable. In addition, Envirotech Waste Recycling, a recycling company in Davao City, targets to reduce the issue of plastic waste. The said company converts plastic waste into different products for consumers, such as chairs, pots, building materials and other functional items, which aids in the plastic problem in Davao City.

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Positive impacts

Plastic waste that aggravates climate change is converted into new products with purpose that consumers are able to use on a daily basis.

Promotion of sustainable consumption and production.

Reduce the occurence of floods caused by plastic waste clog drainage.

Negative impacts

Process of melting down and recycling plastics produces fumes, specifically volatile organic compounds, which are harmful to surrounding living creatures.

Heat required in the procedure of melting plastics still releases carbon emissions.

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On December 20, 2000, The Philippine Congress passed the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or RA 9003. The act is the current solution to the problem of solid waste management. This guarantees the well-being of Filipino Citizens through proper disposal and management of solid waste (Aquino, Derequito, & Festejo-Abellada, 2013).

However, the current solution does not address or regulate the use of plastics. Aside from Republic Act 9003, there are no preexisting laws that categorically tackle the problem of plastic consumption. In April 2021, plastic waste swamped the city after a flood the night before. A Davao-based environmental group called on policymakers to come up with stricter regulations to address single plastic use (Colina 2021). The incident served as an eye-opener for the public and policymakers to adopt more sustainable practices for the city.

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Davao City is a coastal city in Mindanao. It is along the Davao Gulf and the city used to be a wetland prior to development. With this in mind, Davao City faces its consequences as flooding is very common in the city’s lowlands. Extreme weather and the rise of sea levels have made these incidents more common in the city.

In addition, the rise of consumerism in the world has led to detrimental effects on our climate as more and more plastic waste is being found in the ocean. With the Philippines being a third-world country, commodities are packaged into smaller portions which have increased the use of single-use plastics.

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BDO Network Bank (the largest rural bank in the Philippines) is based in Davao City

Several Shopping centers

Abreeza Ayala, SM Lanang Premier, SM City Ecoland, etc.

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                          WELCOME TO DAVAO CITY!

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                          WELCOME TO DAVAO CITY!

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Chocolate

Malagos Chocolate: Artisan Chocolate locally made in Davao City and is recognized worldwide

Banana, pineapple, coffee, coconut plantations

Mindanao’s leading exporter of fruits

Mango, pomeo, banana, coconut, pineapple, papaya, mangosteen, cacao, durian

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In terms of Land Area, Davao City is the largest city in the Philippines.

Total Land area: 2,444 km²

Climate: Mild Tropical

Total Population:

1,776,949 (2020)

Average of 4 persons per household

Population Growth Rate (2015-2020): 1.55%

Residents: Davaoeños

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Located 32 km west of Davao City, this active volcano is considered the highest peak in the whole country considering its elevation of 2,954 m above sea level.

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This sustainable development goal revolves around the preservation, rehabilitation, and promotion of sustainable consumption of land or the terrestrial ecosystem. As stewards of creation, it is our responsibility to ensure its pristine condition while utilizing the resources. However in the 21st century, unwanted consequences have emerged due to negligent behavior and careless actions towards the environment. Land has deteriorated, forests have cleared out, and living organisms have been robbed off their natural habitats. Advocating better habits and actions that encourage sustainable consumption of land would then allow an opportunity in battling against further degradation of the planet’s ecosystem.

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With the unceasing threat of climate change on the planet, SDG 13: Climate Action intends to take initiative in preventing the exacerbation of the detrimental impacts it has on the environment. Although climate change is a widely discussed topic across the globe, the necessary actions that should be done to combat this are still not practiced by the majority. From the 1980s until present, climate change still remains as an evident hazard to the community worldwide. By means of committing to the requisite changes and abiding by the targets of SDG 13, slowing down the rate of global warming would become easier to attain.